Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-92719-0_46
Liav Orgad, Rainer Baubock
{"title":"Cloud Communities: The Dawn of Global Citizenship?","authors":"Liav Orgad, Rainer Baubock","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-92719-0_46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92719-0_46","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":341111,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Civil Society","volume":"464 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133560031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Civics-based educational interventions are intended to prepare students for effectively engaging in democratic society. Social studies curriculum and instruction scholars have made strong cases for the vital role that teaching adolescents about the Holocaust serves in fostering and reinforcing civic values. While these lessons have great promise, however, effectively teaching about the Holocaust poses substantial challenges for educators whom may not be well-versed or comfortable with teaching challenging, sensitive topics. Holocaust museums and memorials have played a critical role in helping teachers overcome these obstacles. Scholars have commended these efforts, but the body of empirical research evaluating these supports is limited. Applying experimental methods with a sample of 865 students across 15 middle and high school campuses, we examine the causal effects that a field trip intervention to the Holocaust Museum Houston has on students’ civic values. We find that this experience has a significant, positive impact on students’ desires to protect civil rights and liberties. Students also demonstrate a more accurate grasp of historical facts regarding the Holocaust. Overall, we did not find significant evidence that this intervention affected students’ sense of civic obligation, empathy, willingness to take on roles as “upstanders,” inclinations towards civil disobedience, or the willingness to donate to charities whose missions align with these objectives. We also find that this experience appears to have a negative effect with regard to tolerance. However, this particular result is possibly attributed to ceiling or framing effects. Finally, we find substantial differences in outcomes by student subgroups. Specifically, female students experience significant negative effects with regard to their senses of civic obligation and empathy as a result of their field trip experiences; estimates on these outcomes with males are in the positive direction, though they are statistically insignificant. Hispanic/Latinx and African-American students appear to have propelled the overall positive effect on the preservation of civil liberties; white students experience positive effects on support for civil disobedience in response to acts of injustice but demonstrate negative effects on empathy. Finally, students from less-educated parent households appear to have driven the negative effect on tolerance. Students from college-educated parental households experience positive effects in terms of preserving liberty as well as their willingness to financially support charitable causes whose missions overlap with secondary Holocaust education objectives.
{"title":"Assessing the Impact of the Holocaust Museum Houston's Field Trips on Adolescents' Civic Values","authors":"Daniel H. Bowen, Brian Kisida","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3000551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3000551","url":null,"abstract":"Civics-based educational interventions are intended to prepare students for effectively engaging in democratic society. Social studies curriculum and instruction scholars have made strong cases for the vital role that teaching adolescents about the Holocaust serves in fostering and reinforcing civic values. While these lessons have great promise, however, effectively teaching about the Holocaust poses substantial challenges for educators whom may not be well-versed or comfortable with teaching challenging, sensitive topics. Holocaust museums and memorials have played a critical role in helping teachers overcome these obstacles. Scholars have commended these efforts, but the body of empirical research evaluating these supports is limited. Applying experimental methods with a sample of 865 students across 15 middle and high school campuses, we examine the causal effects that a field trip intervention to the Holocaust Museum Houston has on students’ civic values. \u0000We find that this experience has a significant, positive impact on students’ desires to protect civil rights and liberties. Students also demonstrate a more accurate grasp of historical facts regarding the Holocaust. Overall, we did not find significant evidence that this intervention affected students’ sense of civic obligation, empathy, willingness to take on roles as “upstanders,” inclinations towards civil disobedience, or the willingness to donate to charities whose missions align with these objectives. We also find that this experience appears to have a negative effect with regard to tolerance. However, this particular result is possibly attributed to ceiling or framing effects. Finally, we find substantial differences in outcomes by student subgroups. Specifically, female students experience significant negative effects with regard to their senses of civic obligation and empathy as a result of their field trip experiences; estimates on these outcomes with males are in the positive direction, though they are statistically insignificant. Hispanic/Latinx and African-American students appear to have propelled the overall positive effect on the preservation of civil liberties; white students experience positive effects on support for civil disobedience in response to acts of injustice but demonstrate negative effects on empathy. Finally, students from less-educated parent households appear to have driven the negative effect on tolerance. Students from college-educated parental households experience positive effects in terms of preserving liberty as well as their willingness to financially support charitable causes whose missions overlap with secondary Holocaust education objectives.","PeriodicalId":341111,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Civil Society","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122708676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses the role of information in direct public participation for grassroots development in