A concept to sequence DNA without tagging the molecule is developed. The fabrication process is compatible with current microelectronics and (emerging) soft-material fabrication technologies, allowing the method to be integrable with MEMS and lab-on-a-chip devices. The preliminary results indicate sensitivity in the nano-gram regime for 100 micron-square pixels. The technology can be extended to perform combinatorial analysis with on-line measurement in real-time during the hybridization process.
{"title":"Approach to sequence DNA without tagging","authors":"S. Niu, R. Saraf","doi":"10.1117/12.446773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446773","url":null,"abstract":"A concept to sequence DNA without tagging the molecule is developed. The fabrication process is compatible with current microelectronics and (emerging) soft-material fabrication technologies, allowing the method to be integrable with MEMS and lab-on-a-chip devices. The preliminary results indicate sensitivity in the nano-gram regime for 100 micron-square pixels. The technology can be extended to perform combinatorial analysis with on-line measurement in real-time during the hybridization process.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130166688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Wasson, J. P. Gunderson, Michael Cvetanovich, S. Kell, S. Graves, R. Felder
Loss of mobility in the elderly causes a significant economic burden to caregivers and is one of the most significant determinants of depression and loss of muscle strength and productivity in this age group. Mobility aids can assist with locomotion by providing physical support, however they fail to provide direction guidance and avoidance of obstacles and hazards. This talk will focus on design of intelligent adaptive wheeled walkers. By allowing the user varying degrees of control, from complete to collaborative, these walkers afford the user with the feeling of control, while helping to increase the ease and safety of their daily travels. The control systems of these walkers differ from those of other mobility aids and mobile robots because they must both assist in mobility and provide balance and support, but also give directional aid if necessary. These functions must be performed in a tight loop adaptation with a human whose input may be difficult to predict. Through the use of a wheeled walker equipped with force and sonar sensors, we were able to develop an intelligent self-guided mobility aid that can provide improved independence, autonomy, and quality of life for the elderly.
{"title":"Adaptive mobility aids for the elderly","authors":"G. Wasson, J. P. Gunderson, Michael Cvetanovich, S. Kell, S. Graves, R. Felder","doi":"10.1117/12.446775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446775","url":null,"abstract":"Loss of mobility in the elderly causes a significant economic burden to caregivers and is one of the most significant determinants of depression and loss of muscle strength and productivity in this age group. Mobility aids can assist with locomotion by providing physical support, however they fail to provide direction guidance and avoidance of obstacles and hazards. This talk will focus on design of intelligent adaptive wheeled walkers. By allowing the user varying degrees of control, from complete to collaborative, these walkers afford the user with the feeling of control, while helping to increase the ease and safety of their daily travels. The control systems of these walkers differ from those of other mobility aids and mobile robots because they must both assist in mobility and provide balance and support, but also give directional aid if necessary. These functions must be performed in a tight loop adaptation with a human whose input may be difficult to predict. Through the use of a wheeled walker equipped with force and sonar sensors, we were able to develop an intelligent self-guided mobility aid that can provide improved independence, autonomy, and quality of life for the elderly.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125836942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Brewer, S. Swavey, Rodd Lee Williams, Z. Fang, E. R. Bullock
Mixed-metal supramolecular complexes are of interest in that they link multiple structural components into a large supramolecular array. Each subunit is designed to perform a simple act and those acts combine together to give rise to more complicated device functions. By variation of the nature or type of components used and their structural position within the supramolecular assembly, the type of functioning of the molecular device can be controlled. Our molecular design uses transition metal polyazine light absorbers (LA) and couples them through bridging ligands (BL) to other metal centers of interest. These additional metals can function as bioactive sites (BAS), electron acceptors (EA) and electron collectors (EC). An overview of our work in this area will be described with a focus on how component modulation allows these systems to be applicable to a large array of problems of interest including multifunctional DNA binding agents and photochemical molecular devices for light energy conversion.
