K. Cooper, R. Claus, J. Mecham, K. Huie, Rochael J. Swavey
Electrostatic self-assembly (ESA) methods have been used to synthesize thin and thick film organic/inorganic materials and devices. The ESA method involves the dip coating of charged substrates with alternating layers of anionic and cationic molecules, and the properties of the resulting multilayered structures depend on both the characteristics of the individual molecules and the spatial order of the layers. Since the process is performed at room temperature and pressure by dipping substrates into separate solutions containing the charged molecules, coatings may be formed on substrates of virtually any composition, shape and size. Materials that have been investigated for incorporation into such coatings include noble metal nanoclusters, metal oxide nanoclusters, polymers, cage-structured molecules such as fullerenes, proteins, and dipolar chromophore molecules. In this paper we investigate the self-organization that occurs in such materials at the molecular level, and show experimental examples of such self-organization made possible through atomic force microscopy, TEM and other visualization methods. In particular, we focus on the formation of ordered dipolar molecules that distribute electro-optic behavior, but discuss other ordered self- assembly observations.
{"title":"Self-organization of macromolecular materials by self-assembly","authors":"K. Cooper, R. Claus, J. Mecham, K. Huie, Rochael J. Swavey","doi":"10.1117/12.446781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446781","url":null,"abstract":"Electrostatic self-assembly (ESA) methods have been used to synthesize thin and thick film organic/inorganic materials and devices. The ESA method involves the dip coating of charged substrates with alternating layers of anionic and cationic molecules, and the properties of the resulting multilayered structures depend on both the characteristics of the individual molecules and the spatial order of the layers. Since the process is performed at room temperature and pressure by dipping substrates into separate solutions containing the charged molecules, coatings may be formed on substrates of virtually any composition, shape and size. Materials that have been investigated for incorporation into such coatings include noble metal nanoclusters, metal oxide nanoclusters, polymers, cage-structured molecules such as fullerenes, proteins, and dipolar chromophore molecules. In this paper we investigate the self-organization that occurs in such materials at the molecular level, and show experimental examples of such self-organization made possible through atomic force microscopy, TEM and other visualization methods. In particular, we focus on the formation of ordered dipolar molecules that distribute electro-optic behavior, but discuss other ordered self- assembly observations.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"4512 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129798545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current exponential growth of the Internet precipitates a need for improved tools to help people cope with the volume of information available. Existing search engines such, as Yahoo, Alta vista and Excite are efficient in terms of high recall (percentage of relevant document that are retrieved from Internet), and fast response time, at the cost of poor precision (percentage of documents retrieved that are considered relevant). The problem is due to the lack of filtering, lack of specialisation, lack of relevance feedback, lack of adaptation and lack of exploration. One solution for the above problems is to use intelligent agents, which can operate autonomously and become better over time. The agents rely on a user model to improve their performance in retrieving the information. This paper presents an adaptive information retrieval (IR) that learns from the user feedback through an evolutionary method, namely, genetic algorithms (GA).
