Pub Date : 2023-05-12DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1201600
Daniel Chichinsky, Christian D. Larson, J. Eberly, F. Menalled, Tim F. Seipel
Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle) is a perennial weed that causes significant economic losses in agriculture. An extensive rhizomatous root system makes C. arvense difficult to manage, particularly in agricultural systems that use tillage as a primary management tool. There is a need for the development of integrated weed management toolsets that include C. arvense biological controls. Puccinia punctiformis (thistle rust) is an autoecious fungal pathogen that systemically infects C. arvense, with the potential to reduce host vigor over time. The goal of this study was to integrate the P. punctiformis biocontrol with a simulated annual cropping sequence in a greenhouse environment and evaluate C. arvense’s above-and belowground biomass production, and its competitive ability. Repeated P. punctiformis inoculations produced systemically infected C. arvense stems in greenhouse pots over time. Cirsium arvense that was inoculated with P. punctiformis had 1.6 grams/pot (p = 0.0019) less aboveground biomass and 5.6 grams/pot (p< 0.001) less belowground biomass, compared to the non-inoculated (control). Puccinia punctiformis and crop competition interacted additively to lower aboveground (p<0.001) and belowground (p<0.001) C. arvense biomass more than individual use of either the biocontrol or competition alone. The aboveground competition intensity of C. arvense in a mixed crop sequence, relative to non-inoculated C. arvense grown in a monoculture, was moderately impacted by the P. punctiformis biocontrol (p = 0.0987). These results indicate that systemic infection can reduce biomass production and the competitive ability of C. arvense. Overall, P. punctiformis can be integrated into competitive annual cropping sequences with the potential to reduce C. arvense vigor over time.
{"title":"Impact of Puccinia punctiformis on Cirsium arvense performance in a simulated crop sequence","authors":"Daniel Chichinsky, Christian D. Larson, J. Eberly, F. Menalled, Tim F. Seipel","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1201600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1201600","url":null,"abstract":"Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle) is a perennial weed that causes significant economic losses in agriculture. An extensive rhizomatous root system makes C. arvense difficult to manage, particularly in agricultural systems that use tillage as a primary management tool. There is a need for the development of integrated weed management toolsets that include C. arvense biological controls. Puccinia punctiformis (thistle rust) is an autoecious fungal pathogen that systemically infects C. arvense, with the potential to reduce host vigor over time. The goal of this study was to integrate the P. punctiformis biocontrol with a simulated annual cropping sequence in a greenhouse environment and evaluate C. arvense’s above-and belowground biomass production, and its competitive ability. Repeated P. punctiformis inoculations produced systemically infected C. arvense stems in greenhouse pots over time. Cirsium arvense that was inoculated with P. punctiformis had 1.6 grams/pot (p = 0.0019) less aboveground biomass and 5.6 grams/pot (p< 0.001) less belowground biomass, compared to the non-inoculated (control). Puccinia punctiformis and crop competition interacted additively to lower aboveground (p<0.001) and belowground (p<0.001) C. arvense biomass more than individual use of either the biocontrol or competition alone. The aboveground competition intensity of C. arvense in a mixed crop sequence, relative to non-inoculated C. arvense grown in a monoculture, was moderately impacted by the P. punctiformis biocontrol (p = 0.0987). These results indicate that systemic infection can reduce biomass production and the competitive ability of C. arvense. Overall, P. punctiformis can be integrated into competitive annual cropping sequences with the potential to reduce C. arvense vigor over time.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44759827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-12DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1144219
Grace Adusei, Moses Kwame Aidoo, A. Srivastava, J. Asibuo, T. Gaiser
Grain legumes are essential for the protein supply to an ever-growing population in Africa. However, little is known about the adaptational potential and thus resilience to abiotic stress of major grain legumes under future climatic change for the evaluation of climate change impact and adaptation. This study assessed the adaptation potential of some cowpea genotypes to future climate change in the moist (Kumasi—Ghana) and dry savanna (Ouagadougou—Burkina Faso) biomes of West Africa based on a validated process-based SIMPLACE model using the output of four global circulation models (GCMs) for two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs, i.e., ssp126 and 585). In addition, it assesses the sensitivity of the cowpea model to bias corrections of the GCM outputs. In comparison of future socioeconomic pathways with historic time series, the use of bias-corrected climate model output slightly increased the rate of the phenological development of the genotypes in the future period except in Ouagadougou, in the ssp585 scenario. Without bias correction, this increase of the rate of phenological development in the future scenarios was less pronounced. With bias correction, the total aboveground biomass and yield of all genotypes were reduced in both SSPs. The change in the average water stress and phosphorous stress were genotype specific. Despite a general yield decline in both SSPs, the genotypes Asontem and GH6060 exhibited the adaptational potential to future climate change in the moist and dry savanna biomes. This is by a higher accumulation of total aboveground biomass, higher yield, and tolerance to high temperature as well as high water use and photosynthetic efficiency due to higher atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, despite faster phenological development.
