Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1195761
Ammar B. Bhandari, Tulsi P. Kharel, K. N. Reddy
Yield loss due to natural disasters, such as storms with high-speed winds and rainfall, can significantly damage standing corn (Zea mays L.) plants and yield. Using a geospatial approach, the study aimed to estimate green snap wind damage to corn and assess potential yield and economic loss in the Mississippi Delta. Midseason corn (V12–V14) snapping occurred on 8 June 2022. We recorded green snap damage in 13 fields [1.0 to 2.0 hectares (ha−1)] with low (224 kg ha−1) and high (336 kg ha−1) N rates and two different row orientations (north–south and east–west) after the damage. The results indicated no nitrogen rates or row orientation effect on green snap damage. The average yield loss could be ~29.25 kg ha−1, with every 1% increase in green snap wind damage causing significant economic loss to producers. Research methods can help scientists to estimate potential green snap yield loss due to severe winds in the larger fields. Research results can also help estimate potential yield and economic loss to assist producers and other stakeholders in decision-making to prepare for changing weather patterns and unprecedented severe windstorms in the future.
自然灾害造成的产量损失，如具有高速风和降雨的风暴，会严重损害立木玉米(Zea mays L.)植株和产量。利用地理空间方法，该研究旨在估计绿暴风对玉米的损害，并评估密西西比三角洲的潜在产量和经济损失。季中玉米(V12-V14)发生在2022年6月8日。我们在13块田地[1.0 ~ 2.0公顷(ha - 1)]中记录了绿脆损害，在损害后，低氮(224 kg ha - 1)和高氮(336 kg ha - 1)和两种不同的行向(南北和东西)。结果表明，施氮量和行向对青脆危害无显著影响。平均产量损失约为29.25 kg ha - 1，绿脆风害每增加1%，对生产者造成重大经济损失。研究方法可以帮助科学家估计由于大面积强风造成的潜在绿脆产量损失。研究结果还可以帮助估计潜在产量和经济损失，以帮助生产者和其他利益攸关方做出决策，为未来不断变化的天气模式和前所未有的强风暴做好准备。
{"title":"Assessing wind damage and potential yield loss in mid-season corn using a geospatial approach","authors":"Ammar B. Bhandari, Tulsi P. Kharel, K. N. Reddy","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1195761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1195761","url":null,"abstract":"Yield loss due to natural disasters, such as storms with high-speed winds and rainfall, can significantly damage standing corn (Zea mays L.) plants and yield. Using a geospatial approach, the study aimed to estimate green snap wind damage to corn and assess potential yield and economic loss in the Mississippi Delta. Midseason corn (V12–V14) snapping occurred on 8 June 2022. We recorded green snap damage in 13 fields [1.0 to 2.0 hectares (ha−1)] with low (224 kg ha−1) and high (336 kg ha−1) N rates and two different row orientations (north–south and east–west) after the damage. The results indicated no nitrogen rates or row orientation effect on green snap damage. The average yield loss could be ~29.25 kg ha−1, with every 1% increase in green snap wind damage causing significant economic loss to producers. Research methods can help scientists to estimate potential green snap yield loss due to severe winds in the larger fields. Research results can also help estimate potential yield and economic loss to assist producers and other stakeholders in decision-making to prepare for changing weather patterns and unprecedented severe windstorms in the future.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48825850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1177461
Kara Hettinger, Z. Miller, Kyrstan L. Hubbel, Tim F. Seipel
Convolvulus arvensis L. Scop. (field bindweed) is a difficult weed to manage in organic cropping systems. Convolvulus arvensis suppression often requires intensive tillage and cultivation practices that have negative impacts on soil quality. To improve C. arvensis management in organic, small grain cropping systems, we compared ten cropping system treatments in a field trial from the autumn of 2017 until harvest of 2020 in Corvallis, MT, USA. Cropping system treatments varied along a gradient of tillage and crop competition, with tillage intensity and competition inversely related. High soil disturbance and no competition occurred in two treatments that remained in tilled fallow for two consecutive years. Six cropping system treatments had different combinations of tillage and annual or biennial crops, including wheat and forages. Two treatments had minimal soil disturbance and maximum competition from two consecutive years of perennial alfalfa. Convolvulus arvensis ramet density was counted annually to estimate changes in treatments over time. Differences in soil chemical and physical properties between treatments were also assessed in the final years of the study. In the first two years, there was no difference in C. arvensis ramet density among cropping system treatments. In the final two years of the study, C. arvensis density remained below one ramet per m2 in intensively tilled fallow treatments and perennial alfalfa treatments, but was much more variable in treatments with more diverse annual and biennial crop rotations with minimal to moderate tillage. The only differences between treatments in soil physical and chemical properties was aggregate stability. Soil from the most intensively tilled fallow treatments had lower soil aggregate stability than six other treatments, indicating higher erosion potential. Our results suggest that annual cropping systems can lead to increased C. arvensis density. Incorporating a perennial forage or an intensively tilled fallow period can prevent C. arvensis expansion in small grain organic cropping systems, but the perennial forage can protect and enhance soil quality.