当前互联网的指数级增长促使人们需要改进工具来帮助人们处理海量的可用信息。现有的搜索引擎，如Yahoo, Alta vista和Excite，在高召回率(从互联网检索到的相关文档的百分比)和快速响应时间方面是高效的，但代价是精度较低(检索到的文档被认为是相关的百分比)。问题是由于缺乏过滤、缺乏专业化、缺乏相关反馈、缺乏适应和缺乏探索。上述问题的一个解决方案是使用智能代理，它可以自主操作，并随着时间的推移变得更好。代理依赖于用户模型来提高检索信息的性能。提出了一种基于遗传算法的自适应信息检索方法，该方法从用户反馈中进行学习。
{"title":"Adaptive multi-agent system for information retrieval","authors":"S. Maleki-Dizaji, H. Nyongesa, J. Siddiqqi","doi":"10.1117/12.446766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446766","url":null,"abstract":"The current exponential growth of the Internet precipitates a need for improved tools to help people cope with the volume of information available. Existing search engines such, as Yahoo, Alta vista and Excite are efficient in terms of high recall (percentage of relevant document that are retrieved from Internet), and fast response time, at the cost of poor precision (percentage of documents retrieved that are considered relevant). The problem is due to the lack of filtering, lack of specialisation, lack of relevance feedback, lack of adaptation and lack of exploration. One solution for the above problems is to use intelligent agents, which can operate autonomously and become better over time. The agents rely on a user model to improve their performance in retrieving the information. This paper presents an adaptive information retrieval (IR) that learns from the user feedback through an evolutionary method, namely, genetic algorithms (GA).","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"4512 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131251656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The microelectronics industry has seen explosive growth during the last thirty years. Extremely large markets for logic and memory devices have driven the development of new materials, and technologies for the fabrication of even more complex devices with feature sizes now down at the sub micron and nanometer level. Recent interest has arisen in employing these materials, tools and technologies for the fabrication of miniature sensors and actuators and their integration with electronic circuits to produce smart devices and systems. This effort offers the promise of: 1) increasing the performance and manufacturability of both sensors and actuators by exploiting new batch fabrication processes developed including micro stereo lithographic and micro molding techniques; 2) developing novel classes of materials and mechanical structures not possible previously, such as diamond like carbon, silicon carbide and carbon nanotubes, micro-turbines and micro-engines; 3) development of technologies for the system level and wafer level integration of micro components at the nanometer precision, such as self-assembly techniques and robotic manipulation; 4) development of control and communication systems for MEMS devices, such as optical and RF wireless, and power delivery systems, etc. A novel composite structure can be tailored by functionalizing carbon nanotubes and chemically bonding them with the polymer matrix e.g. block or graft copolymer, or even cross-linked copolymer, to impart exceptional structural, electronic and surface properties. Bio- and mechanical-MEMS devices derived from this hybrid composite provide a new avenue for future smart systems.
{"title":"MEMS- and NEMS-based complex adaptive smart devices and systems","authors":"V. Varadan","doi":"10.1117/12.446770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446770","url":null,"abstract":"The microelectronics industry has seen explosive growth during the last thirty years. Extremely large markets for logic and memory devices have driven the development of new materials, and technologies for the fabrication of even more complex devices with feature sizes now down at the sub micron and nanometer level. Recent interest has arisen in employing these materials, tools and technologies for the fabrication of miniature sensors and actuators and their integration with electronic circuits to produce smart devices and systems. This effort offers the promise of: 1) increasing the performance and manufacturability of both sensors and actuators by exploiting new batch fabrication processes developed including micro stereo lithographic and micro molding techniques; 2) developing novel classes of materials and mechanical structures not possible previously, such as diamond like carbon, silicon carbide and carbon nanotubes, micro-turbines and micro-engines; 3) development of technologies for the system level and wafer level integration of micro components at the nanometer precision, such as self-assembly techniques and robotic manipulation; 4) development of control and communication systems for MEMS devices, such as optical and RF wireless, and power delivery systems, etc. A novel composite structure can be tailored by functionalizing carbon nanotubes and chemically bonding them with the polymer matrix e.g. block or graft copolymer, or even cross-linked copolymer, to impart exceptional structural, electronic and surface properties. Bio- and mechanical-MEMS devices derived from this hybrid composite provide a new avenue for future smart systems.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132282881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a very exciting treatment modality that offers the possibility of a highly targeted treatment for cancer and other diseases. A major issue in the use of PDT is the inability to deliver the required dose of light to deep areas of the tumor. The turbid nature of tissue causes the light to be highly scattered before reaching the base of the tumor. In this paper, we first present the basics of PDT for an interdisciplinary audience only vaguely familiar with PDT. We will then examine the use of a complex adaptive system to increase the penetration depth and control of light in the tissue. By using a feedback mechanism, the light path can be adjusted to yield superior illumination within the tissue.