{"title":"Model-based climate change adaptational potential and productivity of some cowpea genotypes and its sensitivity to bias adjustment","authors":"Grace Adusei, Moses Kwame Aidoo, A. Srivastava, J. Asibuo, T. Gaiser","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1144219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1144219","url":null,"abstract":"Grain legumes are essential for the protein supply to an ever-growing population in Africa. However, little is known about the adaptational potential and thus resilience to abiotic stress of major grain legumes under future climatic change for the evaluation of climate change impact and adaptation. This study assessed the adaptation potential of some cowpea genotypes to future climate change in the moist (Kumasi—Ghana) and dry savanna (Ouagadougou—Burkina Faso) biomes of West Africa based on a validated process-based SIMPLACE model using the output of four global circulation models (GCMs) for two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs, i.e., ssp126 and 585). In addition, it assesses the sensitivity of the cowpea model to bias corrections of the GCM outputs. In comparison of future socioeconomic pathways with historic time series, the use of bias-corrected climate model output slightly increased the rate of the phenological development of the genotypes in the future period except in Ouagadougou, in the ssp585 scenario. Without bias correction, this increase of the rate of phenological development in the future scenarios was less pronounced. With bias correction, the total aboveground biomass and yield of all genotypes were reduced in both SSPs. The change in the average water stress and phosphorous stress were genotype specific. Despite a general yield decline in both SSPs, the genotypes Asontem and GH6060 exhibited the adaptational potential to future climate change in the moist and dry savanna biomes. This is by a higher accumulation of total aboveground biomass, higher yield, and tolerance to high temperature as well as high water use and photosynthetic efficiency due to higher atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, despite faster phenological development.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43926302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1138263
Cynthia Gyogluu Wardjomto, M. Mohammed, Titus Y. Ngmenzuma, K. Mohale
Research efforts to develop alternatives to chemical-based fertilizers for sustainable crop production has led to renewed interest in beneficial soil microbes such as rhizobia and plant growth promoting biostimulants such as the seaweed (Ecklonia maxima). This study assessed the interactive effect of the co-application of seaweed extract with two Bradyrhizobium strains (Inoculant 1 and Inoculant 2) on the growth, symbiotic performance and nutritional composition of three cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) genotypes (IT97K-390-2, Songotra and TVU13998) grown under glasshouse conditions. The response of cowpea to the treatments was genotype dependent, such that the combined application of inoculant 2 plus seaweed extract increased nodule dry matter in genotype Songotra, and together with sole inoculant 2 increased the parameter in genotype IT97K-390-2, just as the inoculation plus seaweed extract treatments increased the parameter in genotype TVU13998 when compared to their respective counterparts receiving other treatments. Sole inoculation or inoculation plus seaweed extract treatments increased shoot dry matter in all varieties (2.0 to 7.2 g.plant-1) relative to the control plants receiving sole nitrate (0.5 to 1.2 g.plant-1), sole seaweed extract (0.3 g.plant-1), nitrate plus seaweed extract (1.2 to 1.6 g.plant-1) or the absolute control (0.2 g.plant-1). Due to N2 fixation in the inoculated plants, their leaf δ15N (-2.66‰ to -1.20‰) were markedly lower (p≤0.001) than values recorded by the control plants (+3.30‰ to +510‰) which had no nodules; consequently, leaf N accumulation was greater in the inoculation-based treatments (41.2 to 258.2 mg.plant-1) relative to the uninoculated controls (1.7 to 24.7 mg.plant-1). In most instances, the sole inoculation and inoculation plus seaweed extract treatments increased leaf photosynthetic rates (except for genotype TVU13998 treated with inoculant 1 + seaweed extract), water use efficiency (δ13C) (except in genotype TVU13998) and the concentrations of macro and micronutrients in leaves (except for K in Songotra treated with inoculant 1 or inoculant 1 + seaweed extract as well as Mn in TVU13998 treated with inoculant 1 among others) of the cowpeas relative to the controls. We highlight the potential benefits of the synergistic interactions between rhizobia and seaweed extract for enhancing plant growth and nutrient accumulation in cowpea leaves.
