Pub Date : 2023-01-23DOI: 10.24271/psr.2023.376018.1191
Dana Hameed
The research focuses on the relationship between automotive mileage and its effect on engine oil deterioration. The effects of the new (2020) and old (2012) engines on the most important parameters, kinematic viscosity, flash point, and fire point were investigated. Measurements were performed on four-engine oil samples. Profi-car Endurance SAE 10W-30 semi-synthetic was used for all the engines. The maximum trip length for the oil samples was 8,000 Km. Kinematic viscosity was measured by using a KV1000 Bath (according to the ASTM D445). In addition, the flash point and fire point of the samples were determined by using the Open Cleveland method. This work investigates the difference between old and new engines in actual use on the roads in the rate of decrease in engine oil properties. The cumulative results obtained help drivers protect their car engines by changing engine oil when the engine’s mileage is above 100,000 Km. The comparison of the average results shows that the rate of deterioration of used oil in old engines is higher than in the new engines. It has been shown that the rate of difference in oil viscosity deterioration between old and new engines at cold temperatures, 40°C, and 100°C were 9.3%, 10%, and 4.78% respectively. Also, the different rate for the oil flash points and fire points was 5.56% and 6.75%.
{"title":"Effects of Vehicle Mileage Rate on Engine Oil Properties","authors":"Dana Hameed","doi":"10.24271/psr.2023.376018.1191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2023.376018.1191","url":null,"abstract":"The research focuses on the relationship between automotive mileage and its effect on engine oil deterioration. The effects of the new (2020) and old (2012) engines on the most important parameters, kinematic viscosity, flash point, and fire point were investigated. Measurements were performed on four-engine oil samples. Profi-car Endurance SAE 10W-30 semi-synthetic was used for all the engines. The maximum trip length for the oil samples was 8,000 Km. Kinematic viscosity was measured by using a KV1000 Bath (according to the ASTM D445). In addition, the flash point and fire point of the samples were determined by using the Open Cleveland method. This work investigates the difference between old and new engines in actual use on the roads in the rate of decrease in engine oil properties. The cumulative results obtained help drivers protect their car engines by changing engine oil when the engine’s mileage is above 100,000 Km. The comparison of the average results shows that the rate of deterioration of used oil in old engines is higher than in the new engines. It has been shown that the rate of difference in oil viscosity deterioration between old and new engines at cold temperatures, 40°C, and 100°C were 9.3%, 10%, and 4.78% respectively. Also, the different rate for the oil flash points and fire points was 5.56% and 6.75%.","PeriodicalId":33835,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45824032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-16DOI: 10.24271/psr.2022.370554.1185
M. Qader, Yahya A. Shekha
Biotechnology involves the provision of services to society by microbial communities. By using microorganisms to detoxify contaminated water, and environmentally friendly solutions to the treatment of wastewater. Isolates of fungi Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and microalgal isolates Tetradesmus nygaardi and Scenedesmus quadricauda were efficiently utilized to treat wastewater. The wastewater sample was taken from Erbil wastewater channel near Dhahibah village, the sample was analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, BOD5, PO4, NH4, NO3, and NO2 (every three day) during 21 days of experiment. Results revealed that a mixed culture of S. quadricauda with T. nygaardi were shows the best removal of PO4, NH4, NO3 and NO2 which was 94.94%, 90.73%, 88.23%, 93.84% respectively. Whereas a mixed culture of T. nygaardi with A. niger showed the best removal of BOD5 (94.9%), the highest reduction in electrical conductivity and total dissolved solid were recorded by mix culture of A. niger with C albicans which was 81.65% and 81.52%. During the treatment period chlorophyll-a concentration reached the highest value of (1.052, 1.005 and 2.521 mg. l-1). Statistically, there were a significant difference (p≤0.05) between the control and all microbial strains for all wastewater tested variables.