Kenya’s devolved government structure of 47 counties. The author reviewed relevant laws, research and government reports, and journals focusing on forms of and information dissemination channels for citizen participation, and information as a tool for participatory grassroots development in counties in Kenya. Findings established that the public in Kenya can directly participate in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development projects, budget preparation, law and policy making. This participation is done through public hearings, petitions and memoranda submitted to county executives and legislatures. To disseminate information to citizens, county governments use print, broadcast and new media, notice boards, and public hearings. The information raises citizens’ awareness, political consciousness and mobilization needed for participatory grassroots development. An informed citizenry is core to participatory development. However, the public has limited access to information and direct participatory development in counties in Kenya is low. This may be attributed to gaps in information dissemination by county governments and citizens’ reluctance to seek information. This implies that county governments need to improve their information dissemination efforts; citizens should demand for access to and use of information.
{"title":"The Role of Information in Public Participation for Grassroots Development in Counties in Kenya","authors":"Thomas Ibrahim Okinda","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3502718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3502718","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the role of information in direct public participation for grassroots development in Kenya’s devolved government structure of 47 counties. The author reviewed relevant laws, research and government reports, and journals focusing on forms of and information dissemination channels for citizen participation, and information as a tool for participatory grassroots development in counties in Kenya. Findings established that the public in Kenya can directly participate in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development projects, budget preparation, law and policy making. This participation is done through public hearings, petitions and memoranda submitted to county executives and legislatures. To disseminate information to citizens, county governments use print, broadcast and new media, notice boards, and public hearings. The information raises citizens’ awareness, political consciousness and mobilization needed for participatory grassroots development. An informed citizenry is core to participatory development. However, the public has limited access to information and direct participatory development in counties in Kenya is low. This may be attributed to gaps in information dissemination by county governments and citizens’ reluctance to seek information. This implies that county governments need to improve their information dissemination efforts; citizens should demand for access to and use of information.","PeriodicalId":341111,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Civil Society","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114431236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Teti, Paolo Maggiolini, Valeria Talbot, P. Abbott
Survey data from the ArabTrans 2014 survey contains a unique battery of questions pertaining to the perception of the European Union. This report builds on those questions to analyse perceptions of the EU, its development cooperation programmes, its promotion of democracy, the appropriateness of its response to the Arab Uprisings, and the perception of the EU as an international actor. Overall, the data suggests low levels of awareness and relatively negative opinions of the EU’s actions both in general and in the specific context of its response to the Arab Uprisings. However, respondents’ preferences also suggest avenues for policy development for the Union such that it might simultaneously achieve its interests and meet the demands of MENA populations. Throughout, the paper also takes note of specific patterns and conditions found in individual countries which present particular challenges for the EU.
{"title":"MENA Populations' Perceptions of Key Challenges, International Context and Role of the European Union","authors":"A. Teti, Paolo Maggiolini, Valeria Talbot, P. Abbott","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2903604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2903604","url":null,"abstract":"Survey data from the ArabTrans 2014 survey contains a unique battery of questions pertaining to the perception of the European Union. This report builds on those questions to analyse perceptions of the EU, its development cooperation programmes, its promotion of democracy, the appropriateness of its response to the Arab Uprisings, and the perception of the EU as an international actor. Overall, the data suggests low levels of awareness and relatively negative opinions of the EU’s actions both in general and in the specific context of its response to the Arab Uprisings. However, respondents’ preferences also suggest avenues for policy development for the Union such that it might simultaneously achieve its interests and meet the demands of MENA populations. Throughout, the paper also takes note of specific patterns and conditions found in individual countries which present particular challenges for the EU.","PeriodicalId":341111,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Civil Society","volume":"262 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113972211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study attempts to estimate the development of civil society in the Arab World by using comparative opinion survey data based on the author’s evaluation of the World Values Survey. Certain basic assumptions of current Middle East studies are evaluated, which are also reflected in the Obama administration’s Presidential Research Directive 11. While the directive emphasizes the compatibility of “moderate Islamism” and “democracy,” the current study finds that “democracy and the market economy” are not shared to the same extent by Arab publics. This study also tests the validity of these assertions with a UNDP type of Index of Civil Society based on WVS data and with various factor analytical investigations into the drivers and bottlenecks of the democracy movement and the support for the market economy.