{"title":"Adaptive optical system for improved activation of PDT photosensitizers","authors":"K. Meissner, W. Spillman","doi":"10.1117/12.446776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446776","url":null,"abstract":"Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a very exciting treatment modality that offers the possibility of a highly targeted treatment for cancer and other diseases. A major issue in the use of PDT is the inability to deliver the required dose of light to deep areas of the tumor. The turbid nature of tissue causes the light to be highly scattered before reaching the base of the tumor. In this paper, we first present the basics of PDT for an interdisciplinary audience only vaguely familiar with PDT. We will then examine the use of a complex adaptive system to increase the penetration depth and control of light in the tissue. By using a feedback mechanism, the light path can be adjusted to yield superior illumination within the tissue.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131833338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Genetic algorithms (GAs) are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to solve large complex optimization problems which other methods have difficulty solving. In this paper, an introduction to the theory of GAs and its operators are presented. A brief overview of the current research using GAs in aerospace engineering applications is given. Based on the author's previous work, optimal piezoelectric actuator placement for space telescope mirrors using GAs is discussed. The problem discussed here involves finding optimal locations and optimal voltages for 15 piezoelectric actuators, selected from a maximum of 193 candidate locations. The GA was found to be effective and robust in solving this problem with more than 8.4*1021 possible solutions. Two sets of actuator placements are given as solutions to the multi-criteria optimization problem. The use of GAs for structural damage detection inverse problems for concentrated damage of a continuous beam is also shown. A real number encoded GA was found to provide relatively accurate solutions for this damage detection problem.
{"title":"Design of complex adaptive structures using the genetic algorithm","authors":"S. Bland, Lizeng Sheng, R. Kapania","doi":"10.1117/12.446769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446769","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic algorithms (GAs) are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to solve large complex optimization problems which other methods have difficulty solving. In this paper, an introduction to the theory of GAs and its operators are presented. A brief overview of the current research using GAs in aerospace engineering applications is given. Based on the author's previous work, optimal piezoelectric actuator placement for space telescope mirrors using GAs is discussed. The problem discussed here involves finding optimal locations and optimal voltages for 15 piezoelectric actuators, selected from a maximum of 193 candidate locations. The GA was found to be effective and robust in solving this problem with more than 8.4*1021 possible solutions. Two sets of actuator placements are given as solutions to the multi-criteria optimization problem. The use of GAs for structural damage detection inverse problems for concentrated damage of a continuous beam is also shown. A real number encoded GA was found to provide relatively accurate solutions for this damage detection problem.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"584 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123171081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Actuated systems such as robots take many forms and sizes but each requires solving the difficult task of utilizing available control inputs to accomplish desired system performance. Coordinated groups of robots provide the opportunity to accomplish more complex tasks, to adapt to changing environmental conditions, and to survive individual failures. Similarly, groups of simulated robots, represented as graphical characters, can test the design of experimental scenarios and provide autonomous interactive counterparts for video games. The complexity of writing control algorithms for these groups currently hinders their use. A combination of biologically inspired heuristics, search strategies, and optimization techniques serve to reduce the complexity of controlling these real and simulated characters and to provide computationally feasible solutions.
{"title":"Control of complex physically simulated robot groups","authors":"David C. Brogan","doi":"10.1117/12.446765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446765","url":null,"abstract":"Actuated systems such as robots take many forms and sizes but each requires solving the difficult task of utilizing available control inputs to accomplish desired system performance. Coordinated groups of robots provide the opportunity to accomplish more complex tasks, to adapt to changing environmental conditions, and to survive individual failures. Similarly, groups of simulated robots, represented as graphical characters, can test the design of experimental scenarios and provide autonomous interactive counterparts for video games. The complexity of writing control algorithms for these groups currently hinders their use. A combination of biologically inspired heuristics, search strategies, and optimization techniques serve to reduce the complexity of controlling these real and simulated characters and to provide computationally feasible solutions.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133487027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nature builds by 1) use of local, inexpensive, available often recycled materials which 2) are self-ordering or growing by attributes shared between the material and environment, 3) repair themselves, 4) sense and adapt to changes in the environment daily, seasonally, and yearly; 5) easily disintegrate and recycle back into the material sink when their usefulness is at an end; and 6) do not harm the environment, but perhaps enhance it or resolve problems.