{"title":"Designing mixed-metal supramolecular complexes","authors":"K. Brewer, S. Swavey, Rodd Lee Williams, Z. Fang, E. R. Bullock","doi":"10.1117/12.446777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446777","url":null,"abstract":"Mixed-metal supramolecular complexes are of interest in that they link multiple structural components into a large supramolecular array. Each subunit is designed to perform a simple act and those acts combine together to give rise to more complicated device functions. By variation of the nature or type of components used and their structural position within the supramolecular assembly, the type of functioning of the molecular device can be controlled. Our molecular design uses transition metal polyazine light absorbers (LA) and couples them through bridging ligands (BL) to other metal centers of interest. These additional metals can function as bioactive sites (BAS), electron acceptors (EA) and electron collectors (EC). An overview of our work in this area will be described with a focus on how component modulation allows these systems to be applicable to a large array of problems of interest including multifunctional DNA binding agents and photochemical molecular devices for light energy conversion.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114273563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Complex adaptive structures, which are ubiquitous in nature, are now being emulated for non-biological applications. The theory, analysis and design of such structures represent a challenge for those wishing to create them due to their very complexity. This paper will give an overview of the concepts inherent in such structures in nature and created by design, and why such structures can represent the solution for a number of particular applications.
{"title":"Complex adaptive structures: scaling, commonality, and difference","authors":"W. Spillman","doi":"10.1117/12.446755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446755","url":null,"abstract":"Complex adaptive structures, which are ubiquitous in nature, are now being emulated for non-biological applications. The theory, analysis and design of such structures represent a challenge for those wishing to create them due to their very complexity. This paper will give an overview of the concepts inherent in such structures in nature and created by design, and why such structures can represent the solution for a number of particular applications.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134006955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immunity to pathogenic organisms is a complex process involving interacting factors within the immune system including circulating cells, tissues and soluble chemical mediators. Both the efficiency and adaptive responses of the immune system in a dynamic, often hostile, environment are essential for maintaining our health and homeostasis. This paper will present a brief review of one of nature's most elegant, complex adaptive systems.
{"title":"Integration of the immune system: a complex adaptive supersystem","authors":"M. Crisman","doi":"10.1117/12.446761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446761","url":null,"abstract":"Immunity to pathogenic organisms is a complex process involving interacting factors within the immune system including circulating cells, tissues and soluble chemical mediators. Both the efficiency and adaptive responses of the immune system in a dynamic, often hostile, environment are essential for maintaining our health and homeostasis. This paper will present a brief review of one of nature's most elegant, complex adaptive systems.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131716037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eukaryotic cells are remarkably adaptable entities. Whether embedded in solid tissues or freely suspended in blood or other fluids, cells principally exist in an aqueous environment but maintain a hydrophobic barrier, the plasma membrane, across which changes in the environment are detected. Utilizing specialized macromolecular components, cells can sense changes in temperature, hydrostatic pressure, oxygen tension, shear, shape, osmolarity, pH, electrical potential, electromagnetic radiation, and the concentrations of specific chemical compounds. Modes of response are equally varied, ranging from rapid secretion of stored substances to irreversible functional differentiation to self-destruction. Recent research has elucidated many of the enzymatic and genetic programs that accomplish these adaptations and suggests novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
{"title":"Cellular modes of adaptation to environmental changes","authors":"W. Huckle","doi":"10.1117/12.446756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446756","url":null,"abstract":"Eukaryotic cells are remarkably adaptable entities. Whether embedded in solid tissues or freely suspended in blood or other fluids, cells principally exist in an aqueous environment but maintain a hydrophobic barrier, the plasma membrane, across which changes in the environment are detected. Utilizing specialized macromolecular components, cells can sense changes in temperature, hydrostatic pressure, oxygen tension, shear, shape, osmolarity, pH, electrical potential, electromagnetic radiation, and the concentrations of specific chemical compounds. Modes of response are equally varied, ranging from rapid secretion of stored substances to irreversible functional differentiation to self-destruction. Recent research has elucidated many of the enzymatic and genetic programs that accomplish these adaptations and suggests novel targets for therapeutic intervention.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"308 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133449677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper endeavours to set the scene for the design of complex adaptive structures. The need to address complexity emerges as we look at the history of engineering design and the ever increasing importance of the use of information in the broad context of designing artefacts. The combination of the need and the availability of the tools to meet the need will doubtless trigger impressive progress. Complex adaptive structural design builds upon established engineering design in four domains: the use of computational tools; the exploitation of comprehensive databases; the evolution of broadening performance criteria and specifications; and the enhancement of physical hardware through both increased control of conventional mechanical and materials processes and the selective emulation of biological examples. Whilst many of these undoubtedly need substantially more research and development their potential availability will trigger progress in areas where the exploitation of complexity can be beneficial.
