Pub Date : 2021-12-10DOI: 10.32353/khrife.2.2021.06
Jose Manuel Colodras, K. Sylenok
Some issues of application of special knowledge in the course of investigation of crimes related to illegal drug trafficking are considered. Analyzed the scientific literature, regulatory legal acts devoted to the use of special knowledge in the study of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors. The statistical data of the Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine are presented, indicating a significant increase in the level of drug-related crime in Ukraine. The increase in the number of drug-related crimes entails an increase in the need for the use of special knowledge in their investigation. In the process of applying special knowledge, a number of problematic issues arise that require legislative solutions. The purpose of the article is to identify theoretical and organizational problems arising in the process of applying special knowledge in the investigation of crimes related to drug trafficking. Attention was drawn to the project “Action — EU: EU Action on Drugs and Organized Crime. Intensive cooperation and capacity building to combat organized drug trafficking along the heroin route. ” Under the auspices of this project, the Ukrainian Working Group for the Study of Psychoactive Substances was formed, one of the main goals of which is to improve the quality of forensic services in Ukraine, and one of the main forms of work is to conduct interlaboratory exercises. The results of participation in an interlaboratory exercise provide an opportunity to either confirm the performance of a particular laboratory, or indicate problems in such a laboratory. For the examination of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors, access to comparative (standard) samples is required, the free receipt of which (or their exchange between institutions) is complicated by many factors.
{"title":"Application of Special Knowledge in the Investigation of Crimes Related to Illicit Drug Trafficking","authors":"Jose Manuel Colodras, K. Sylenok","doi":"10.32353/khrife.2.2021.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2021.06","url":null,"abstract":"Some issues of application of special knowledge in the course of investigation of crimes related to illegal drug trafficking are considered. Analyzed the scientific literature, regulatory legal acts devoted to the use of special knowledge in the study of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors. The statistical data of the Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine are presented, indicating a significant increase in the level of drug-related crime in Ukraine. The increase in the number of drug-related crimes entails an increase in the need for the use of special knowledge in their investigation. In the process of applying special knowledge, a number of problematic issues arise that require legislative solutions. The purpose of the article is to identify theoretical and organizational problems arising in the process of applying special knowledge in the investigation of crimes related to drug trafficking. \u0000Attention was drawn to the project “Action — EU: EU Action on Drugs and Organized Crime. Intensive cooperation and capacity building to combat organized drug trafficking along the heroin route. ” Under the auspices of this project, the Ukrainian Working Group for the Study of Psychoactive Substances was formed, one of the main goals of which is to improve the quality of forensic services in Ukraine, and one of the main forms of work is to conduct interlaboratory exercises. The results of participation in an interlaboratory exercise provide an opportunity to either confirm the performance of a particular laboratory, or indicate problems in such a laboratory. For the examination of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors, access to comparative (standard) samples is required, the free receipt of which (or their exchange between institutions) is complicated by many factors.","PeriodicalId":340932,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116653822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-10DOI: 10.32353/khrife.2.2021.02
V. Shevchuk
This article is devoted to optimization issues of investigative (detective) activity by introducing innovative approaches in solving issues of criminal proceedings and introducing their provisions and recommendations into law enforcement practice. The most important innovative development directions of criminalistics at the present stage directed on optimization of investigative (detective) activity in the conditions of crime transformation, information and epidemiological threats to a society are defined and considered. It is substantiated that issue of optimization of investigative (detective) activities is closely related to the use of innovative approaches, it contributes to investigation effectiveness and is one of the conditions for effectiveness of criminal proceedings and judiciary in general. It is noted that without taking into account innovative technologies and means of solving organizational, legal, scientific and technical issues, actual development and implementation of forensic methods, tools and recommendations to ensure activities of law enforcement agencies will not meet requirements of efficiency and optimality. It is noted that in modern realities one of the most promising areas in the fight against crime is the development, implementation and application of forensic innovations in law enforcement in order to increase its efficiency, effectiveness and optimization. Therefore, creation and introduction of innovative forensic products, their active practical use, currently is considered a priority of criminalistics at the present stage and the urgent need for law enforcement practice. It is substantiated that current trends and prospects for development of criminalistics now significantly affect optimization of pre-trial investigation and trial and require expansion of its boundaries and research boundaries, require innovative approaches to solving this issue that necessitate further development of its theoretical and methodological bases and intensification of the practical orientation of research optimization and increase of efficiency activity subjects of criminal proceedings. Three directions of development detection and introduction of forensic innovations are singled out and considered: technical-forensic, tactical-forensic and the direction of providing forensic methods of investigation of separate types of criminal offenses. The main tasks of issues under research and prospects of introduction of its provisions in law enforcement practice are defined, perspective directions of their researches are outlined. Theoretical and methodological principles of development and formation of the concept of innovative principles of forensic support for optimization of investigative (detective) activities in current realities arestudied. New scientific approaches to the solution of researched debatable issues are substantiated and perspective directions of researches on specified issues are defined.