{"title":"Effect of rhizobia inoculation and seaweed extract (Ecklonia maxima) application on the growth, symbiotic performance and nutritional content of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)","authors":"Cynthia Gyogluu Wardjomto, M. Mohammed, Titus Y. Ngmenzuma, K. Mohale","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1138263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1138263","url":null,"abstract":"Research efforts to develop alternatives to chemical-based fertilizers for sustainable crop production has led to renewed interest in beneficial soil microbes such as rhizobia and plant growth promoting biostimulants such as the seaweed (Ecklonia maxima). This study assessed the interactive effect of the co-application of seaweed extract with two Bradyrhizobium strains (Inoculant 1 and Inoculant 2) on the growth, symbiotic performance and nutritional composition of three cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) genotypes (IT97K-390-2, Songotra and TVU13998) grown under glasshouse conditions. The response of cowpea to the treatments was genotype dependent, such that the combined application of inoculant 2 plus seaweed extract increased nodule dry matter in genotype Songotra, and together with sole inoculant 2 increased the parameter in genotype IT97K-390-2, just as the inoculation plus seaweed extract treatments increased the parameter in genotype TVU13998 when compared to their respective counterparts receiving other treatments. Sole inoculation or inoculation plus seaweed extract treatments increased shoot dry matter in all varieties (2.0 to 7.2 g.plant-1) relative to the control plants receiving sole nitrate (0.5 to 1.2 g.plant-1), sole seaweed extract (0.3 g.plant-1), nitrate plus seaweed extract (1.2 to 1.6 g.plant-1) or the absolute control (0.2 g.plant-1). Due to N2 fixation in the inoculated plants, their leaf δ15N (-2.66‰ to -1.20‰) were markedly lower (p≤0.001) than values recorded by the control plants (+3.30‰ to +510‰) which had no nodules; consequently, leaf N accumulation was greater in the inoculation-based treatments (41.2 to 258.2 mg.plant-1) relative to the uninoculated controls (1.7 to 24.7 mg.plant-1). In most instances, the sole inoculation and inoculation plus seaweed extract treatments increased leaf photosynthetic rates (except for genotype TVU13998 treated with inoculant 1 + seaweed extract), water use efficiency (δ13C) (except in genotype TVU13998) and the concentrations of macro and micronutrients in leaves (except for K in Songotra treated with inoculant 1 or inoculant 1 + seaweed extract as well as Mn in TVU13998 treated with inoculant 1 among others) of the cowpeas relative to the controls. We highlight the potential benefits of the synergistic interactions between rhizobia and seaweed extract for enhancing plant growth and nutrient accumulation in cowpea leaves.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43682969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1182528
Benjamin D. Pritchard, J. J. Vargas, Mohit Mahey, J. Brosnan, Eric L. Patterson
Herbicide resistance within Poa annua is widespread in managed turfgrass systems. In 2020, a P. annua collection from a golf course in the southeastern United States was reported to be resistant to indaziflam as well as six other mode-of-action groups. This first report in 2020 suggests that turfgrass managers would benefit from a bioassay to screen other collections with putative indaziflam resistance. A dose-response experiment was conducted with ten concentrations of indaziflam (0, 250, 500, 667, 1000, 1143, 1333, 2000, 4500, and 9000 pM) in Gelrite® culture during 2021 and 2022. An herbicide-susceptible (S1) collection of P. annua, a resistant standard (Site 3A), and a collection with putative resistance to indaziflam (Site 18) were included in this experiment. Petri dishes were filled with 80 mL of Gelrite® (3.75 g L−1) containing technical grade (≥ 98%) indaziflam and rifampicin (1000 µg mL−1). Each plate was sealed with parafilm after placing 15 seeds of a single collection on the Gelrite® surface. At 14 days after seeding (DAS), the length of the radicle (mm) protruding from each seed was recorded with digital calipers. Indaziflam concentrations required to reduce root growth by 70% (EC70) were calculated via non-linear regression. Statistically significant differences were detected among P. annua collections with the EC70 values for the herbicide-susceptible collection measuring 708 pM [95% confidence interval (CI) = 656 to 764 pM] compared to 2130 pM (CI = 1770 to 2644 pM) for Site 3A and 4280 pM (CI = 3464 to 5442) for Site 18. Given that resistant collections exhibited longer root length in the absence of herbicide, confocal microscopy analysis was used to explore differences in root cell count among resistant and susceptible P. annua collections; however, few differences in cell count were detected. Overall, these findings indicate that a discriminatory dose of 708 pM (95% CI = 656 to 764 pM) can be used to differentiate among susceptible and resistant P. annua collections from field sites where poor control is observed following broadcast applications of indaziflam.
