Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0016
F. Karpe
This chapter begins with lipids and coronary heart disease, and the assessment of CVD risk in the patient. It describes primary hyperlipidaemias, polygenic and familial hypercholesterolaemia, familial hypertriglyceridaemia, and rare genetic hypertriglyceridaemias. Elevation of Lp(a), rare familial mixed dyslipidaemias, secondary hyperlipidaemias, and drug therapy are all covered.
{"title":"Lipids and hyperlipidaemia","authors":"F. Karpe","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins with lipids and coronary heart disease, and the assessment of CVD risk in the patient. It describes primary hyperlipidaemias, polygenic and familial hypercholesterolaemia, familial hypertriglyceridaemia, and rare genetic hypertriglyceridaemias. Elevation of Lp(a), rare familial mixed dyslipidaemias, secondary hyperlipidaemias, and drug therapy are all covered.","PeriodicalId":339875,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology & Diabetes 4e","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114551803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0017
J. Wilding
This chapter covers the definition of obesity and goes into the epidemiology and aetiology of obesity. The pathophysiology and consequences of living as an obese person are commented on, and the management of the obese patient is covered. Finally, bariatric surgery is explained.
{"title":"Obesity","authors":"J. Wilding","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers the definition of obesity and goes into the epidemiology and aetiology of obesity. The pathophysiology and consequences of living as an obese person are commented on, and the management of the obese patient is covered. Finally, bariatric surgery is explained.","PeriodicalId":339875,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology & Diabetes 4e","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116727705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0013
M. Korbonits, P. Newey
This chapter begins with describing the genetic basis of endocrine disease, and the potential utility for genetic testing (alongside consent). It then covers different types of genetic tests and their applications. There is a section on pituitary adenomas, MEN types 1 and 4, familial isolated pituitary adenoma, and various other genetic conditions related to the endocrine system.
{"title":"Genetic testing in endocrinology","authors":"M. Korbonits, P. Newey","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins with describing the genetic basis of endocrine disease, and the potential utility for genetic testing (alongside consent). It then covers different types of genetic tests and their applications. There is a section on pituitary adenomas, MEN types 1 and 4, familial isolated pituitary adenoma, and various other genetic conditions related to the endocrine system.","PeriodicalId":339875,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology & Diabetes 4e","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121729843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0014
A. Marland, M. Tadman
Endocrinology nursing is an ever-evolving specialty. This chapter provides expert and innovative practice-based nursing information. It provides nursing care for thyroid surgery and disorders, facilitating investigation and education about pituitary function and specialist nurse management of different conditions. Education on visual field deficits and minimum driving standards are covered. The full roles of the nurse in pituitary surgery is explained, from pre-op to post-op care. Diabetes insipidus is covered. Responsibilities and possible pathways for managing male fertility, testosterone replacement, and gender dysphoria are all described. Finally, role development and nurse led clinics are examined.
{"title":"Practical and nursing aspects of endocrine conditions","authors":"A. Marland, M. Tadman","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Endocrinology nursing is an ever-evolving specialty. This chapter provides expert and innovative practice-based nursing information. It provides nursing care for thyroid surgery and disorders, facilitating investigation and education about pituitary function and specialist nurse management of different conditions. Education on visual field deficits and minimum driving standards are covered. The full roles of the nurse in pituitary surgery is explained, from pre-op to post-op care. Diabetes insipidus is covered. Responsibilities and possible pathways for managing male fertility, testosterone replacement, and gender dysphoria are all described. Finally, role development and nurse led clinics are examined.","PeriodicalId":339875,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology & Diabetes 4e","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124315016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0015
G. Thanabalasingham, A. Lumb, H. Murphy, P. Scanlon, Jodie Buckingham, S. Tesfaye, A. Pokrajac, P. Choudhary, Patrick Divilly, K. Dhatariya, R. Ajjan, R. Besser, K. Owen
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of diabetes care and management. It starts with a classification and diagnosis of diabetes, followed by sections on expert management of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Living with diabetes is then explored, from sports and exercise, travel, alcohol and recreational drug use, and special considerations such as Ramadan. Hospital inpatient management and diabetes-related emergencies are covered in detail. Diabetes and pregnancy, and paediatric and transition diabetes both have sections explaining common and rare presentations. Finally there are sections on discrete diabetic conditions, such as diabetic eye disease, nephropathy and chronic kidney disease, neuropathy, the diabetic foot, and macrovascular disease.
{"title":"Diabetes","authors":"G. Thanabalasingham, A. Lumb, H. Murphy, P. Scanlon, Jodie Buckingham, S. Tesfaye, A. Pokrajac, P. Choudhary, Patrick Divilly, K. Dhatariya, R. Ajjan, R. Besser, K. Owen","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of diabetes care and management. It starts with a classification and diagnosis of diabetes, followed by sections on expert management of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Living with diabetes is then explored, from sports and exercise, travel, alcohol and recreational drug use, and special considerations such as Ramadan. Hospital inpatient management and diabetes-related emergencies are covered in detail. Diabetes and pregnancy, and paediatric and transition diabetes both have sections explaining common and rare presentations. Finally there are sections on discrete diabetic conditions, such as diabetic eye disease, nephropathy and chronic kidney disease, neuropathy, the diabetic foot, and macrovascular disease.","PeriodicalId":339875,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology & Diabetes 4e","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123018898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0007
Ken Ong, E. Hendriks
This chapter covers paediatric endocrinology. It starts with normal growth, then goes on to short stature, and constitutional delay of growth and puberty. Primary and secondary growth hormone deficiency are then explained, and treatment is outlined alongside GH resistance. It goes on to hypothyroidism, coeliac disease, skeletal dysplasias, and Turner syndrome. Small gestational age, and tall stature and rapid growth are all covered, alongside normal puberty, precocious puberty, and delayed or absent puberty. Normal sexual differentiation and disorders of sexual development and the assessment of ambiguous genitalia are included.