{"title":"Innovative optimization directions of investigative (detective) activity in modern conditions","authors":"V. Shevchuk","doi":"10.32353/khrife.2.2021.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2021.02","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to optimization issues of investigative (detective) activity by introducing innovative approaches in solving issues of criminal proceedings and introducing their provisions and recommendations into law enforcement practice. The most important innovative development directions of criminalistics at the present stage directed on optimization of investigative (detective) activity in the conditions of crime transformation, information and epidemiological threats to a society are defined and considered. It is substantiated that issue of optimization of investigative (detective) activities is closely related to the use of innovative approaches, it contributes to investigation effectiveness and is one of the conditions for effectiveness of criminal proceedings and judiciary in general. It is noted that without taking into account innovative technologies and means of solving organizational, legal, scientific and technical issues, actual development and implementation of forensic methods, tools and recommendations to ensure activities of law enforcement agencies will not meet requirements of efficiency and optimality. \u0000It is noted that in modern realities one of the most promising areas in the fight against crime is the development, implementation and application of forensic innovations in law enforcement in order to increase its efficiency, effectiveness and optimization. Therefore, creation and introduction of innovative forensic products, their active practical use, currently is considered a priority of criminalistics at the present stage and the urgent need for law enforcement practice. It is substantiated that current trends and prospects for development of criminalistics now significantly affect optimization of pre-trial investigation and trial and require expansion of its boundaries and research boundaries, require innovative approaches to solving this issue that necessitate further development of its theoretical and methodological bases and intensification of the practical orientation of research optimization and increase of efficiency activity subjects of criminal proceedings. \u0000Three directions of development detection and introduction of forensic innovations are singled out and considered: technical-forensic, tactical-forensic and the direction of providing forensic methods of investigation of separate types of criminal offenses. The main tasks of issues under research and prospects of introduction of its provisions in law enforcement practice are defined, perspective directions of their researches are outlined. Theoretical and methodological principles of development and formation of the concept of innovative principles of forensic support for optimization of investigative (detective) activities in current realities arestudied. New scientific approaches to the solution of researched debatable issues are substantiated and perspective directions of researches on specified issues are defined.","PeriodicalId":340932,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics","volume":"258 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127702375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-10DOI: 10.32353/khrife.2.2021.04
I. Yatsenko, Ella Simakova-Efremyan, L. Derecha
The article reveals the applying general methods of forensic expertise possibilities in forensic veterinary research. It is emphasized that the forensic veterinary research methods are subject to the following requirements: scientific validity, approbation, the results of their application should be obvious and obvious to all participants in the process, the use of methods and means should not degrade the honor and dignity of citizens, violate moral and ethical principles, maximum preservation of objects. It is shown that forensic veterinary research methods include the dialectical-materialist method and logic methods, general (cognitive) methods, individual methods (instrumental and auxiliary-technical), as well as special methods, the functions of which are performed by specialized (specific) methods of solving certain expert tasks. Such systematization, taking into account the affiliation to the general cognition methods of the comprehensive dialectical method and logic methods, is acceptable for any expert research type, including forensic veterinary research. The research methods choice is greatly influenced by the subject, tasks, examination objects, the method effectiveness degree, which is expressed in its effectiveness, conditional efficiency, acceptability in law terms, complexity, the re-examination possibility, reliability, duration, etc. The scheme and sequence of application of research methods may vary depending on the questions posed to the decision of the forensic veterinary expert, the number and previous the objects submitted for research condition. The special methods functions of forensic veterinary examination are performed by animal diseases clinical diagnosis and pathomorphological diagnosis methods. They are aimed at solving certain tasks inherent in forensic veterinary examination. Thus, the methods of clinical diagnosis of animal diseases are aimed at making a lifelong forensic veterinary diagnosis of a live subject with signs of injury, disease, injury, as well as determining the severity of damage to animal health and more. Pathomorphological diagnosis methods are used to make a post-mortem forensic veterinary diagnosis, to determine the damage to animal health severity, to identify violent death signs.