{"title":"Potential of Fungal-Microalgal species in the Environmental Biotechnology","authors":"M. Qader, Yahya A. Shekha","doi":"10.24271/psr.2022.370554.1185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2022.370554.1185","url":null,"abstract":"Biotechnology involves the provision of services to society by microbial communities. By using microorganisms to detoxify contaminated water, and environmentally friendly solutions to the treatment of wastewater. Isolates of fungi Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and microalgal isolates Tetradesmus nygaardi and Scenedesmus quadricauda were efficiently utilized to treat wastewater. The wastewater sample was taken from Erbil wastewater channel near Dhahibah village, the sample was analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, BOD5, PO4, NH4, NO3, and NO2 (every three day) during 21 days of experiment. Results revealed that a mixed culture of S. quadricauda with T. nygaardi were shows the best removal of PO4, NH4, NO3 and NO2 which was 94.94%, 90.73%, 88.23%, 93.84% respectively. Whereas a mixed culture of T. nygaardi with A. niger showed the best removal of BOD5 (94.9%), the highest reduction in electrical conductivity and total dissolved solid were recorded by mix culture of A. niger with C albicans which was 81.65% and 81.52%. During the treatment period chlorophyll-a concentration reached the highest value of (1.052, 1.005 and 2.521 mg. l-1). Statistically, there were a significant difference (p≤0.05) between the control and all microbial strains for all wastewater tested variables.","PeriodicalId":33835,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45226808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.24271/psr.2023.380223.1224
J. Shakor
Background : In Iraq, early detection and downstaging of breast cancer programs were launched to control breast cancer (BC) in 2000. In the program model, mammography is conducted for normal and symptomatic women. This study aims to assess the program’s model effectiveness in terms of mammography cancer detection rates and other screening determinates in the Iraqi Early Detection Program. Method: This is a retrospective study based on data from the Breast Disease Treatment Centre (BDTC) in Sulaimani, Iraq. From September 2016 to August 2021, 35,045 women visited the centre for BC screening and diagnosis of breast disorders. In BDTC, 16,186 mammograms and 1,289 biopsies were conducted, and 404 women were diagnosed with BC. This study measured the percentage of women who visited BDTC for screening, the women’s ages at diagnosis, the cancer detection rate (BC per 1,000 women visiting), the mammography detection rate (BC per 1,000 mammograms) and the percentage of positive core biopsies. Results: The cancer detection rate (CDR) in 1,000 women was 11.53, the overall mammography detection rate was 24.96, and the highest rate was observed in 2018 (42.2). The overall percentage of positive core biopsies was 31.34%. The highest percentage biopsy rate was in 2017 (43.84%). From 2016 to 2021, the percentage of visits for screening increased gradually, rising from 9.5% to 28.6%. Conclusion: The early detection program in Iraq is considered effective in terms of high mammography cancer detection rates and the percentage of positive biopsies. Compared to the previous data, more women participated in the program for screening than for diagnosis. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
{"title":"Assessment of the Iraqi Breast Cancer Early Detection and Downstaging Program: Mammography Cancer Detection Rate","authors":"J. Shakor","doi":"10.24271/psr.2023.380223.1224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2023.380223.1224","url":null,"abstract":"Background : In Iraq, early detection and downstaging of breast cancer programs were launched to control breast cancer (BC) in 2000. In the program model, mammography is conducted for normal and symptomatic women. This study aims to assess the program’s model effectiveness in terms of mammography cancer detection rates and other screening determinates in the Iraqi Early Detection Program. Method: This is a retrospective study based on data from the Breast Disease Treatment Centre (BDTC) in Sulaimani, Iraq. From September 2016 to August 2021, 35,045 women visited the centre for BC screening and diagnosis of breast disorders. In BDTC, 16,186 mammograms and 1,289 biopsies were conducted, and 404 women were diagnosed with BC. This study measured the percentage of women who visited BDTC for screening, the women’s ages at diagnosis, the cancer detection rate (BC per 1,000 women visiting), the mammography detection rate (BC per 1,000 mammograms) and the percentage of positive core biopsies. Results: The cancer detection rate (CDR) in 1,000 women was 11.53, the overall mammography detection rate was 24.96, and the highest rate was observed in 2018 (42.2). The overall percentage of positive core biopsies was 31.34%. The highest percentage biopsy rate was in 2017 (43.84%). From 2016 to 2021, the percentage of visits for screening increased gradually, rising from 9.5% to 28.6%. Conclusion: The early detection program in Iraq is considered effective in terms of high mammography cancer detection rates and the percentage of positive biopsies. Compared to the previous data, more women participated in the program for screening than for diagnosis. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","PeriodicalId":33835,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68882184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.24271/psr.2022.351404.1143
Kamal Haji Karim Haji Karim, Araz O. S. Al-Khafaf, Z. Taha, S. Kharajiany
The sequence of the coastal siliciclastic facies of the Paleocene-Eocene Zagros Foreland Basin is well exposed in the Chwarta-Mawat area, north of Sulaimani Governorate, northeastern Iraq. According to previous studies, this sequence is designated as Red Beds Series (RBS), consisting of more than 2000 m of fine and coarse red and grey clastics. The present study found recently recognized lithologies (RRLs) about 100 thick inside the series and encompassed green marlstone with subsidiary detrital limestone which has significant tectonic and paleogeographic results. The petrography, biostratigraphy, and boundary conditions studies are applied to uncover their origin. The new lithologies are deposited in the subsiding basin in the Imbricate Zone during the Middle Eocene. During this age, the Tertiary Foreland Basin was separated by a paleohigh into two basins, (northern and southern basins). In the northern basin, the RRLs have deposited as deep facies of the Naopurdan Formation while in the southern basin the Pila Spi Formation was deposited as lagoonal facies. The former formation was deposited as reefal facies in the shelf area of the northern basin to the northeast Chawrta and Mawat Towns. The RRLs, units one and two of the series (in the Thrust Zone) are correlated respectively with Pila Spi, Sinjar and Gercus formations in the High Folded Zone. These correlations are shown on the stratigraphic columns and paleogeographic models with the aid of nannofossil and benthonic foraminiferal studies. This study is the most important step for solving the tectonic and paleogeographic setting of northeastern Iraq and for a better understanding of the Zagros Collisional belt.