早熟禾对除草剂的抗性在有管理的草坪草系统中普遍存在。2020年，据报道，来自美国东南部一个高尔夫球场的一个P.annua系列对吲唑福明以及其他六种行动模式有抵抗力。2020年的第一份报告表明，草坪草管理者将受益于生物测定，以筛选其他具有公认耐吲唑菌耐药性的集合。在2021年和2022年期间，在Gellite®培养物中用10种浓度的吲唑福明（0、250、500、667、1000、1143、1333、2000、4500和9000 pM）进行了剂量反应实验。本实验包括一个对除草剂敏感（S1）的P.annua集合、一个抗性标准品（位点3A）和一个对吲唑菌具有假定抗性的集合（位点18）。培养皿中加入80 mL Gellite®（3.75 g L−1），其中含有工业级（≥98%）吲唑福明和利福平（1000µg mL−1）。在Gellite®表面上放置单个集合的15个种子后，用石蜡膜密封每个板。在播种后14天（DAS），用数字卡尺记录从每个种子突出的胚根的长度（mm）。通过非线性回归计算将根系生长减少70%（EC70）所需的吲唑嗪浓度。在P.annua采集之间检测到统计学上的显著差异，除草剂敏感采集的EC70值为708 pM[95%置信区间（CI）=656至764 pM]，而3A位点为2130 pM（CI=1770至2644 pM），18位点为4280 pM。考虑到在没有除草剂的情况下，抗性集合表现出更长的根长，使用共聚焦显微镜分析来探索抗性和易感的P.annua集合之间根细胞计数的差异；然而，几乎没有检测到细胞计数的差异。总的来说，这些发现表明，708 pM（95%CI=656至764 pM）的鉴别剂量可用于区分易感和抗性的P.annua集合，这些集合来自在施用吲唑福明后观察到控制不良的现场。
{"title":"A bioassay to determine Poa annua responses to indaziflam","authors":"Benjamin D. Pritchard, J. J. Vargas, Mohit Mahey, J. Brosnan, Eric L. Patterson","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1182528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1182528","url":null,"abstract":"Herbicide resistance within Poa annua is widespread in managed turfgrass systems. In 2020, a P. annua collection from a golf course in the southeastern United States was reported to be resistant to indaziflam as well as six other mode-of-action groups. This first report in 2020 suggests that turfgrass managers would benefit from a bioassay to screen other collections with putative indaziflam resistance. A dose-response experiment was conducted with ten concentrations of indaziflam (0, 250, 500, 667, 1000, 1143, 1333, 2000, 4500, and 9000 pM) in Gelrite® culture during 2021 and 2022. An herbicide-susceptible (S1) collection of P. annua, a resistant standard (Site 3A), and a collection with putative resistance to indaziflam (Site 18) were included in this experiment. Petri dishes were filled with 80 mL of Gelrite® (3.75 g L−1) containing technical grade (≥ 98%) indaziflam and rifampicin (1000 µg mL−1). Each plate was sealed with parafilm after placing 15 seeds of a single collection on the Gelrite® surface. At 14 days after seeding (DAS), the length of the radicle (mm) protruding from each seed was recorded with digital calipers. Indaziflam concentrations required to reduce root growth by 70% (EC70) were calculated via non-linear regression. Statistically significant differences were detected among P. annua collections with the EC70 values for the herbicide-susceptible collection measuring 708 pM [95% confidence interval (CI) = 656 to 764 pM] compared to 2130 pM (CI = 1770 to 2644 pM) for Site 3A and 4280 pM (CI = 3464 to 5442) for Site 18. Given that resistant collections exhibited longer root length in the absence of herbicide, confocal microscopy analysis was used to explore differences in root cell count among resistant and susceptible P. annua collections; however, few differences in cell count were detected. Overall, these findings indicate that a discriminatory dose of 708 pM (95% CI = 656 to 764 pM) can be used to differentiate among susceptible and resistant P. annua collections from field sites where poor control is observed following broadcast applications of indaziflam.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46765869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-14DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1161978
Roshan Pudasaini, O. Hewedy, M. Raizada
One billion people globally suffer from protein (amino acid) malnutrition. Grain legumes represent a solution. They recruit symbiotic rhizobia bacteria from soil into root nodules, where the rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3) which serves as a building block for chlorophyll and protein. However, when a legume species is newly introduced to a region, yields can be low due to incompatible soil rhizobia. Millions of subsistence legume farmers can benefit from inoculation with exotic rhizobia bacteria, but many subsistence farmers especially in Africa do not benefit from commercial inoculants due to real-world constraints. Here, in a sequential series of indoor and outdoor experiments, we show that root nodules (rhizobia habitats) can be harvested and crushed onto legume seeds, ultimately improving nodulation and chlorophyll under field conditions. 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing confirmed that nodule crushing onto seeds effectively transferred rhizobia to next-generation nodules. Therefore, nodule crushing represents a simple method to diffuse elite rhizobia strains. However, exotic rhizobia come with risks and limitations. Therefore, in addition to diffusing elite rhizobia, we propose that this simple, decentralized technology can also empower smallholders to improve indigenous strains or indigenize exotic strains by repeated nodule crushing from healthy plants.