{"title":"Forensic expertise methods and their application in forensic veterinary research","authors":"I. Yatsenko, Ella Simakova-Efremyan, L. Derecha","doi":"10.32353/khrife.2.2021.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2021.04","url":null,"abstract":"The article reveals the applying general methods of forensic expertise possibilities in forensic veterinary research. It is emphasized that the forensic veterinary research methods are subject to the following requirements: scientific validity, approbation, the results of their application should be obvious and obvious to all participants in the process, the use of methods and means should not degrade the honor and dignity of citizens, violate moral and ethical principles, maximum preservation of objects. \u0000It is shown that forensic veterinary research methods include the dialectical-materialist method and logic methods, general (cognitive) methods, individual methods (instrumental and auxiliary-technical), as well as special methods, the functions of which are performed by specialized (specific) methods of solving certain expert tasks. \u0000Such systematization, taking into account the affiliation to the general cognition methods of the comprehensive dialectical method and logic methods, is acceptable for any expert research type, including forensic veterinary research. \u0000The research methods choice is greatly influenced by the subject, tasks, examination objects, the method effectiveness degree, which is expressed in its effectiveness, conditional efficiency, acceptability in law terms, complexity, the re-examination possibility, reliability, duration, etc. The scheme and sequence of application of research methods may vary depending on the questions posed to the decision of the forensic veterinary expert, the number and previous the objects submitted for research condition. \u0000The special methods functions of forensic veterinary examination are performed by animal diseases clinical diagnosis and pathomorphological diagnosis methods. They are aimed at solving certain tasks inherent in forensic veterinary examination. Thus, the methods of clinical diagnosis of animal diseases are aimed at making a lifelong forensic veterinary diagnosis of a live subject with signs of injury, disease, injury, as well as determining the severity of damage to animal health and more. \u0000Pathomorphological diagnosis methods are used to make a post-mortem forensic veterinary diagnosis, to determine the damage to animal health severity, to identify violent death signs.","PeriodicalId":340932,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115262194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.32353/khrife.1.2021.21
S. Rohalin, І. Bohdaniuk, A. Lâsâi
The normative requirements for the stability of electricity meters to the in-fluence of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on them were systematized. The mechanism of influence of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation was outlined and the constructive elements of metering devices, sensitive to the ac-tion of such radiation, were determined. The division of constructive execution of electricity meters into groups according to the signs of protection against the specified influence is executed. Based on the division of the electricity meters into groups, the list of initial data required for such researches, was determined; re commendations for the researches of the effect of radiofrequency electromag-netic radiation on the studied meter are developed.
{"title":"Features of performing expert researches on electricity meters that have been exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation","authors":"S. Rohalin, І. Bohdaniuk, A. Lâsâi","doi":"10.32353/khrife.1.2021.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2021.21","url":null,"abstract":"The normative requirements for the stability of electricity meters to the in-fluence of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on them were systematized. \u0000The mechanism of influence of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation was outlined and the constructive elements of metering devices, sensitive to the ac-tion of such radiation, were determined. The division of constructive execution of electricity meters into groups according to the signs of protection against the specified influence is executed. Based on the division of the electricity meters into groups, the list of initial data required for such researches, was determined; re commendations for the researches of the effect of radiofrequency electromag-netic radiation on the studied meter are developed.","PeriodicalId":340932,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116634590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.32353/khrife.1.2021.20
R. Huseinov, Y. Panchuk
The article purpose is to analyze the danger of man-made explosions and provide calculation methods for determining the mechanism of the occurrence of an explosion during forensic examinations of the study of the circumstances and mechanism of man-made explosions. The relevance of the article is caused by the fact that present-day production and everyday life cannot dispense with the usage of combustible and explosive substances. The particular attention to be paid to emergency prevention related to explosives, as well as the research to determine the mechanism of man-made explosions. The research on the mechanism of man-made explosions will make it possible to determine the technical cause of their occurrence, to analyze for what reason and for whose fault the event occurred, and also what measures should be taken to minimize the likelihood of such situations occurence. It is noted that in order to obtain reliable conclusions about the mechanism of man-made explosions, it is necessary to use scientifically based methods and methodologies allowing us to assess the extent of destruction. The degree of destruction of surrounding building structures and harm to people depends on overpressure caused as the result of a significant expansion of the explosion products and their spread to all directions from the center of explosion. The most frequent causes of explosions in the explosive object are: destruction and damage to production tanks, equipment and pipelines; deviation from production regulations (excess pressure and temperature of equipment operating mode), low-quality control of equipment and work while conducting require work, and untimely or poor-quality maintenance of technological equipment. The main calculation methods for the research of the man-made explosions in open areas, indoors, and limited space are given, which will allow to systematize the research process and analyze the flow of explosions in specific situations, and to establish a mechanism for their occurrence when conducting forensic examinations of the circumstances and mechanism of man-made explosions.