{"title":"Crop rotation and cultivation effects on Convolvulus arvensis population dynamics in small grain organic cropping systems","authors":"Kara Hettinger, Z. Miller, Kyrstan L. Hubbel, Tim F. Seipel","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1177461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1177461","url":null,"abstract":"Convolvulus arvensis L. Scop. (field bindweed) is a difficult weed to manage in organic cropping systems. Convolvulus arvensis suppression often requires intensive tillage and cultivation practices that have negative impacts on soil quality. To improve C. arvensis management in organic, small grain cropping systems, we compared ten cropping system treatments in a field trial from the autumn of 2017 until harvest of 2020 in Corvallis, MT, USA. Cropping system treatments varied along a gradient of tillage and crop competition, with tillage intensity and competition inversely related. High soil disturbance and no competition occurred in two treatments that remained in tilled fallow for two consecutive years. Six cropping system treatments had different combinations of tillage and annual or biennial crops, including wheat and forages. Two treatments had minimal soil disturbance and maximum competition from two consecutive years of perennial alfalfa. Convolvulus arvensis ramet density was counted annually to estimate changes in treatments over time. Differences in soil chemical and physical properties between treatments were also assessed in the final years of the study. In the first two years, there was no difference in C. arvensis ramet density among cropping system treatments. In the final two years of the study, C. arvensis density remained below one ramet per m2 in intensively tilled fallow treatments and perennial alfalfa treatments, but was much more variable in treatments with more diverse annual and biennial crop rotations with minimal to moderate tillage. The only differences between treatments in soil physical and chemical properties was aggregate stability. Soil from the most intensively tilled fallow treatments had lower soil aggregate stability than six other treatments, indicating higher erosion potential. Our results suggest that annual cropping systems can lead to increased C. arvensis density. Incorporating a perennial forage or an intensively tilled fallow period can prevent C. arvensis expansion in small grain organic cropping systems, but the perennial forage can protect and enhance soil quality.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49369375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-07DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1219490
J. O. Omondi, S. Mkuhlani, Jane W. Mugo, A. M. Chibeba, M. Chiduwa, G. Chigeza, S. Kyei-Boahen, P. Masikati, I. Nyagumbo
Smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are increasingly producing soybean for food, feed, cash, and soil fertility improvement. Yet, the difference between the smallholder farmers’ yield and either the attainable in research fields or the potential from crop models is wide. Reasons for the yield gap include low to nonapplication of appropriate fertilizers and inoculants, late planting, low plant populations, recycling seeds, etc.Here, we reviewed the literature on the yield gap and the technologies for narrowing it and modelled yields through the right sowing dates and suitable high-yielding varieties in APSIM.Results highlighted that between 2010 and 2020 in SSA, soybean production increased; however, it was through an expansion in the cropped area rather than a yield increase per hectare. Also, the actual smallholder farmers’ yield was 3.8, 2.2, and 2.3 times lower than the attainable yield in Malawi, Zambia, and Mozambique, respectively. Through inoculants, soybean yield increased by 23.8%. Coupling this with either 40 kg ha−1 of P or 60 kg ha−1 of K boosted the yields by 89.1% and 26.0%, respectively. Overall, application of 21–30 kg ha-1 of P to soybean in SSA could increase yields by about 48.2%. Furthermore, sowing at the right time increased soybean yield by 300%. Although these technologies enhance soybean yields, they are not fully embraced by smallholder farmers. Hence, refining and bundling them in a digital advisory tool will enhance the availability of the correct information to smallholder farmers at the right time and improve soybean yields per unit area.