{"title":"The Civic Culture of the Arab World: A Comparative Analysis Based on World Values Survey Data","authors":"Arno Tausch","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2827232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2827232","url":null,"abstract":"This study attempts to estimate the development of civil society in the Arab World by using comparative opinion survey data based on the author’s evaluation of the World Values Survey. Certain basic assumptions of current Middle East studies are evaluated, which are also reflected in the Obama administration’s Presidential Research Directive 11. While the directive emphasizes the compatibility of “moderate Islamism” and “democracy,” the current study finds that “democracy and the market economy” are not shared to the same extent by Arab publics. This study also tests the validity of these assertions with a UNDP type of Index of Civil Society based on WVS data and with various factor analytical investigations into the drivers and bottlenecks of the democracy movement and the support for the market economy.","PeriodicalId":341111,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Civil Society","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116457875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-06DOI: 10.1017/9781316797990.003
J. Ruggie
The paper begin with a reprise of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), and the logic behind them. I describe briefly how they have cascaded beyond the realms of governments and businesses, into the legal profession and even into the world of football (or soccer to Americans). Then I elaborate on two important issues raised elsewhere in the book. The first is the criticism by Rodriguez as well as others that the UNGPs don’t do enough to ensure what they call “the empowered participation of civil society.” The second is the role and forms of international law that would reinforce and build on the UNGPs rather than positioning the two in opposition and thereby threatening to repeat past failures yet again.
{"title":"Hierarchy or Ecosystem? Regulating Human Rights Risks of Multinational Enterprises","authors":"J. Ruggie","doi":"10.1017/9781316797990.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316797990.003","url":null,"abstract":"The paper begin with a reprise of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), and the logic behind them. I describe briefly how they have cascaded beyond the realms of governments and businesses, into the legal profession and even into the world of football (or soccer to Americans). Then I elaborate on two important issues raised elsewhere in the book. The first is the criticism by Rodriguez as well as others that the UNGPs don’t do enough to ensure what they call “the empowered participation of civil society.” The second is the role and forms of international law that would reinforce and build on the UNGPs rather than positioning the two in opposition and thereby threatening to repeat past failures yet again.","PeriodicalId":341111,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Civil Society","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121936780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to revitalize and extend Charles Tilly’s theory of contentious performances by presenting a new and fruitful method for discovering, measuring, and modeling them. The article begins with a restatement of Tilly’s theory that performances are flexible, semi-scripted sets of coherent action occurring within protest events (i.e., contentious gatherings), then describes how Tilly attempted to measure performances. Next, it describes a novel method for discovering performances that efficiently merges hand-coding and automated text analysis techniques. The merits of the approach are demonstrated across three studies of news data reporting on the Occupy movement of 2011. The first shows that the method is able to easily identify performances common to the social movements repertoire, such as marches and demonstrations. The second shows that the method can identify performances common to the Occupy movement but rarely included in event catalogues, like setting up encampments and targeting banks. The third study discovers performances never before measured in quantitative studies: performances that only occur through the interaction of protesters and police. These ‘dances,’ namely curfew disputes and traffic battles, highlight the need for more research understanding the relationships between intra- and trans-event conflict for social movement campaign outcomes. The article discusses how its novel approach is both more efficient to put into practice and much more adequate to Tilly’s theory of performances than traditional hand-coding approaches. The article then previews future work, discussing how the approach may be used to model the incidence of various performances as a function of political opportunity structures, and the temporal location of an event within a longer movement campaign. The article concludes with an invitation to use and improve upon the performance modeling approach.