{"title":"Basic calculation methods of investigation of circumstances and mechanism of man-made explosions","authors":"R. Huseinov, Y. Panchuk","doi":"10.32353/khrife.1.2021.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2021.20","url":null,"abstract":"The article purpose is to analyze the danger of man-made explosions and provide calculation methods for determining the mechanism of the occurrence of an explosion during forensic examinations of the study of the circumstances and mechanism of man-made explosions. \u0000The relevance of the article is caused by the fact that present-day production and everyday life cannot dispense with the usage of combustible and explosive substances. The particular attention to be paid to emergency prevention related to explosives, as well as the research to determine the mechanism of man-made explosions. The research on the mechanism of man-made explosions will make it possible to determine the technical cause of their occurrence, to analyze for what reason and for whose fault the event occurred, and also what measures should be taken to minimize the likelihood of such situations occurence. \u0000It is noted that in order to obtain reliable conclusions about the mechanism of man-made explosions, it is necessary to use scientifically based methods and methodologies allowing us to assess the extent of destruction. The degree of destruction of surrounding building structures and harm to people depends on overpressure caused as the result of a significant expansion of the explosion products and their spread to all directions from the center of explosion. The most frequent causes of explosions in the explosive object are: destruction and damage to production tanks, equipment and pipelines; deviation from production regulations (excess pressure and temperature of equipment operating mode), low-quality control of equipment and work while conducting require work, and untimely or poor-quality maintenance of technological equipment. \u0000The main calculation methods for the research of the man-made explosions in open areas, indoors, and limited space are given, which will allow to systematize the research process and analyze the flow of explosions in specific situations, and to establish a mechanism for their occurrence when conducting forensic examinations of the circumstances and mechanism of man-made explosions.","PeriodicalId":340932,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123680228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.32353/khrife.1.2021.07
S. Paraschiv, S. Onoprienko, I. Spasenko
While forensic research, obtained results should be evaluated in order to ensure adoption of correct conclusion regarding the research object. For this purpose forensic experts should use established decision rules to substantiate a statement about conformity of an object or certain requirements, or parameters, or characteristics. Currently, the need to ensure that a decision is made based on results of forensic examination using the concept of decision rules is constantly increasing. Therefore, consideration of the issue of establishing rules for making decisions while forensic science activity at international and national levels is relevant. Relevance of this issue is justified not only by the requirements of ІSO/ IEC 17025:2017 for testing laboratories but by the requirements for the objectivity of expert opinion. ISO/IEC 17025:2017 recognizes that there is no single rule for deciding on conformity. In other words, in a specific situation there will be its own decision making rule. This also applies to forensic science activity. Therefore, this article purpose is necessary for forensic science activity to determine: general guidelines for choosing appropriate decision-making rule; directives for determining the components of decision making rules depending on the object and the task of forensic examination; rules for applying certain requirements to the research results of carried out in accordance with requirements of research methods, research object and the type of quantitative or qualitative research. Thus, this article defines and considers the process of establishing the rules for making decisions, criteria which the rules for m
{"title":"As for decision making rules based on research results while forensic science activities","authors":"S. Paraschiv, S. Onoprienko, I. Spasenko","doi":"10.32353/khrife.1.2021.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2021.07","url":null,"abstract":"While forensic research, obtained results should be evaluated in order to ensure adoption of correct conclusion regarding the research object. For this purpose forensic experts should use established decision rules to substantiate a statement about conformity of an object or certain requirements, or parameters, or characteristics. Currently, the need to ensure that a decision is made based on results of forensic examination using the concept of decision rules is constantly increasing. Therefore, consideration of the issue of establishing rules for making decisions while forensic science activity at international and national levels is relevant. Relevance of this issue is justified not only by the requirements of ІSO/ IEC 17025:2017 for testing laboratories but by the requirements for the objectivity of expert opinion. ISO/IEC 17025:2017 recognizes that there is no single rule for deciding on conformity. In other words, in a specific situation there will be its own decision making rule. This also applies to forensic science activity. \u0000Therefore, this article purpose is necessary for forensic science activity to determine: \u0000 \u0000general guidelines for choosing appropriate decision-making rule; \u0000directives for determining the components of decision making rules depending on the object and the task of forensic examination; \u0000rules for applying certain requirements to the research results of carried out in accordance with requirements of research methods, research object and the type of quantitative or qualitative research. \u0000 \u0000Thus, this article defines and considers the process of establishing the rules for making decisions, criteria which the rules for m","PeriodicalId":340932,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116885014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.32353/khrife.1.2021.27