撒哈拉以南非洲（SSA）的小农户越来越多地生产用于食品、饲料、现金和土壤肥力改善的大豆。然而，小农户的产量与研究领域可达到的产量或作物模型的潜力之间的差异很大。产量差距的原因包括施用适当的肥料和接种剂的量少或不施用、种植后期、植物种群少、种子回收等。在此，我们回顾了有关产量差距的文献和缩小产量差距的技术，并通过APSIM中合适的播播日期和合适的高产品种对产量进行了建模。研究结果强调，在2010年至2020年期间，SSA的大豆产量有所增加；然而，这是通过种植面积的扩大，而不是每公顷产量的增加。此外，马拉维、赞比亚和莫桑比克的实际小农户产量分别比可达到的产量低3.8倍、2.2倍和2.3倍。通过接种，大豆产量提高了23.8%。与40 kg ha−1的P或60 kg ha−l的K相结合，产量分别提高了89.1%和26.0%。总的来说，在SSA中向大豆施用21–30 kg ha-1磷可使产量提高约48.2%。此外，适时播种可使大豆产量提高300%。尽管这些技术提高了大豆产量，但它们并没有被小农户完全接受。因此，将其提炼并捆绑在数字咨询工具中，将提高小农户在正确时间获得正确信息的能力，并提高单位面积大豆产量。
{"title":"Closing the yield gap of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) in Southern Africa: a case of Malawi, Zambia, and Mozambique","authors":"J. O. Omondi, S. Mkuhlani, Jane W. Mugo, A. M. Chibeba, M. Chiduwa, G. Chigeza, S. Kyei-Boahen, P. Masikati, I. Nyagumbo","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1219490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1219490","url":null,"abstract":"Smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are increasingly producing soybean for food, feed, cash, and soil fertility improvement. Yet, the difference between the smallholder farmers’ yield and either the attainable in research fields or the potential from crop models is wide. Reasons for the yield gap include low to nonapplication of appropriate fertilizers and inoculants, late planting, low plant populations, recycling seeds, etc.Here, we reviewed the literature on the yield gap and the technologies for narrowing it and modelled yields through the right sowing dates and suitable high-yielding varieties in APSIM.Results highlighted that between 2010 and 2020 in SSA, soybean production increased; however, it was through an expansion in the cropped area rather than a yield increase per hectare. Also, the actual smallholder farmers’ yield was 3.8, 2.2, and 2.3 times lower than the attainable yield in Malawi, Zambia, and Mozambique, respectively. Through inoculants, soybean yield increased by 23.8%. Coupling this with either 40 kg ha−1 of P or 60 kg ha−1 of K boosted the yields by 89.1% and 26.0%, respectively. Overall, application of 21–30 kg ha-1 of P to soybean in SSA could increase yields by about 48.2%. Furthermore, sowing at the right time increased soybean yield by 300%. Although these technologies enhance soybean yields, they are not fully embraced by smallholder farmers. Hence, refining and bundling them in a digital advisory tool will enhance the availability of the correct information to smallholder farmers at the right time and improve soybean yields per unit area.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41568780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1215441
Nawal Taaime, Sifeddine Rafik, Khalil El Mejahed, A. Oukarroum, R. Choukr-allah, R. Bouabid, M. El Gharous
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) is a drought and salinity-tolerant crop that originated in the Andes over 7000 years ago. It is adapted to different agroecological areas and can be grown from sea level to an altitude of 4000 m. The outstanding nutritional status of quinoa, with its high content of proteins, vitamins, and minerals, makes it a promising crop able to combat hunger and malnutrition in different countries in the 21st century. Quinoa cultivation has expanded from South America to Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. Reviewing quinoa cropping practices will provide farmers with adequate recommendations for improving the agronomic and environmental sustainability of quinoa cultivation worldwide. For this reason, we conducted a systematic review of agronomic management practices in 148 field experiments conducted worldwide from 2000 to 2022. The collected data from the literature were analyzed and presented by location to determine high-performing genotypes, optimal planting dates, and other adequate cropping practices affecting quinoa performance and yield. Results showed that quinoa could be successfully cultivated in the new farming areas. Quinoa yields were higher than those reported in its place of origin, ranging from 108 kg ha-1, obtained by KU-2 in Washington State, to 9667 kg ha-1, obtained by Longli in China. Although quinoa is considered a crop with low input requirements, positive grain yield response was observed following increasing fertilization rates. Quinoa needs 2 to 4.6 kg of nitrogen to produce 1q of grain yield. In terms of phosphorus and potassium, quinoa needs 3.7 kg P2O5 and 4.3 kg K2O to produce 1 ton of total biomass. Quinoa has low water requirements (300-400 mm). However, a positive response was recorded with water quantities up to 866 mm. During our investigation, weed control in quinoa crop is still undeveloped and usually done manually. Research addressing this issue can increase quinoa yields and decrease the production cost. Downey mildew and birds’ attack are the major phytosanitary problems affecting quinoa grain yield. Other pests such as miners and aphids can also affect the health of quinoa, but their injury is not a serious problem. After the harvest, saponins found in the out layer of the seed can be removed through washing and mechanical pearling process, but the latter technic was found to be efficient and cost effective to reduce the saponin content. Our results constitute the first recommendation base for the adequate worldwide agronomic practices of quinoa crop.
