Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100248
Jürgen Richter , Karin Kindermann , Ralf Vogelsang , Felix Henselowsky
On the one hand, genetic observations suggest one essential migration of anatomically modern humans (AMH) from Africa to Eurasia had taken place around 70-50 ka BP and led to the dispersal of AMH all over the world (Out-of-Africa-II model). On the other hand, given the initial phase of the migration would have been located in East and Northeast Africa, archaeological patterning of cultural traits can, so far, neither support nor contradict such a model within the supposed area of migration, and at the time concerned hereby. This paper addresses the obvious invisibility of the migration in the archaeological record and the reasons for it. We propose the summer/winter rainfall frontier to have caused phases of isolation between East and Northeast Africa, impeding cultural exchange between these areas, either resulting from acculturation or migration. We exclude large scale events of dispersal, only small-scale movements of populations to be admitted. This might explain the lack of archaeological visibility of the migration event.
{"title":"Cultural rhythms and pulses on MIS 5-3 migration episodes of Homo sapiens dispersal in Northeast Africa","authors":"Jürgen Richter , Karin Kindermann , Ralf Vogelsang , Felix Henselowsky","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On the one hand, genetic observations suggest one essential migration of anatomically modern humans (AMH) from Africa to Eurasia had taken place around 70-50 ka BP and led to the dispersal of AMH all over the world (Out-of-Africa-II model). On the other hand, given the initial phase of the migration would have been located in East and Northeast Africa, archaeological patterning of cultural traits can, so far, neither support nor contradict such a model within the supposed area of migration, and at the time concerned hereby. This paper addresses the obvious invisibility of the migration in the archaeological record and the reasons for it. We propose the summer/winter rainfall frontier to have caused phases of isolation between East and Northeast Africa, impeding cultural exchange between these areas, either resulting from acculturation or migration. We exclude large scale events of dispersal, only small-scale movements of populations to be admitted. This might explain the lack of archaeological visibility of the migration event.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100248"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100243
Corey A. O'Driscoll , Alex Mackay
Lithic technological organisation within the southern Africa Early Middle Stone Age (∼315,000–80,000 years ago) has seen relatively little investigation owing to the subtly of technological change, frequent use of locally derived raw materials, and the archaeological spatio-temporal discontinuity. This has resulted in relatively limited use of explanatory models for technological variability, including mobility, provisioning, tool production, and core reduction strategies. This paper uses 2952 artefacts to test the lithic technological organisation across Marine Isotope Stage 5 units of Mertenhof Rockshelter. Here we argue that the scales and concepts currently used to approach Early Middle Stone Age technology requires reconsideration. The Mertenhof sequence exhibits high proportions of non-local raw materials with their transport reflective of tactical adjustments within relatively stable mobility, provisioning, and reduction strategies. We demonstrate that Early Middle Stone Age populations maintained a diverse array of tactical solutions across these strategic domains, offering a durable and flexible strategy that would be adapted to changing contexts.
{"title":"Middle Stone Age technological organisation from MIS 5 at Mertenhof Rockshelter, South Africa","authors":"Corey A. O'Driscoll , Alex Mackay","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithic technological organisation within the southern Africa Early Middle Stone Age (∼315,000–80,000 years ago) has seen relatively little investigation owing to the subtly of technological change, frequent use of locally derived raw materials, and the archaeological spatio-temporal discontinuity. This has resulted in relatively limited use of explanatory models for technological variability, including mobility, provisioning, tool production, and core reduction strategies. This paper uses 2952 artefacts to test the lithic technological organisation across Marine Isotope Stage 5 units of Mertenhof Rockshelter. Here we argue that the scales and concepts currently used to approach Early Middle Stone Age technology requires reconsideration. The Mertenhof sequence exhibits high proportions of non-local raw materials with their transport reflective of tactical adjustments within relatively stable mobility, provisioning, and reduction strategies. We demonstrate that Early Middle Stone Age populations maintained a diverse array of tactical solutions across these strategic domains, offering a durable and flexible strategy that would be adapted to changing contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100243"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100245
Karen da Silva Lopes , Luiza Santos Reis , Prafulla Kumar Sahoo , Markus Gastauer , Renato Oliveira da Silva Júnior , Adayana Maria Queiroz de Melo , Alessandro Sabá Leite , Gabriel Negreiro Salomão , Luiza Araújo Romeiro , Tarcísio Magevski Rodrigues , Edilson Freitas da Silva , Mariana Maha Jana Costa Figueiredo , José Tasso Felix Guimarães
This study investigates the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in Serra Leste, a highly endangered southeastern Amazonian ecotone, with a focus on the lake-filling process, climate changes, and potential consequences to forest and savanna dynamics. The lake's development began at approximately 14000 cal yr BP, resulting from the collapse of the fractured lateritic crust. Sedimentation patterns and geochemical, palynological and micro-charcoal proxies reveal shifts in detrital input and redox conditions, forest/savanna areas, and local and regional fire events, indicating a highly dynamic environmental history. The evolution of the lake is characterized by initial deltaic lobe deposition and forest dominance, followed in the Middle Holocene by sedimentary gaps or reduced detrital input; woody vegetation dominance, with a notable shift toward a more open landscape; and savanna and semideciduous dry forest, accompanied by a decrease in ombrophilous forests. A resurgence in arboreal elements recorded in the Late Holocene indicates an expansion of ombrophilous forests under wetter climate conditions and the establishment of a more continuous forest matrix, with the presence of likely “hyperdominant” taxa. Frequent local fire events and the occurrence of temporarily correlated archeological sites in the Serra Leste region suggest the influence of ancient indigenous communities on vegetation changes during the Late Holocene.