V. Kosovan
When investigating and hearing criminal proceedings, civil and administrative cases in courts, there is a need for special information in thefield of commodity science. Such information is obtained during commodity expertises. Analysis of the stages of forensic commodity expertise in the current legislation shows the presence of a significant number of problems at certain stages of study, which requires effective resolution in accordance with current regulatory and technical parameters and prospects for further development in Ukraine. As practice shows, forensic commodity expertises are often appointed, the subject of which is to determine the market value of objects on the date in the past. If the necessary documents are available, the difficulty of providing conclusions about the value of the objects of study is due to the lack of initial data on the market of such property. This is due to the fact that there are very few publicly available sources where you can find archival information on the price of a product on the date in the past, especially if it concerns specialized property, or property whose sale and purchase market is limited. That is why the article purpose is to highlight peculiarities of the determination of value of goods at the date of past within the framework of the commodity expertise. A t the present stage in Ukraine there are no meaningful studies and regulations on conducting the commodity expertise to determine the value of goods in the past, so this issue needs further study to create a unified and comprehensive approach while conducting the commodity expertises on the value of goods at the date of the past and development of a methodology that will be used in forensic expert practice during the conduct of commodity expertises, to ensure the systematization and methodological uniformity of the expert practice, reducing the complexity and time spent during expertises. Thus, the formation and development of property valuation are possible only in market conditions with a clear definition of the role and place of the state in matters of pricing and legal regulation of entrepreneurial activity. In addition, it is necessary to develop ways to improve the effectiveness of research that could provide the necessary conditions to protect professional competence of a forensic expert for appealing expertise results in court.
{"title":"Peculiarities of the determination of value of goods as at the date in the past within the framework of a commodity expertise","authors":"V. Kosovan","doi":"10.32353/khrife.1.2021.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2021.27","url":null,"abstract":" When investigating and hearing criminal proceedings, civil and administrative cases in courts, there is a need for special information in thefield of commodity science. Such information is obtained during commodity expertises. Analysis of the stages of forensic commodity expertise in the current legislation shows the presence of a significant number of problems at certain stages of study, which requires effective resolution in accordance with current regulatory and technical parameters and prospects for further development in Ukraine. As practice shows, forensic commodity expertises are often appointed, the subject of which is to determine the market value of objects on the date in the past. If the necessary documents are available, the difficulty of providing conclusions about the value of the objects of study is due to the lack of initial data on the market of such property. This is due to the fact that there are very few publicly available sources where you can find archival information on the price of a product on the date in the past, especially if it concerns specialized property, or property whose sale and purchase market is limited. That is why the article purpose is to highlight peculiarities of the determination of value of goods at the date of past within the framework of the commodity expertise. \u0000A t the present stage in Ukraine there are no meaningful studies and regulations on conducting the commodity expertise to determine the value of goods in the past, so this issue needs further study to create a unified and comprehensive approach while conducting the commodity expertises on the value of goods at the date of the past and development of a methodology that will be used in forensic expert practice during the conduct of commodity expertises, to ensure the systematization and methodological uniformity of the expert practice, reducing the complexity and time spent during expertises. \u0000Thus, the formation and development of property valuation are possible only in market conditions with a clear definition of the role and place of the state in matters of pricing and legal regulation of entrepreneurial activity. In addition, it is necessary to develop ways to improve the effectiveness of research that could provide the necessary conditions to protect professional competence of a forensic expert for appealing expertise results in court.","PeriodicalId":340932,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics","volume":"755 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122982083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.32353/khrife.1.2021.14
K. Lutsenko, A. Roman, S. Grigoryan, V. Kocharyan
The concept and essence of distortion are considered from a technical stand-point and criminal law perspective. The most common ways of distorting a voice and a speech are provided, as well as certain methods of detecting an intentional change in a voice and human speech by computer tools and linguistic analysis. Some software and hardware tools changing a speech signal both in real time and in a pre-prepared recording are analyzed. To solve diagnostic and identification tasks, a pressing issue in forensic video and audio analysis is studied which is addressed to forensic experts in this field more often.