藜麦(野生藜麦)是一种耐旱耐盐作物，起源于7000多年前的安第斯山脉。它适应于不同的农业生态区，从海平面到海拔4000米都可以种植。藜麦的蛋白质、维生素和矿物质含量高，具有突出的营养地位，使其成为21世纪各国抗击饥饿和营养不良的有前途的作物。藜麦种植已经从南美扩展到非洲、欧洲、亚洲和北美。审查藜麦种植方法将为农民提供适当的建议，以改善全球藜麦种植的农艺和环境可持续性。因此，我们对2000年至2022年在全球范围内进行的148项田间试验的农艺管理实践进行了系统回顾。对从文献中收集的数据进行分析，并按地点进行展示，以确定高效基因型、最佳种植日期以及其他影响藜麦性能和产量的适当种植方法。结果表明，藜麦可在新农区成功种植。藜麦产量高于其原产地报告，从华盛顿州KU-2获得的108 kg ha-1到中国龙利获得的9667 kg ha-1。虽然藜麦被认为是一种投入需求低的作物，但在增加施肥量后，观察到籽粒产量的正响应。藜麦需要2到4.6公斤的氮才能产生1q的粮食产量。在磷和钾方面，藜麦需要3.7 kg P2O5和4.3 kg K2O来产生1吨总生物量。藜麦需水量低(300-400毫米)。然而，当水量达到866毫米时，记录了积极的反应。在我们的调查中，藜麦作物的杂草控制仍然不发达，通常是人工控制。解决这一问题的研究可以提高藜麦产量并降低生产成本。唐尼霉病和鸟类侵染是影响藜麦籽粒产量的主要植物检疫问题。其他害虫，如矿工和蚜虫也会影响藜麦的健康，但它们的伤害不是一个严重的问题。在收获后，可以通过清洗和机械珍珠工艺去除种子外层的皂苷，但发现后一种技术可以有效地降低皂苷的含量。我们的研究结果为藜麦作物在世界范围内适当的农艺实践提供了第一个推荐基础。
{"title":"Worldwide development of agronomic management practices for quinoa cultivation: a systematic review","authors":"Nawal Taaime, Sifeddine Rafik, Khalil El Mejahed, A. Oukarroum, R. Choukr-allah, R. Bouabid, M. El Gharous","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1215441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1215441","url":null,"abstract":"Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) is a drought and salinity-tolerant crop that originated in the Andes over 7000 years ago. It is adapted to different agroecological areas and can be grown from sea level to an altitude of 4000 m. The outstanding nutritional status of quinoa, with its high content of proteins, vitamins, and minerals, makes it a promising crop able to combat hunger and malnutrition in different countries in the 21st century. Quinoa cultivation has expanded from South America to Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. Reviewing quinoa cropping practices will provide farmers with adequate recommendations for improving the agronomic and environmental sustainability of quinoa cultivation worldwide. For this reason, we conducted a systematic review of agronomic management practices in 148 field experiments conducted worldwide from 2000 to 2022. The collected data from the literature were analyzed and presented by location to determine high-performing genotypes, optimal planting dates, and other adequate cropping practices affecting quinoa performance and yield. Results showed that quinoa could be successfully cultivated in the new farming areas. Quinoa yields were higher than those reported in its place of origin, ranging from 108 kg ha-1, obtained by KU-2 in Washington State, to 9667 kg ha-1, obtained by Longli in China. Although quinoa is considered a crop with low input requirements, positive grain yield response was observed following increasing fertilization rates. Quinoa needs 2 to 4.6 kg of nitrogen to produce 1q of grain yield. In terms of phosphorus and potassium, quinoa needs 3.7 kg P2O5 and 4.3 kg K2O to produce 1 ton of total biomass. Quinoa has low water requirements (300-400 mm). However, a positive response was recorded with water quantities up to 866 mm. During our investigation, weed control in quinoa crop is still undeveloped and usually done manually. Research addressing this issue can increase quinoa yields and decrease the production cost. Downey mildew and birds’ attack are the major phytosanitary problems affecting quinoa grain yield. Other pests such as miners and aphids can also affect the health of quinoa, but their injury is not a serious problem. After the harvest, saponins found in the out layer of the seed can be removed through washing and mechanical pearling process, but the latter technic was found to be efficient and cost effective to reduce the saponin content. Our results constitute the first recommendation base for the adequate worldwide agronomic practices of quinoa crop.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45762747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1212705
Kayla Gaudet, N. Faraone, N. K. Hillier
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a globally distributed polyphagous agricultural pest that is resistant to a variety of synthetic chemical pesticides. Plant essential oils have been recognized as a novel natural source of pest control that have a reduced impact to the environment and human health relative to synthetic pesticides, and which may provide a viable alternative for managing this pest. The present study focuses on assessing the potential of mite semiochemicals and essential oil constitutes as repellents and miticides. We developed an innovative electrophysiological approach (electrotarsography) to record olfactory sensitivity of T. urticae. Additionally, a novel two-choice behavioural assay was designed to determine whether T. urticae is attracted or repelled by selected compounds. Using Gas Chromatography-linked Electrotarsal detection (GC-ETD), we determined that T. urticae can sense many terpenoids commonly found in plant essential oils, such as eucalyptol, thymol, and linalool. In addition, T. urticae responded to carboxylic acids and aldehydes, which are known to be detected by ionotropic receptors. In two-choice behavioural assays, T. urticae was repelled by various essential oil active ingredients, as well as carboxylic acids and aldehydes. The study provides much needed insight to identify behaviourally relevant chemical cues for the development of mite control strategies.