{"title":"Biomimetic rules for design of complex adaptive structures","authors":"C. Dry","doi":"10.1117/12.446762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446762","url":null,"abstract":"Nature builds by 1) use of local, inexpensive, available often recycled materials which 2) are self-ordering or growing by attributes shared between the material and environment, 3) repair themselves, 4) sense and adapt to changes in the environment daily, seasonally, and yearly; 5) easily disintegrate and recycle back into the material sink when their usefulness is at an end; and 6) do not harm the environment, but perhaps enhance it or resolve problems.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"44 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115707519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conflicting levels of spatial and temporal scales often hamper using sensor systems to monitor the health of large structures. Some structures, such as dams, bridges and pipelines can be huge, with spans often measured in kilometers. These structures also have lifetimes that can be measured in terms of decades and occasionally even centuries. However, damage to the structure is often localized both spatially and temporally. Cracks are very local events. The critical loading on the structure and/or the occurrence of critical damage may occur on time scales that are very short compared to the lifetime of the structure. Detecting and determining the extent of damage in a structure under these circumstances is often difficult. It is usually uneconomical to cover a large structure with a dense array of sensors that sample at high speed continuously. One possible solution is to have the sensor system be adaptable to changes in the structural health and to key events. This paper will discuss several strategies that can be used in adaptive structural sensing systems. One approach is to use an array of localized data processors with sophisticated trigger and data preprocessing algorithms that only send pertinent data to a central data logger/processor. Another approach is to use imaging systems, such as visible light images or those obtained from ground penetrating radar, to identify potential damage sites that require closer inspection, or squinting, of the imaging system. These could be coupled with a robotic inspection system that changes its inspection route based on the condition of the structure, or the occurrence of a possible damage-causing event, such as an earthquake.
{"title":"Adaptive sensors and sensor networks for structural health monitoring","authors":"D. Huston","doi":"10.1117/12.446768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446768","url":null,"abstract":"Conflicting levels of spatial and temporal scales often hamper using sensor systems to monitor the health of large structures. Some structures, such as dams, bridges and pipelines can be huge, with spans often measured in kilometers. These structures also have lifetimes that can be measured in terms of decades and occasionally even centuries. However, damage to the structure is often localized both spatially and temporally. Cracks are very local events. The critical loading on the structure and/or the occurrence of critical damage may occur on time scales that are very short compared to the lifetime of the structure. Detecting and determining the extent of damage in a structure under these circumstances is often difficult. It is usually uneconomical to cover a large structure with a dense array of sensors that sample at high speed continuously. One possible solution is to have the sensor system be adaptable to changes in the structural health and to key events. This paper will discuss several strategies that can be used in adaptive structural sensing systems. One approach is to use an array of localized data processors with sophisticated trigger and data preprocessing algorithms that only send pertinent data to a central data logger/processor. Another approach is to use imaging systems, such as visible light images or those obtained from ground penetrating radar, to identify potential damage sites that require closer inspection, or squinting, of the imaging system. These could be coupled with a robotic inspection system that changes its inspection route based on the condition of the structure, or the occurrence of a possible damage-causing event, such as an earthquake.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124342282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The human brain is comprised of over 100 billion neurons organized into tracts, nuclei, circuits and systems. This provides innumerable elegant abilities that rely on the nervous system to act as a complex adaptive structure (CAS). This property is apparent with respect to overall function, the function of individual neurons and the function of sensory and motor systems. At the overall functional level, the nervous system monitors the environments and can alter that environment. Alterations such as turning on a light switch or changing the diameter of neural vasculature, can improve the performance or chance for survival of the nervous system. Individual neurons can alter the activity of their electrogenic pumps, their rate of transmitter synthesis, their neurotransmitter release and their receptor density in order to maintain optimal functioning in a circuit following changes in their micro-environment. At the systems level, the visual system adjusts the orientation of the eyes or pupillary diameter to receive the highest quality visual information. In the motor system, the myotatic reflex maintains muscle position in the face of changing load, and the gain of the muscle organ responsible for the myotatic reflex can also be automatically adjusted. Internal homeostasis, essential for optimal performance of the nervous system, can be achieved through complex behavioral actions such as feeding. The hypothalamus plays an important role in such behaviors and in the type of sensorimotor integration responsible for the CAS nature of overall nervous system function. Thinking about the CAS characteristics of the nervous system may lead to development of non-biological CAS prostheses for the brain.