{"title":"Performance Modeling: A Data Scientific Operationalization of Tilly's Theory","authors":"Nicholas Adams","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2770853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2770853","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to revitalize and extend Charles Tilly’s theory of contentious performances by presenting a new and fruitful method for discovering, measuring, and modeling them. The article begins with a restatement of Tilly’s theory that performances are flexible, semi-scripted sets of coherent action occurring within protest events (i.e., contentious gatherings), then describes how Tilly attempted to measure performances. Next, it describes a novel method for discovering performances that efficiently merges hand-coding and automated text analysis techniques. The merits of the approach are demonstrated across three studies of news data reporting on the Occupy movement of 2011. The first shows that the method is able to easily identify performances common to the social movements repertoire, such as marches and demonstrations. The second shows that the method can identify performances common to the Occupy movement but rarely included in event catalogues, like setting up encampments and targeting banks. The third study discovers performances never before measured in quantitative studies: performances that only occur through the interaction of protesters and police. These ‘dances,’ namely curfew disputes and traffic battles, highlight the need for more research understanding the relationships between intra- and trans-event conflict for social movement campaign outcomes. The article discusses how its novel approach is both more efficient to put into practice and much more adequate to Tilly’s theory of performances than traditional hand-coding approaches. The article then previews future work, discussing how the approach may be used to model the incidence of various performances as a function of political opportunity structures, and the temporal location of an event within a longer movement campaign. The article concludes with an invitation to use and improve upon the performance modeling approach.","PeriodicalId":341111,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Civil Society","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117346496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-02DOI: 10.26417/EJMS.V1I1.P64-68
Ardian Kastrati
Many scholars think that because of its ambiguous nature the definition of the civil society concept sometimes is meaningless. Civil society belongs to a group of sociological and political theory concepts such as freedom, justice, equality and democracy that are not clearly demarcated. At least two specific dimensions of the civil society concept are distinguishable: the theoretical and the normative role. In the context of theoretical role the concept of civil society analyzes dimensions of social life and social values, with citizens and civil organizations as key actors. The normative role serves to motivate and mobilize citizens and other social actors for the establishment and development of various contents and forms of civil activities. The normative function is mostly manifested during periods of transition from less to more democratic societies. Both dimensions of the civil society concept have played significant roles, especially in countries where the position of civil society has traditionally played a marginal role. Discussing the concept of civil society is quite fashionable today. Civil society is a popular term with politicians, academics and international agencies. We frequently hear politicians talk about the needs of the state and the market for a civil society. As a result, a number of authors and social and political theorists have stressed its critical importance in the processes of democratic change. The concept of civil society has been defended in various ways by a variety of political and social theorists. Today’s content of civil society does not result with a commonly accepted definition of the term, but focuses on whether the term should be a normative or non-normative tool of social science, and whether economic, religious and family relations should be considered as part of it. This paper will focus on the various meanings of civil society; a tentative definition on civil society will be introduced as well as various existing discourses of civil society.