{"title":"Investigating chemoreception and behavioural responses of Tetranychus urticae (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) to organic acids, aldehydes and essential oil components","authors":"Kayla Gaudet, N. Faraone, N. K. Hillier","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1212705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1212705","url":null,"abstract":"The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a globally distributed polyphagous agricultural pest that is resistant to a variety of synthetic chemical pesticides. Plant essential oils have been recognized as a novel natural source of pest control that have a reduced impact to the environment and human health relative to synthetic pesticides, and which may provide a viable alternative for managing this pest. The present study focuses on assessing the potential of mite semiochemicals and essential oil constitutes as repellents and miticides. We developed an innovative electrophysiological approach (electrotarsography) to record olfactory sensitivity of T. urticae. Additionally, a novel two-choice behavioural assay was designed to determine whether T. urticae is attracted or repelled by selected compounds. Using Gas Chromatography-linked Electrotarsal detection (GC-ETD), we determined that T. urticae can sense many terpenoids commonly found in plant essential oils, such as eucalyptol, thymol, and linalool. In addition, T. urticae responded to carboxylic acids and aldehydes, which are known to be detected by ionotropic receptors. In two-choice behavioural assays, T. urticae was repelled by various essential oil active ingredients, as well as carboxylic acids and aldehydes. The study provides much needed insight to identify behaviourally relevant chemical cues for the development of mite control strategies.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46279501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-23DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1214811
Verónica Berriel, C. Perdomo
Cover crops can increase agricultural sustainability by protecting soil from erosion, increasing biodiversity, and symbiotically incorporating fixed nitrogen (N) into the soil. Nowadays, however, in Uruguay mostly grasses are planted in autumn to protect the soil from erosion. Another option is to study tropical legumes’ performance as cover crops, which can fix substantial amounts of nitrogen in short growing periods, thereby bridging the knowledge gap in Uruguayan agriculture. The main objective was to evaluate and compare the performance of six tropical legumes (Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Cajanus cajan, Dolichos lablab, Mucuna pruriens) and the temperate legume Glycine max. The evaluation focused on aboveground biomass and the N mass derived from fixation (NmdFix), as well as other attributes; three field experiments were conducted on a southern Uruguay farm during the summers of 2017, 2018, and 2019. The growing cycle lengths for the cover crops in 2017, 2018, and 2019 were 117, 130, and 90 days, respectively. The results showed that when planting was done at late December (2017 and 2018 growing cycles), the species with the highest mean biomass yield were Crotalaria juncea (two year average 12.0 Mg ha-1) and Cajanus cajan (11.0 Mg ha-1), but Cajanus cajan (149 kg ha-1) more than doubled the NmdFix mass of Crotalaria juncea (57 kg ha-1). In 2018 biomass yields were much higher than in 2017, with Glycine max (20.0 Mg ha-1) yielding at a similar level to Crotalaria juncea and Cajanus cajan (20.5 and 18.7 Mg ha-1, respectively). Amounts of NmdFix, however, were much higher in Glycine max and Cajanus cajan (263 and 253 kg N ha-1, respectively), than in Crotalaria juncea (91 kg N ha-1). In 2019 planting had to be delayed until early February and only Glycine max maintained acceptable biomass and NmdFix levels. In conclusion, based on its fixing N potential, for late December sowings Cajanus cajan and Glycine max would be the most promising species for cover crop use, while for late January or early February sowings, only Glycine max would an option because the tropical species seriously impaired their productivity when grew longer into the cooler autumn temperatures.