{"title":"Brain: a complex adaptive structure at multiple levels","authors":"B. Klein","doi":"10.1117/12.446758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446758","url":null,"abstract":"The human brain is comprised of over 100 billion neurons organized into tracts, nuclei, circuits and systems. This provides innumerable elegant abilities that rely on the nervous system to act as a complex adaptive structure (CAS). This property is apparent with respect to overall function, the function of individual neurons and the function of sensory and motor systems. At the overall functional level, the nervous system monitors the environments and can alter that environment. Alterations such as turning on a light switch or changing the diameter of neural vasculature, can improve the performance or chance for survival of the nervous system. Individual neurons can alter the activity of their electrogenic pumps, their rate of transmitter synthesis, their neurotransmitter release and their receptor density in order to maintain optimal functioning in a circuit following changes in their micro-environment. At the systems level, the visual system adjusts the orientation of the eyes or pupillary diameter to receive the highest quality visual information. In the motor system, the myotatic reflex maintains muscle position in the face of changing load, and the gain of the muscle organ responsible for the myotatic reflex can also be automatically adjusted. Internal homeostasis, essential for optimal performance of the nervous system, can be achieved through complex behavioral actions such as feeding. The hypothalamus plays an important role in such behaviors and in the type of sensorimotor integration responsible for the CAS nature of overall nervous system function. Thinking about the CAS characteristics of the nervous system may lead to development of non-biological CAS prostheses for the brain.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125189359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael R. Wang, Jianwen J. Yang, Xingzhong Yan, R. DeMasi
It is well known that holographic data storage can significantly increase data storage capacity. However, the technological maturity of holographic data storage is believed to be impeded by the lack of good holographic material that can be erased and recorded optically with almost unlimited rewriting cycles, large index modulation for large capacity multiplexed data recording, long lifetime, and immunity to destructive readout for archival applications. The performance of an azobenzene polymer is presented for holographic data storage applications. Initial experiments demonstrated that it is capable of satisfying many of above requirements. Recording of holograms without follow-up processing and being stable in application environment are its most attractive features. Applications of such material to other adaptive structures are possible.
{"title":"Holographic data storage using azobenzene polymer","authors":"Michael R. Wang, Jianwen J. Yang, Xingzhong Yan, R. DeMasi","doi":"10.1117/12.446771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.446771","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that holographic data storage can significantly increase data storage capacity. However, the technological maturity of holographic data storage is believed to be impeded by the lack of good holographic material that can be erased and recorded optically with almost unlimited rewriting cycles, large index modulation for large capacity multiplexed data recording, long lifetime, and immunity to destructive readout for archival applications. The performance of an azobenzene polymer is presented for holographic data storage applications. Initial experiments demonstrated that it is capable of satisfying many of above requirements. Recording of holograms without follow-up processing and being stable in application environment are its most attractive features. Applications of such material to other adaptive structures are possible.","PeriodicalId":341144,"journal":{"name":"Complex Adaptive Structures","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116795715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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