{"title":"Civil Society from Historical to Contemporary Perspectives","authors":"Ardian Kastrati","doi":"10.26417/EJMS.V1I1.P64-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26417/EJMS.V1I1.P64-68","url":null,"abstract":"Many scholars think that because of its ambiguous nature the definition of the civil society concept sometimes is meaningless. Civil society belongs to a group of sociological and political theory concepts such as freedom, justice, equality and democracy that are not clearly demarcated. At least two specific dimensions of the civil society concept are distinguishable: the theoretical and the normative role. In the context of theoretical role the concept of civil society analyzes dimensions of social life and social values, with citizens and civil organizations as key actors. The normative role serves to motivate and mobilize citizens and other social actors for the establishment and development of various contents and forms of civil activities. The normative function is mostly manifested during periods of transition from less to more democratic societies. Both dimensions of the civil society concept have played significant roles, especially in countries where the position of civil society has traditionally played a marginal role. Discussing the concept of civil society is quite fashionable today. Civil society is a popular term with politicians, academics and international agencies. We frequently hear politicians talk about the needs of the state and the market for a civil society. As a result, a number of authors and social and political theorists have stressed its critical importance in the processes of democratic change. The concept of civil society has been defended in various ways by a variety of political and social theorists. Today’s content of civil society does not result with a commonly accepted definition of the term, but focuses on whether the term should be a normative or non-normative tool of social science, and whether economic, religious and family relations should be considered as part of it. This paper will focus on the various meanings of civil society; a tentative definition on civil society will be introduced as well as various existing discourses of civil society.","PeriodicalId":341111,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Civil Society","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121175365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents an overview of different approaches to the definition of social entrepreneurship and contains the findings of a survey on the process of its development in Russia. Whereas this type of business is institutionalized in the economy of the U.S. and certain European nations, where special laws are developed for it and significant tax benefits are afforded in certain cases, it is in its initial state in Russian society. Its development in the Russian economy will largely depend on the actions taken by the key players in the emerging organizational field and not solely on socio-economic and historical conditions. A series of expert interviews at the first study stage resulted in identification of the key players, in particular, ‘Our Future’ – the foundation for regional social programs that served as the monopolistic source of financial support for social entrepreneurship during the study. To find out what social entrepreneurship model is taking shape in Russia, 186 applications completed by different organizations seeking social entrepreneurship financing support were reviewed. The applications were made during a three year period of the Foundation’s business. The review suggested that the Foundation mostly backs up those social programs capable of becoming independent from external financial sources
{"title":"Social Entrepreneurship in Russia: Key Players and Development Potentiality","authors":"A. Nefedova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2696903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2696903","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an overview of different approaches to the definition of social entrepreneurship and contains the findings of a survey on the process of its development in Russia. Whereas this type of business is institutionalized in the economy of the U.S. and certain European nations, where special laws are developed for it and significant tax benefits are afforded in certain cases, it is in its initial state in Russian society. Its development in the Russian economy will largely depend on the actions taken by the key players in the emerging organizational field and not solely on socio-economic and historical conditions. A series of expert interviews at the first study stage resulted in identification of the key players, in particular, ‘Our Future’ – the foundation for regional social programs that served as the monopolistic source of financial support for social entrepreneurship during the study. To find out what social entrepreneurship model is taking shape in Russia, 186 applications completed by different organizations seeking social entrepreneurship financing support were reviewed. The applications were made during a three year period of the Foundation’s business. The review suggested that the Foundation mostly backs up those social programs capable of becoming independent from external financial sources","PeriodicalId":341111,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Civil Society","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125219452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social Entrepreneurs tend to be characterized as “unusually resourceful in being relatively undaunted by scarce assets in pursuing their social venture” (Peredo & McLean, 2006, 64) or “acting boldly without being limited by resources currently in hand” (Dees, 2001, 4). Yet, social entrepreneurs do not operate in a vacuum and depend on various forms of support to establish and grow their ventures and impact. The question of how to support social entrepreneurs becomes of increasing relevance (Lyon & Sepulveda, 2009). In spite