覆盖作物可以保护土壤免受侵蚀，增加生物多样性，并将固定氮(N)共生地吸收到土壤中，从而提高农业的可持续性。然而，现在在乌拉圭，大多数草都是在秋天种植，以保护土壤免受侵蚀。另一个选择是研究热带豆科作物作为覆盖作物的性能，它可以在较短的生长期内固定大量的氮，从而弥合乌拉圭农业的知识差距。主要目的是评价和比较6种热带豆科植物(黄豆科、黄豆科、黄豆科、Cajanus cajan、Dolichos lablab、Mucuna pruriens)和温带豆科植物Glycine max的性能。评价的重点是地上生物量和固结N质量(NmdFix)，以及其他属性;研究人员于2017年、2018年和2019年夏季在乌拉圭南部的一个农场进行了三次田间试验。2017年、2018年和2019年覆盖作物的生长周期分别为117天、130天和90天。结果表明:12月下旬(2017年和2018年生长周期)种植时，平均生物量产量最高的树种是芥菜(2年平均12.0 Mg ha-1)和柴菜(11.0 Mg ha-1)，但柴菜(149 kg ha-1)的NmdFix质量是芥菜(57 kg ha-1)的两倍多。2018年的生物量产量远高于2017年，其中甘氨酸max (20.0 Mg ha-1)的产量与芥菜(Crotalaria juncea)和Cajanus cajan(20.5和18.7 Mg ha-1)相近。甘氨酸和菜豆的NmdFix含量(分别为263和253 kg N ha-1)远高于芥菜(91 kg N ha-1)。2019年，种植不得不推迟到2月初，只有Glycine max保持了可接受的生物量和NmdFix水平。综上所述，基于Cajanus cajan和Glycine max的固氮潜力，在12月下旬播种时，Cajanus cajan和Glycine max是最有希望用于覆盖作物的品种，而在1月下旬或2月初播种时，只有Glycine max是一个选择，因为热带物种在生长时间较长且进入较冷的秋季温度时，其生产力严重受损。
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Pub Date : 2023-06-22DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1196873
M. Maluk, M. Giles, G. Wardell, Aminin Taqrir Akramin, Francesc Ferrando-Molina, Ashley Murdoch, Marta Barros, C. Beukes, M. Vasconcelos, Ellie Harrison, T. Daniell, R. Quilliam, P. Iannetta, E. James
It is currently not recommended to grow soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) further than 54° North, but climate change and the development of new high latitude-adapted varieties raises the possibility that it could be introduced into Scotland as a novel high protein crop deriving most of its nitrogen (N) requirements through biological N fixation (BNF). This was evaluated via field trials in 2017 and 2018 near Dundee (56.48°N). As there are no native soybean-nodulating bacteria (SNB) in UK soils, soybean requires inoculation to exploit its BNF potential. In 2017, three commercial inoculants containing elite Bradyrhizobium strains significantly increased plant biomass in plot trials with a soybean 000 maturity group variety (ES Comandor). Rhizobia were isolated from the nodules and identified as the original inoculant species, B. diazoefficiens and B. japonicum. One inoculant (Rizoliq Top) was used for larger-scale trials in 2018 with two varieties (ES Comandor, ES Navigator); inoculation doubled the grain yield to 1 t ha-1 compared to the uninoculated crop. The inoculated soybean obtained most of its N through BNF in both years regardless of plant genotype i.e. >73%Ndfa, with BNF contributions to aerial biomass exceeding 250 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in 2017 and that to grain 50 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in 2018. These data suggest that N-fixing soybean could be grown in Scotland without mineral N-fertiliser, either for forage as animal feed, or as green pods for human consumption (“edamame”), and potentially, even as dry grain. The potential for survival of the Bradyrhizobium inoculant strains in soils was also demonstrated through the detection of the inoculant strain B. diazoefficiens SEMIA 5080 at relatively high populations (104 g-1 dry soil) using a qRT-PCR method with SNB-specific nodZ primers. Microbiome data obtained from soil using 16S rRNA primers demonstrated that the diversity of bacteria belonging to the genus Bradyrhizobium increased in soybean-cropped soils compared to bulk soil regardless of inoculation status. The economic and practical implications of residual inoculum, as well as those arising from introducing a non-native plant and alien bacteria into Scottish soils in terms of their impact on the native soil microbiota are discussed.