{"title":"Improving field legume nodulation by crushing nodules onto seeds: implications for small-scale farmers","authors":"Roshan Pudasaini, O. Hewedy, M. Raizada","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1161978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1161978","url":null,"abstract":"One billion people globally suffer from protein (amino acid) malnutrition. Grain legumes represent a solution. They recruit symbiotic rhizobia bacteria from soil into root nodules, where the rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3) which serves as a building block for chlorophyll and protein. However, when a legume species is newly introduced to a region, yields can be low due to incompatible soil rhizobia. Millions of subsistence legume farmers can benefit from inoculation with exotic rhizobia bacteria, but many subsistence farmers especially in Africa do not benefit from commercial inoculants due to real-world constraints. Here, in a sequential series of indoor and outdoor experiments, we show that root nodules (rhizobia habitats) can be harvested and crushed onto legume seeds, ultimately improving nodulation and chlorophyll under field conditions. 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing confirmed that nodule crushing onto seeds effectively transferred rhizobia to next-generation nodules. Therefore, nodule crushing represents a simple method to diffuse elite rhizobia strains. However, exotic rhizobia come with risks and limitations. Therefore, in addition to diffusing elite rhizobia, we propose that this simple, decentralized technology can also empower smallholders to improve indigenous strains or indigenize exotic strains by repeated nodule crushing from healthy plants.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42212559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-04DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1151015
Lorena Guardia-Velarde, Hui Liu, J. Cope, A. Westerbergh, M. Weih
Wheat is considered an established crop with a long breeding history. Its varieties are being developed with differential breeding targets, e.g. high grain yield or high grain protein content. The different breeding targets strongly influence performance in the targeted traits, but may also influence non-target traits related to grain quality, biofortification potential, and nutrient accumulation. This influence of non-targeted traits may, in turn, affect the environmental performance and ecological sustainability of the crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between breeding target traits such as grain yield and grain quality, and non-target traits for three groups of spring wheat varieties differing in breeding targets, i.e. high yield (I), organic high protein (II), and intermediate (III) wheat types. Data from a field trial with nine spring wheat varieties grown under two soil compaction treatments over two years with contrasting weather were used. We found that wheat type affected most target and non-target traits with partly large effect sizes ( 0.874 ≤ η p 2 ≤ 0.173 ) , but not nitrogen (N) uptake efficiency ( η p 2 =0.006), which reflects the potential N resource requirement of the crop. Associations shown between target and non-target traits will be advantageous for wheat breeding programs. Wheat type and environment had similarly sized effects on grain yield and quality traits. Grain concentrations of various macro- and micro-nutrients were frequently, but not always, correlated, indicating that the biofortification potential varied between wheat types and was affected by environmental conditions. The grain and starch yields per accumulated plant N were higher in the wheat varieties bred for high grain yields than those bred for high grain protein content; whilst the protein yield per accumulated whole-plant N was similar across all wheat types despite much higher grain N concentrations in the high-protein varieties. Additionally, most of the evaluated traits tended to preserve their static stability across environments. The results link grain yield and grain quality traits to crop nutrient accumulation aspects relevant for the environmental performance and ecological sustainability of the crop. Future breeding strategies should consider the non-target effects in traits that influence the environmental performance of the crop.