{"title":"Research on a voice changed by distortion","authors":"K. Lutsenko, A. Roman, S. Grigoryan, V. Kocharyan","doi":"10.32353/khrife.1.2021.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2021.14","url":null,"abstract":"The concept and essence of distortion are considered from a technical stand-point and criminal law perspective. The most common ways of distorting a voice and a speech are provided, as well as certain methods of detecting an intentional change in a voice and human speech by computer tools and linguistic analysis. \u0000 Some software and hardware tools changing a speech signal both in real time and in a pre-prepared recording are analyzed. \u0000To solve diagnostic and identification tasks, a pressing issue in forensic video and audio analysis is studied which is addressed to forensic experts in this field more often.","PeriodicalId":340932,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122146195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.32353/khrife.1.2021.17
M. Bondarenko
Currently, the key issues in domestic economy are issues of competitiveness and quality of goods produced in Ukraine. Ukrainian market of meat products conquers consumers with a wide assortment but one should not rejoice at sucha rich list of names. Many enterprises focused on the production of meat products use technical requirements as regulatory documentation. Technical requirements make it possible to significantly reduce the quality of manufactured goods and prevent healthy competition. Food products manufactured according to technical requirements have a reduced cost that is beneficial to many enterprises in Ukraine. Responsibility for the quality of finished product lies not on manufacturer but with the buyers and forensic merchandising experts themselves. Topic relevance is due to the need to inform consumers about quality and consumer properties of cooked sausages of various manufacturers sold in the retail chain. Therefore, planning as a function of assortment management for the merchant is to determine the way of future actions, content and sequence of steps leading to the intended goal. Assortment planning methods should allow evaluating the product in three areas: profitability, competitiveness, compliance with quality and safety requirements. Theoretical research basis were research papers in the field of merchandising, in particular: I. I. Shtyk, L. V. Peshuk and N. V. Budnik, who patented the histological method for studying multicomponent meat systems. Investigating the Ukrainian market of cooked sausages, the methods of commodity assessment of the safety, quality of meat products and their identification were applied. Article Purpose is to investigate methods for identifying the quality of sausages to identify counterfeit products, analyze the procedure for conducting merchandising assessment.
目前，国内经济的关键问题是乌克兰生产的商品的竞争力和质量问题。乌克兰的肉类产品市场以广泛的分类征服了消费者，但人们不应该为如此丰富的名单而高兴。许多专注于肉制品生产的企业使用技术要求作为规范性文件。技术要求有可能大大降低制成品的质量，防止良性竞争。根据技术要求生产的食品降低了成本，这对乌克兰的许多企业有利。成品质量的责任不在于制造商，而在于买家和法医销售专家自己。主题相关性是由于需要告知消费者在零售链中销售的各种制造商的熟香肠的质量和消费者属性。因此，对于商家来说，计划作为分类管理的一个功能就是确定未来行动的方式、内容和步骤顺序，从而达到预期的目标。分类计划方法应该允许在三个方面评估产品:盈利能力，竞争力，符合质量和安全要求。理论研究基础是销售领域的研究论文，特别是:I. I. Shtyk, L. V. Peshuk和N. V. Budnik，他们为研究多组分肉类系统的组织学方法申请了专利。对乌克兰熟香肠市场进行了调查，应用了肉制品安全、质量和鉴定的商品评估方法。文章目的是研究香肠质量的鉴别方法，鉴别假冒产品，分析销售评估的程序。
{"title":"Identification as a means of detecting counterfeiting of sausages","authors":"M. Bondarenko","doi":"10.32353/khrife.1.2021.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2021.17","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, the key issues in domestic economy are issues of competitiveness and quality of goods produced in Ukraine. Ukrainian market of meat products conquers consumers with a wide assortment but one should not rejoice at sucha rich list of names. Many enterprises focused on the production of meat products use technical requirements as regulatory documentation. Technical requirements make it possible to significantly reduce the quality of manufactured goods and prevent healthy competition. Food products manufactured according to technical requirements have a reduced cost that is beneficial to many enterprises in Ukraine. \u0000Responsibility for the quality of finished product lies not on manufacturer but with the buyers and forensic merchandising experts themselves. \u0000Topic relevance is due to the need to inform consumers about quality and consumer properties of cooked sausages of various manufacturers sold in the retail chain. \u0000Therefore, planning as a function of assortment management for the merchant is to determine the way of future actions, content and sequence of steps leading to the intended goal. Assortment planning methods should allow evaluating the product in three areas: profitability, competitiveness, compliance with quality and safety requirements. \u0000Theoretical research basis were research papers in the field of merchandising, in particular: I. I. Shtyk, L. V. Peshuk and N. V. Budnik, who patented the histological method for studying multicomponent meat systems. \u0000Investigating the Ukrainian market of cooked sausages, the methods of commodity assessment of the safety, quality of meat products and their identification were applied. \u0000Article Purpose is to investigate methods for identifying the quality of sausages to identify counterfeit products, analyze the procedure for conducting merchandising assessment.","PeriodicalId":340932,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128627488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-27DOI: 10.32353/khrife.1.2021.31