目前不建议在北纬54°以上种植大豆（Glycine max[L.]Merr.），但气候变化和适应高纬度的新品种的开发增加了将其作为一种新型高蛋白作物引入苏格兰的可能性，这种作物通过生物固氮（BNF）获得了大部分氮需求。这是通过2017年和2018年在Dundee（56.48°N）附近的田间试验进行的评估。由于英国土壤中没有本地大豆结瘤菌（SNB），大豆需要接种疫苗来开发其BNF潜力。2017年，在大豆000成熟组品种（ES Comando）的小区试验中，三种含有优质慢生根瘤菌菌株的商业接种剂显著增加了植物生物量。从根瘤中分离出根瘤菌，并鉴定为原始接种种，即重氮效率芽孢杆菌和日本血吸虫。2018年，一种接种剂（Rizoliq Top）用于两个品种（ES Comandor、ES Navigator）的大规模试验；与未接种的作物相比，接种使粮食产量翻了一番，达到1Tha-1。无论植物基因型如何，接种后的大豆在这两年都通过BNF获得了大部分氮，即>73%的Ndfa，2017年BNF对地上生物量的贡献超过250 kg N ha-1 yr-1，2018年对粮食的贡献超过50 kg N ha-1yr-1。这些数据表明，在苏格兰，固定氮的大豆可以在没有矿物氮肥的情况下种植，既可以作为动物饲料，也可以作为人类食用的绿色豆荚（“毛豆”），甚至可以作为干谷物。通过使用具有SNB特异性nodZ引物的qRT-PCR方法在相对较高的群体（104g-1干土）中检测接种菌株B.dizoefficiiens SEMIA 5080，也证明了慢生根瘤菌接种菌株在土壤中存活的潜力。使用16S rRNA引物从土壤中获得的微生物组数据表明，与散装土壤相比，无论接种状态如何，大豆种植土壤中属于慢生根瘤菌属的细菌多样性都有所增加。讨论了残留接种物的经济和实际意义，以及将非本土植物和外来细菌引入苏格兰土壤对本土土壤微生物群的影响。
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Pub Date : 2023-06-19DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1194896
R. Enesi, M. Dyck, Scott X. Chang, M. Thilakarathna, Xiaoli Fan, S. Strelkov, L. Gorim
Soil acidity reduces base cations required for plant growth and may result in phytotoxic concentrations of soluble aluminum. Liming acidic soils is generally promoted as an effective management practice to increase soil pH, base cation concentrations, and ameliorate toxicity caused by aluminum and manganese. Through a global literature review using data published from field experiments on liming, the objective of this paper is to understand the effects of liming on soil pH, crop yields, and economic profitability. The results show that liming positively influenced crop yields and soil pH, implying that various lime sources can increase soil pH and crop productivity. The effect sizes of liming on crop yields when lime was incorporated into soils were higher than surface application irrespective of tillage practice. Liming under no-tillage (NT) compared to conventional tillage (CT) management showed higher effect sizes for crop yields. Liming increased effect sizes for crop yields in fertilized compared with unfertilized trials. Gypsum, calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate showed higher effect sizes when compared with Cement Klin Dust (CKD), dolomite and wood ash. The results show that liming increased yields for all crops except potatoes and oats. Liming generally increases soil pH and changes in soil pH increased with higher lime application rates and yield increases were proportional to the magnitude of increases in soil pH. The profitability of liming differed with crop type and liming rate, being more profitable at lower liming rates. Overall, this meta-analysis shows that liming decreases soil acidity and improves crop yields. Attaining maximum gains from liming agricultural crops under acidic soil conditions requires an understanding of the appropriate lime rates required for specific crops and soil types to ensure overall profitability for producers and sustainable improvement of soil health.