{"title":"Differential breeding targets in wheat influence non-target traits related to grain quality, but not crop nitrogen requirement","authors":"Lorena Guardia-Velarde, Hui Liu, J. Cope, A. Westerbergh, M. Weih","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1151015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1151015","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat is considered an established crop with a long breeding history. Its varieties are being developed with differential breeding targets, e.g. high grain yield or high grain protein content. The different breeding targets strongly influence performance in the targeted traits, but may also influence non-target traits related to grain quality, biofortification potential, and nutrient accumulation. This influence of non-targeted traits may, in turn, affect the environmental performance and ecological sustainability of the crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between breeding target traits such as grain yield and grain quality, and non-target traits for three groups of spring wheat varieties differing in breeding targets, i.e. high yield (I), organic high protein (II), and intermediate (III) wheat types. Data from a field trial with nine spring wheat varieties grown under two soil compaction treatments over two years with contrasting weather were used. We found that wheat type affected most target and non-target traits with partly large effect sizes ( 0.874 ≤ η p 2 ≤ 0.173 ) , but not nitrogen (N) uptake efficiency ( η p 2 =0.006), which reflects the potential N resource requirement of the crop. Associations shown between target and non-target traits will be advantageous for wheat breeding programs. Wheat type and environment had similarly sized effects on grain yield and quality traits. Grain concentrations of various macro- and micro-nutrients were frequently, but not always, correlated, indicating that the biofortification potential varied between wheat types and was affected by environmental conditions. The grain and starch yields per accumulated plant N were higher in the wheat varieties bred for high grain yields than those bred for high grain protein content; whilst the protein yield per accumulated whole-plant N was similar across all wheat types despite much higher grain N concentrations in the high-protein varieties. Additionally, most of the evaluated traits tended to preserve their static stability across environments. The results link grain yield and grain quality traits to crop nutrient accumulation aspects relevant for the environmental performance and ecological sustainability of the crop. Future breeding strategies should consider the non-target effects in traits that influence the environmental performance of the crop.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49551483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1148969
C. Zamuner, Vítor Rodrigues Marin, G. Dilarri, Giovane Böerner Hypolito, D. C. Sass, H. Ferreira
Plant Essential Oils and their constituents are well-known for their properties as antimicrobial agents and are labeled as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), prompting studies around their usage in the control of food-borne microorganisms and phytopathogens. In this study, we evaluated Oregano Essential Oil (OEO), Thymol (THY) and Carvacrol (CAR) for the control of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri). In vitro antibacterial assays revealed that CAR and THY inhibit X. citri growth at the concentrations of 100 µg.mL-1 and 114 µg.mL-1, lower than OEO (136 µg.mL-1). Bactericidal effects were observed at 400 µg.mL-1 for OEO and 200 ug.mL-1 for CAR and THY. Investigating potential cellular targets for the compounds showed that after 30 minutes of exposure up to 84% of the cells had their membranes disrupted, implicating the membrane as the primary target. Phytotoxicity evaluations using Lactuca sativa and Solanum lycopersicum seeds showed an acute toxic effect in all treatments above 200 µg.mL-1, except for OEO and THY in S. lycopersicum at lower concentrations. Regarding their protective effect on citrus leaves, CAR showed no effect when compared to the untreated control (0.39 and 0.50 lesions per cm2, respectively). OEO and THY were able to reduce significantly citrus canker symptoms (0.18 and 0.11 lesions per cm2, respectively). In addition, no toxic effects were observed on citrus leaves in all treatments. THY inhibits X. citri growth and the development of citrus canker lesions. These results show that THY as a viable alternative to be used in citrus canker management.