of the call for measures to enable social entrepreneurship on a broad scale (e.g. by the World Economic Forum, Skoll Foundation and others), very little is known about the actual activities and resources required for incubating and sustaining social ventures. Findings are largely peripheral across essays, case studies or surveys and commonly are of qualitative nature (e.g. Thompson, 2002, 429). Furthermore, just as it is a common understanding that “there is no one type of social entrepreneur” (Barendsen & Gardner, 2004, 47), the needs of social entrepreneurs are heterogeneous and vary over time. Against this background, this paper is guided by the following explorative research questions: (1) What are the support needs of social entrepreneurs? (2) How are these support needs influenced by (a) organizational maturity and (b) the way, value is created and monetized by the organization.Drawing on suggestions from literature, potential support needs of social entrepreneurs with particular regards to the individual development (e.g. Thompson, Alvy, & Lees, 2000), organizational design (e.g. Austin, Stevenson, & Wei-Skillern, 2006), and environment (e.g. Sharir & Lerner, 2006) are identified. Findings from literature are complemented with a qualitative study comprising 22 semi-structured interviews with social entrepreneurs and experts. The synthesis of qualitative results and literature research allows us to define 17 distinct areas, in which social entrepreneurs actively seek support, such as fundraising or maintaining personal motivation. Moreover, potential determinants of support needs were identified and included in the study as potential differentiators, such as perspectives on diverse types of social entrepreneurs (Zahra 2009, Boschee & McClurg, 2003), business models and varying stages of organizational maturity (Harding, 2006). These results laid the ground for a subsequent quantitative study.The study investigates These Support Needs and their prevalence in a sample of 1,900 social entrepreneurs on five continents. Results show that - in spite of the common theme of self-relying entrepreneurial heroism - social entrepreneurs across countries indeed have strong needs for external support and are able to articulate them. Furthermore, data reveals that these needs vary strongly depending on the mission-orientation, development stage and earnings model of the particular venture. Results have interesting implications for rese
{"title":"What Does it Take to Support a Change Maker? – The Effects of Organizational Maturity, Business Model and Mission Orientation on the Support Needs of Social Entrepreneurs","authors":"P. Vandor, H. Hansen, R. Millner, Alena Asyamova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2673077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2673077","url":null,"abstract":"Social Entrepreneurs tend to be characterized as “unusually resourceful in being relatively undaunted by scarce assets in pursuing their social venture” (Peredo & McLean, 2006, 64) or “acting boldly without being limited by resources currently in hand” (Dees, 2001, 4). Yet, social entrepreneurs do not operate in a vacuum and depend on various forms of support to establish and grow their ventures and impact. The question of how to support social entrepreneurs becomes of increasing relevance (Lyon & Sepulveda, 2009). In spite of the call for measures to enable social entrepreneurship on a broad scale (e.g. by the World Economic Forum, Skoll Foundation and others), very little is known about the actual activities and resources required for incubating and sustaining social ventures. Findings are largely peripheral across essays, case studies or surveys and commonly are of qualitative nature (e.g. Thompson, 2002, 429). Furthermore, just as it is a common understanding that “there is no one type of social entrepreneur” (Barendsen & Gardner, 2004, 47), the needs of social entrepreneurs are heterogeneous and vary over time. Against this background, this paper is guided by the following explorative research questions: (1) What are the support needs of social entrepreneurs? (2) How are these support needs influenced by (a) organizational maturity and (b) the way, value is created and monetized by the organization.Drawing on suggestions from literature, potential support needs of social entrepreneurs with particular regards to the individual development (e.g. Thompson, Alvy, & Lees, 2000), organizational design (e.g. Austin, Stevenson, & Wei-Skillern, 2006), and environment (e.g. Sharir & Lerner, 2006) are identified. Findings from literature are complemented with a qualitative study comprising 22 semi-structured interviews with social entrepreneurs and experts. The synthesis of qualitative results and literature research allows us to define 17 distinct areas, in which social entrepreneurs actively seek support, such as fundraising or maintaining personal motivation. Moreover, potential determinants of support needs were identified and included in the study as potential differentiators, such as perspectives on diverse types of social entrepreneurs (Zahra 2009, Boschee & McClurg, 2003), business models and varying stages of organizational maturity (Harding, 2006). These results laid the ground for a subsequent quantitative study.The study investigates These Support Needs and their prevalence in a sample of 1,900 social entrepreneurs on five continents. Results show that - in spite of the common theme of self-relying entrepreneurial heroism - social entrepreneurs across countries indeed have strong needs for external support and are able to articulate them. Furthermore, data reveals that these needs vary strongly depending on the mission-orientation, development stage and earnings model of the particular venture. Results have interesting implications for rese","PeriodicalId":341111,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Civil Society","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126982350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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