{"title":"Complex adaptive structures: design considerations","authors":"B. Culshaw","doi":"10.1117/12.446764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446764","url":null,"abstract":"This paper endeavours to set the scene for the design of complex adaptive structures. The need to address complexity emerges as we look at the history of engineering design and the ever increasing importance of the use of information in the broad context of designing artefacts. The combination of the need and the availability of the tools to meet the need will doubtless trigger impressive progress. Complex adaptive structural design builds upon established engineering design in four domains: the use of computational tools; the exploitation of comprehensive databases; the evolution of broadening performance criteria and specifications; and the enhancement of physical hardware through both increased control of conventional mechanical and materials processes and the selective emulation of biological examples. Whilst many of these undoubtedly need substantially more research and development their potential availability will trigger progress in areas where the exploitation of complexity can be beneficial.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130331899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to maintain homeostasis, the heart must pump blood commensurate with the metabolic needs of the body and do so at a pressure that is adequate to perfuse the vital organs. Basic cardiovascular physiology is reviewed and emphasis is place on those factors that are important in the control of cardiac output, heart rate and blood pressure.
{"title":"Cardiovascular physiology: mechanisms of control","authors":"J. Abbott","doi":"10.1117/12.446759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446759","url":null,"abstract":"In order to maintain homeostasis, the heart must pump blood commensurate with the metabolic needs of the body and do so at a pressure that is adequate to perfuse the vital organs. Basic cardiovascular physiology is reviewed and emphasis is place on those factors that are important in the control of cardiac output, heart rate and blood pressure.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124374593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is understood that once human tooth erupts into the oral cavity it models or adapts to the functional requirements imposed on it. In this study, experiments were conducted to evaluate the nature of dentine mineralization and mechanical property gradients using fluoroscopic X-ray imaging and instrumented micro-indentation techniques respectively. It was found that dentine adapts as a complex structure with significant gradients in its mineralization and elastic modulus. A significant relationship between the pattern of mineralization and the spatial gradients in mechanical properties was observed in the sagittal and cross-sections of the dentine. The natural gradation in the mechanical properties is explained by the two-dimensional and three- dimensional stress analysis conducted in anatomical scaled dento-osseous models using digital photoelasticity. This work highlights dentine structure as a biologically adapted Functionally Graded Material.
{"title":"Three-dimensional biofunctional adaptation in human tooth","authors":"A. Kishen, C. Lim, A. Asundi","doi":"10.1117/12.446757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446757","url":null,"abstract":"It is understood that once human tooth erupts into the oral cavity it models or adapts to the functional requirements imposed on it. In this study, experiments were conducted to evaluate the nature of dentine mineralization and mechanical property gradients using fluoroscopic X-ray imaging and instrumented micro-indentation techniques respectively. It was found that dentine adapts as a complex structure with significant gradients in its mineralization and elastic modulus. A significant relationship between the pattern of mineralization and the spatial gradients in mechanical properties was observed in the sagittal and cross-sections of the dentine. The natural gradation in the mechanical properties is explained by the two-dimensional and three- dimensional stress analysis conducted in anatomical scaled dento-osseous models using digital photoelasticity. This work highlights dentine structure as a biologically adapted Functionally Graded Material.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124018137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Normal renal function allows mammals to exist in diverse environments. Collections of nephrons, the basic unit of renal structure, regulate body fluid and electrolytes, blood pressure, and red cell mass. Nephron, and hence renal function also allows removal of toxic waste products generated during metabolism. The kidney is a major site of detoxification for many exogenous drugs and chemicals and also has important functions as an endocrine organ. Without precisely regulated renal function, mammals would quickly dehydrate in relatively arid environments (air) or internally overhydrate and drown in marine environments.
{"title":"The kidney as a controller of body homeostasis","authors":"J. Robertson","doi":"10.1117/12.446760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446760","url":null,"abstract":"Normal renal function allows mammals to exist in diverse environments. Collections of nephrons, the basic unit of renal structure, regulate body fluid and electrolytes, blood pressure, and red cell mass. Nephron, and hence renal function also allows removal of toxic waste products generated during metabolism. The kidney is a major site of detoxification for many exogenous drugs and chemicals and also has important functions as an endocrine organ. Without precisely regulated renal function, mammals would quickly dehydrate in relatively arid environments (air) or internally overhydrate and drown in marine environments.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128164166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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