{"title":"Oregano essential oil and its main components Thymol and Carvacrol as alternatives to control citrus canker","authors":"C. Zamuner, Vítor Rodrigues Marin, G. Dilarri, Giovane Böerner Hypolito, D. C. Sass, H. Ferreira","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1148969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1148969","url":null,"abstract":"Plant Essential Oils and their constituents are well-known for their properties as antimicrobial agents and are labeled as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), prompting studies around their usage in the control of food-borne microorganisms and phytopathogens. In this study, we evaluated Oregano Essential Oil (OEO), Thymol (THY) and Carvacrol (CAR) for the control of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri). In vitro antibacterial assays revealed that CAR and THY inhibit X. citri growth at the concentrations of 100 µg.mL-1 and 114 µg.mL-1, lower than OEO (136 µg.mL-1). Bactericidal effects were observed at 400 µg.mL-1 for OEO and 200 ug.mL-1 for CAR and THY. Investigating potential cellular targets for the compounds showed that after 30 minutes of exposure up to 84% of the cells had their membranes disrupted, implicating the membrane as the primary target. Phytotoxicity evaluations using Lactuca sativa and Solanum lycopersicum seeds showed an acute toxic effect in all treatments above 200 µg.mL-1, except for OEO and THY in S. lycopersicum at lower concentrations. Regarding their protective effect on citrus leaves, CAR showed no effect when compared to the untreated control (0.39 and 0.50 lesions per cm2, respectively). OEO and THY were able to reduce significantly citrus canker symptoms (0.18 and 0.11 lesions per cm2, respectively). In addition, no toxic effects were observed on citrus leaves in all treatments. THY inhibits X. citri growth and the development of citrus canker lesions. These results show that THY as a viable alternative to be used in citrus canker management.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44163748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1094239
M. Gullino
Women first began to take a stance in science over 50 years ago, and since then, they have produced a great number of publications. However, the first step towards science was a matter of accrediting women as rightful members of the scientific community. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, women started to enter into graduate programmes, and such a step helped them to make a difference. In many cases and many countries, botanists and mycologists were, in some way, pioneering in the plant pathology discipline. This manuscript considers some of the women who led the way in plant pathology, with a special focus on those who also dealt with the early aspects of plant disease management. Women who were active in different geographical areas are featured, and an attempt has also been made to provide some less well-known stories. Moreover, the importance of women behind the scenes, as is the case for many lab and field technicians, whose lives have not been chronicled, is acknowledged. Finally, some suggestions are given on how to improve the present situation and increase the number of women in science as well as in technical positions, with special emphasis on the positive effect of female mentors and role models.
{"title":"Review: Women in plant disease management","authors":"M. Gullino","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1094239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1094239","url":null,"abstract":"Women first began to take a stance in science over 50 years ago, and since then, they have produced a great number of publications. However, the first step towards science was a matter of accrediting women as rightful members of the scientific community. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, women started to enter into graduate programmes, and such a step helped them to make a difference. In many cases and many countries, botanists and mycologists were, in some way, pioneering in the plant pathology discipline. This manuscript considers some of the women who led the way in plant pathology, with a special focus on those who also dealt with the early aspects of plant disease management. Women who were active in different geographical areas are featured, and an attempt has also been made to provide some less well-known stories. Moreover, the importance of women behind the scenes, as is the case for many lab and field technicians, whose lives have not been chronicled, is acknowledged. Finally, some suggestions are given on how to improve the present situation and increase the number of women in science as well as in technical positions, with special emphasis on the positive effect of female mentors and role models.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45312894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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