{"title":"Paediatric endocrinology","authors":"Ken Ong, E. Hendriks","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers paediatric endocrinology. It starts with normal growth, then goes on to short stature, and constitutional delay of growth and puberty. Primary and secondary growth hormone deficiency are then explained, and treatment is outlined alongside GH resistance. It goes on to hypothyroidism, coeliac disease, skeletal dysplasias, and Turner syndrome. Small gestational age, and tall stature and rapid growth are all covered, alongside normal puberty, precocious puberty, and delayed or absent puberty. Normal sexual differentiation and disorders of sexual development and the assessment of ambiguous genitalia are included.","PeriodicalId":339875,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology & Diabetes 4e","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116966143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0005
C. Williamson, Rebecca Scott
This chapter covers both the normal and abnormal changes to the endocrine system during pregnancy. It begins with the thyroid in pregnancy, covering maternal hyperthyroidism, hyperemesis gravidarum, overt and subclinical maternal hypothyroidism, post-partum thyroid dysfunction, and fetal thyroid diseases owing to maternal thyroid disorders. Calcium metabolism, thyroid cancer, hypoparathyroidism, and lactation associated osteoporosis. Secondly, the pituitary gland in pregnancy is focused on, covering prolactinoma, Cushing’s Syndrome, acromegaly, non-functioning pituitary adenoma, hypopituitarism, and Diabetes Insipidus. Pre-existing adrenal disorders during pregnancy and alterations to management are also included.
{"title":"Endocrinology in pregnancy","authors":"C. Williamson, Rebecca Scott","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers both the normal and abnormal changes to the endocrine system during pregnancy. It begins with the thyroid in pregnancy, covering maternal hyperthyroidism, hyperemesis gravidarum, overt and subclinical maternal hypothyroidism, post-partum thyroid dysfunction, and fetal thyroid diseases owing to maternal thyroid disorders. Calcium metabolism, thyroid cancer, hypoparathyroidism, and lactation associated osteoporosis. Secondly, the pituitary gland in pregnancy is focused on, covering prolactinoma, Cushing’s Syndrome, acromegaly, non-functioning pituitary adenoma, hypopituitarism, and Diabetes Insipidus. Pre-existing adrenal disorders during pregnancy and alterations to management are also included.","PeriodicalId":339875,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology & Diabetes 4e","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114481274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0011
A. Brooke, A. McGovern
Ageing causes changes in many hormonal areas. This chapter begins with an overview of these changes, and goes on to bone disease in the elderly, changes in growth hormones and IGF-1, differences in gonadal function and adrenal function, and then thyroid and pituitary disease in the ageing patient.
{"title":"Endocrinology and ageing","authors":"A. Brooke, A. McGovern","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Ageing causes changes in many hormonal areas. This chapter begins with an overview of these changes, and goes on to bone disease in the elderly, changes in growth hormones and IGF-1, differences in gonadal function and adrenal function, and then thyroid and pituitary disease in the ageing patient.","PeriodicalId":339875,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology & Diabetes 4e","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124503412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0006
N. Gittoes, R. Eastell
This chapter covers calcium and bone metabolism. It starts with the physiology of bone, investigation of the bones, imaging, mass measurements, and biopsy, then goes on to investigation of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium. Urine excretion and calcium-regulating hormones are explained. It goes on to hypercalcaemia, primary hyperparathyroidism and its treatment, vitamin D intoxication, sarcoidosis, and hypocalcaemia. Vitamin D deficiency, Paget’s disease, and inherited disorders of bone are all included. The pathology, epidemiology, presentation, investigation, and treatment of osteoporosis are covered in detail.
{"title":"Calcium and bone metabolism","authors":"N. Gittoes, R. Eastell","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers calcium and bone metabolism. It starts with the physiology of bone, investigation of the bones, imaging, mass measurements, and biopsy, then goes on to investigation of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium. Urine excretion and calcium-regulating hormones are explained. It goes on to hypercalcaemia, primary hyperparathyroidism and its treatment, vitamin D intoxication, sarcoidosis, and hypocalcaemia. Vitamin D deficiency, Paget’s disease, and inherited disorders of bone are all included. The pathology, epidemiology, presentation, investigation, and treatment of osteoporosis are covered in detail.","PeriodicalId":339875,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology & Diabetes 4e","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131421720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter covers the adrenal gland. It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal gland, then continues with imaging techniques. It then covers adrenal disorders, including Conn’s syndrome, adrenal Cushing’s syndrome, Adrenal insufficiency, Addison’s disease, and multiple autoimmune disorders. The investigation, treatment, and long-term management of primary insufficiency is covered. Various adrenal tumours and associated disorders, along with their management, are described.
{"title":"Adrenal","authors":"J. Tomlinson","doi":"10.1677/joe.0.148p061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.148p061","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers the adrenal gland. It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal gland, then continues with imaging techniques. It then covers adrenal disorders, including Conn’s syndrome, adrenal Cushing’s syndrome, Adrenal insufficiency, Addison’s disease, and multiple autoimmune disorders. The investigation, treatment, and long-term management of primary insufficiency is covered. Various adrenal tumours and associated disorders, along with their management, are described.","PeriodicalId":339875,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology & Diabetes 4e","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115276016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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