{"title":"Liming remediates soil acidity and improves crop yield and profitability - a meta-analysis","authors":"R. Enesi, M. Dyck, Scott X. Chang, M. Thilakarathna, Xiaoli Fan, S. Strelkov, L. Gorim","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1194896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1194896","url":null,"abstract":"Soil acidity reduces base cations required for plant growth and may result in phytotoxic concentrations of soluble aluminum. Liming acidic soils is generally promoted as an effective management practice to increase soil pH, base cation concentrations, and ameliorate toxicity caused by aluminum and manganese. Through a global literature review using data published from field experiments on liming, the objective of this paper is to understand the effects of liming on soil pH, crop yields, and economic profitability. The results show that liming positively influenced crop yields and soil pH, implying that various lime sources can increase soil pH and crop productivity. The effect sizes of liming on crop yields when lime was incorporated into soils were higher than surface application irrespective of tillage practice. Liming under no-tillage (NT) compared to conventional tillage (CT) management showed higher effect sizes for crop yields. Liming increased effect sizes for crop yields in fertilized compared with unfertilized trials. Gypsum, calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate showed higher effect sizes when compared with Cement Klin Dust (CKD), dolomite and wood ash. The results show that liming increased yields for all crops except potatoes and oats. Liming generally increases soil pH and changes in soil pH increased with higher lime application rates and yield increases were proportional to the magnitude of increases in soil pH. The profitability of liming differed with crop type and liming rate, being more profitable at lower liming rates. Overall, this meta-analysis shows that liming decreases soil acidity and improves crop yields. Attaining maximum gains from liming agricultural crops under acidic soil conditions requires an understanding of the appropriate lime rates required for specific crops and soil types to ensure overall profitability for producers and sustainable improvement of soil health.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42224986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-15DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1200785
Rahel Sutterlütti, Isabell König, Anita Swieter, M. Jansen
Alley cropping systems are known as more sustainable land use alternatives compared to monoculture cropland. In addition to the improvement of above-ground structures and creation of biotopes relevant to nature conservation, the improvement of resource development through various root systems plays a major role. We studied the interaction of the root systems in an alley cropping system combining permanent grassland and willows and at a reference grassland site. The system was established 12 years prior to our study on a site with a shallow groundwater table at 130 cm depth. We measured carbon stocks in the topsoil and determined the share of root-bound carbon relative to the total carbon pool and extracted soil cores up to a depth of 150 cm along a distance gradient to the trees and at a reference grassland site with no tree influence. The maximal rooting depth of the grassland roots increased with increasing distance to the tree lines and total root biomass was higher than under the grassland reference up to a distance of 2.5 m from the tree line. Tree roots extended up to a distance of 5.5 m from the trees and we could distinguish zones of tree root dominance very close to the trees, zones of grassland root dominance at distances ≥ 8.5 m and an interaction zone in between those two extremes. We conclude that alley cropping increases belowground biomass as compared to grassland and has therefore a higher potential to store carbon in the subsoil.
{"title":"Spatial distribution of tree and grassland fine roots in an alley cropping system","authors":"Rahel Sutterlütti, Isabell König, Anita Swieter, M. Jansen","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1200785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1200785","url":null,"abstract":"Alley cropping systems are known as more sustainable land use alternatives compared to monoculture cropland. In addition to the improvement of above-ground structures and creation of biotopes relevant to nature conservation, the improvement of resource development through various root systems plays a major role. We studied the interaction of the root systems in an alley cropping system combining permanent grassland and willows and at a reference grassland site. The system was established 12 years prior to our study on a site with a shallow groundwater table at 130 cm depth. We measured carbon stocks in the topsoil and determined the share of root-bound carbon relative to the total carbon pool and extracted soil cores up to a depth of 150 cm along a distance gradient to the trees and at a reference grassland site with no tree influence. The maximal rooting depth of the grassland roots increased with increasing distance to the tree lines and total root biomass was higher than under the grassland reference up to a distance of 2.5 m from the tree line. Tree roots extended up to a distance of 5.5 m from the trees and we could distinguish zones of tree root dominance very close to the trees, zones of grassland root dominance at distances ≥ 8.5 m and an interaction zone in between those two extremes. We conclude that alley cropping increases belowground biomass as compared to grassland and has therefore a higher potential to store carbon in the subsoil.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42404532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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