{"title":"Geology of recently recognized lithologies inside the Red Bed Series in the Chwarta-Mawat area, Kurdistan Region, NE-Iraq","authors":"Kamal Haji Karim Haji Karim, Araz O. S. Al-Khafaf, Z. Taha, S. Kharajiany","doi":"10.24271/psr.2022.351404.1143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2022.351404.1143","url":null,"abstract":"The sequence of the coastal siliciclastic facies of the Paleocene-Eocene Zagros Foreland Basin is well exposed in the Chwarta-Mawat area, north of Sulaimani Governorate, northeastern Iraq. According to previous studies, this sequence is designated as Red Beds Series (RBS), consisting of more than 2000 m of fine and coarse red and grey clastics. The present study found recently recognized lithologies (RRLs) about 100 thick inside the series and encompassed green marlstone with subsidiary detrital limestone which has significant tectonic and paleogeographic results. The petrography, biostratigraphy, and boundary conditions studies are applied to uncover their origin. The new lithologies are deposited in the subsiding basin in the Imbricate Zone during the Middle Eocene. During this age, the Tertiary Foreland Basin was separated by a paleohigh into two basins, (northern and southern basins). In the northern basin, the RRLs have deposited as deep facies of the Naopurdan Formation while in the southern basin the Pila Spi Formation was deposited as lagoonal facies. The former formation was deposited as reefal facies in the shelf area of the northern basin to the northeast Chawrta and Mawat Towns. The RRLs, units one and two of the series (in the Thrust Zone) are correlated respectively with Pila Spi, Sinjar and Gercus formations in the High Folded Zone. These correlations are shown on the stratigraphic columns and paleogeographic models with the aid of nannofossil and benthonic foraminiferal studies. This study is the most important step for solving the tectonic and paleogeographic setting of northeastern Iraq and for a better understanding of the Zagros Collisional belt.","PeriodicalId":33835,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48689473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.24271/psr.2022.361419.1160
Dalia Hashem Jasem, M. Khalil
Drought is abiotic stress that directly influences crop growth performance, including wheat. In this study, the nanotechnology method was applied to decrease the impact of drought on wheat growth. For this purpose, three types of drought resistance nanoparticles (Silicon dioxide (SiO2), Zinc oxide (ZnO), and Copper (Cu)) were used with two wheat varieties (kalar1 and kalar2) in the Garmian district. The results showed that nanoparticles increased specific leaf area, chlorophyll, soluble carbohydrate, catalase enzyme activity, phosphor, and potassium under drought stress compared with the control. SiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles had better impacts on some morphological and biochemical parameters than Cu. Different drought-resistance nanoparticles could be used to cope with drought impact in the Garmain district and improve wheat growth.
{"title":"Effect of ZnO, Cu, and SiO2 Nanoparticles on Drought Resistance in Two Wheat Varieties: Kalar1 and Kalar2 during Seedling Stage.","authors":"Dalia Hashem Jasem, M. Khalil","doi":"10.24271/psr.2022.361419.1160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.2022.361419.1160","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is abiotic stress that directly influences crop growth performance, including wheat. In this study, the nanotechnology method was applied to decrease the impact of drought on wheat growth. For this purpose, three types of drought resistance nanoparticles (Silicon dioxide (SiO2), Zinc oxide (ZnO), and Copper (Cu)) were used with two wheat varieties (kalar1 and kalar2) in the Garmian district. The results showed that nanoparticles increased specific leaf area, chlorophyll, soluble carbohydrate, catalase enzyme activity, phosphor, and potassium under drought stress compared with the control. SiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles had better impacts on some morphological and biochemical parameters than Cu. Different drought-resistance nanoparticles could be used to cope with drought impact in the Garmain district and improve wheat growth.","PeriodicalId":33835,"journal":{"name":"Passer Journal","volume":"132 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41271692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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