{"title":"Historical vegetation shifts in southeastern Amazonia: Unraveling ecotone dynamics in the Carajás region over the last ∼14000 cal yr BP","authors":"Karen da Silva Lopes , Luiza Santos Reis , Prafulla Kumar Sahoo , Markus Gastauer , Renato Oliveira da Silva Júnior , Adayana Maria Queiroz de Melo , Alessandro Sabá Leite , Gabriel Negreiro Salomão , Luiza Araújo Romeiro , Tarcísio Magevski Rodrigues , Edilson Freitas da Silva , Mariana Maha Jana Costa Figueiredo , José Tasso Felix Guimarães","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in Serra Leste, a highly endangered southeastern Amazonian ecotone, with a focus on the lake-filling process, climate changes, and potential consequences to forest and savanna dynamics. The lake's development began at approximately 14000 cal yr BP, resulting from the collapse of the fractured lateritic crust. Sedimentation patterns and geochemical, palynological and micro-charcoal proxies reveal shifts in detrital input and redox conditions, forest/savanna areas, and local and regional fire events, indicating a highly dynamic environmental history. The evolution of the lake is characterized by initial deltaic lobe deposition and forest dominance, followed in the Middle Holocene by sedimentary gaps or reduced detrital input; woody vegetation dominance, with a notable shift toward a more open landscape; and savanna and semideciduous dry forest, accompanied by a decrease in ombrophilous forests. A resurgence in arboreal elements recorded in the Late Holocene indicates an expansion of ombrophilous forests under wetter climate conditions and the establishment of a more continuous forest matrix, with the presence of likely “hyperdominant” taxa. Frequent local fire events and the occurrence of temporarily correlated archeological sites in the Serra Leste region suggest the influence of ancient indigenous communities on vegetation changes during the Late Holocene.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142358053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100246
Engdaw Gulbet, Belete Getahun
A landslide is a serious geo-environmental problem that results in the death of life and the devastation of infrastructure, properties, and agricultural lands. This research aimed to identify landslide susceptibility zones in selected Kebels of Awabel Woreda, central Ethiopia. Frequency ratio (FR) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methods were used. 175 landslide inventory data collected from Google Earth and field data were collected for testing and training data sets. Using the analytical hierarchy process, all the thematic layers (stream distance, slope, aspect, rainfall, lineament density, elevation, lithology, soil, land use/land cover, and curvature) were reclassified and weighted based on their relative contribution to landslide occurrence with the help of experts’ knowledge. The results show that 11.85% and 20.52 % of the study fall under the very high and high susceptible zones, respectively, while the low susceptible zones cover 26.3% and 14.74% of the area. The landslide susceptibility zone identified by the frequency ratio model shows that (6.09%) and (16.9%) of the area covered very high and high susceptible zones, respectively, while 30.4% and 23.4% of the area covered low and very susceptible zones, respectively. The predicted landslide-susceptible areas were validated using existing landslide points with the help of the ROC tool in ArcGIS. Area under the curve (AUC) results were 84.5% for the AHP model and 73% for the frequency ratio model. The find of this study will provide an input for decision makers and land use planners in the future.