E. Mosiiuk, O. Karasova
Due to the fact that the bloodstain pattern analysis takes the first place in the structure of the study of biological objects, the question of the study of blood patterns is relevant today. The main task (that will allow to solve the following, which puts the investigation before the experts), is to prove that these patterns, which are examined, contain blood, (regardless of their remoteness, attempts to destroy patterns of blood), find out its types or refute traces of blood. If the expert fails to prove the presence of blood, he must refuse to address the following issues. Otherwise, the expert may obtain results that will ultimately lead him to an erroneous conclusion. The article considers options for extraction of old blood stains in order to establish the presence of blood by the method of thin-layer vertical chromatography. This question is still relevant, as biological material can change under the influence of environmental factors and time and this can be an obstacle to establishing the fact of its presence on physical evidence, and also it can do harm to the quality of the study and the correctness of the conclusions, made as a result of the study. In order to select substances, that could provide rapid extraction of old blood stains, a study was performed using weak solutions of alkalis and acids and subsequent determination of the presence of blood by thin layer vertical chromatography. In immunological studies, there have been cases where blood crusts on non-hygroscopic surfaces under the influence of natural factors (such as high temperatures and direct sun rays) have not been extracted in saline and distilled water for several days. In addition, when using known blood samples in the reactions, the dependence of the saturation of the extracts on the age of the samples and the time of their extraction. These observations prompted researches in the sector of biological research and accounting of the Cherkasy NDEKTs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on methods for extracting old blood stains, which would allow to detect blood in the shortest possible time by the method of thin-layer vertical chromatography.
{"title":"Features of establishing the presence of blood in old stains by the method of thin-layer vertical chromatography","authors":"E. Mosiiuk, O. Karasova","doi":"10.32353/khrife.1.2021.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2021.31","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the fact that the bloodstain pattern analysis takes the first place in the structure of the study of biological objects, the question of the study of blood patterns is relevant today. The main task (that will allow to solve the following, which puts the investigation before the experts), is to prove that these patterns, which are examined, contain blood, (regardless of their remoteness, attempts to destroy patterns of blood), find out its types or refute traces of blood. If the expert fails to prove the presence of blood, he must refuse to address the following issues. Otherwise, the expert may obtain results that will ultimately lead him to an erroneous conclusion. \u0000The article considers options for extraction of old blood stains in order to establish the presence of blood by the method of thin-layer vertical chromatography. This question is still relevant, as biological material can change under the influence of environmental factors and time and this can be an obstacle to establishing the fact of its presence on physical evidence, and also it can do harm to the quality of the study and the correctness of the conclusions, made as a result of the study. In order to select substances, that could provide rapid extraction of old blood stains, a study was performed using weak solutions of alkalis and acids and subsequent determination of the presence of blood by thin layer vertical chromatography. In immunological studies, there have been cases where blood crusts on non-hygroscopic surfaces under the influence of natural factors (such as high temperatures and direct sun rays) have not been extracted in saline and distilled water for several days. In addition, when using known blood samples in the reactions, the dependence of the saturation of the extracts on the age of the samples and the time of their extraction. These observations prompted researches in the sector of biological research and accounting of the Cherkasy NDEKTs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on methods for extracting old blood stains, which would allow to detect blood in the shortest possible time by the method of thin-layer vertical chromatography.","PeriodicalId":340932,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126795505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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