{"title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping using frequency ratio and analytical hierarchy process method in Awabel Woreda, Ethiopia","authors":"Engdaw Gulbet, Belete Getahun","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A landslide is a serious geo-environmental problem that results in the death of life and the devastation of infrastructure, properties, and agricultural lands. This research aimed to identify landslide susceptibility zones in selected Kebels of Awabel Woreda, central Ethiopia. Frequency ratio (FR) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methods were used. 175 landslide inventory data collected from Google Earth and field data were collected for testing and training data sets. Using the analytical hierarchy process, all the thematic layers (stream distance, slope, aspect, rainfall, lineament density, elevation, lithology, soil, land use/land cover, and curvature) were reclassified and weighted based on their relative contribution to landslide occurrence with the help of experts’ knowledge. The results show that 11.85% and 20.52 % of the study fall under the very high and high susceptible zones, respectively, while the low susceptible zones cover 26.3% and 14.74% of the area. The landslide susceptibility zone identified by the frequency ratio model shows that (6.09%) and (16.9%) of the area covered very high and high susceptible zones, respectively, while 30.4% and 23.4% of the area covered low and very susceptible zones, respectively. The predicted landslide-susceptible areas were validated using existing landslide points with the help of the ROC tool in ArcGIS. Area under the curve (AUC) results were 84.5% for the AHP model and 73% for the frequency ratio model. The find of this study will provide an input for decision makers and land use planners in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100244
Md Bazlar Rashid , Md Ahosan Habib , Md Sultan-Ul-Islam , Rahat Khan , Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam
This systematic review attempts to delineate a synthesis of the main drainage characteristics of the Bengal basin through the study of historical data, old maps, reports, records, satellite images, water and sediment discharge, etc. In doing so, especial emphasize is given on the changing scenery of the river courses (paleo-present), sediment supply and water resources as well as downstream impact on socio-economy and valuable landforms (e.g., agricultural, settlement, urban, sub-urban, municipality, industry, forest, etc.). Nevertheless, impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem, water discharge and suspended sediment transport to deltas, eco-environment, human-life etcetera were also considered in evaluating the drainage characteristics. With continuing earlier custom, till now, human lives, valuable landforms and national economy have continuously been negatively affected by the rapid and frequently changing flow path of the largest rivers (Padma, Jamuna, Meghna) with the consequential river bank erosion. Furthermore, the polders, embankments, river training, and upstream barrages/dams lead to cause and enhance undesired channel siltation, land subsidence, severe erosion, sudden catastrophic floods, water logging, salinity, etc., and also hinder sediment transportation/delivery and water discharge to the basin. Finally, it has a huge impact on the basin's human-life, landforms, biodiversity, ecosystem, eco-environment, etc.
{"title":"Synthesis of drainage characteristics, water resources and sediment supply of the Bengal basin","authors":"Md Bazlar Rashid , Md Ahosan Habib , Md Sultan-Ul-Islam , Rahat Khan , Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This systematic review attempts to delineate a synthesis of the main drainage characteristics of the Bengal basin through the study of historical data, old maps, reports, records, satellite images, water and sediment discharge, etc. In doing so, especial emphasize is given on the changing scenery of the river courses (paleo-present), sediment supply and water resources as well as downstream impact on socio-economy and valuable landforms (e.g., agricultural, settlement, urban, sub-urban, municipality, industry, forest, etc.). Nevertheless, impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem, water discharge and suspended sediment transport to deltas, eco-environment, human-life etcetera were also considered in evaluating the drainage characteristics. With continuing earlier custom, till now, human lives, valuable landforms and national economy have continuously been negatively affected by the rapid and frequently changing flow path of the largest rivers (Padma, Jamuna, Meghna) with the consequential river bank erosion. Furthermore, the polders, embankments, river training, and upstream barrages/dams lead to cause and enhance undesired channel siltation, land subsidence, severe erosion, sudden catastrophic floods, water logging, salinity, etc., and also hinder sediment transportation/delivery and water discharge to the basin. Finally, it has a huge impact on the basin's human-life, landforms, biodiversity, ecosystem, eco-environment, etc.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100244"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142358052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100247
Amanuel Beyin
The paper examines recently reported Acheulean and Middle Stone Age archaeological occurrences in near-coastal plains on the western periphery of the Red Sea (Sudanese coast) with the aim of illuminating the role of the region in hominin survival, and possibly as an out-of-Africa dispersal conduit. Using a Viewshed analysis in ArcGIS, the study sought to assess the extent to which the seashore may have been visible from the archaeology-bearing localities during conditions similar to the present or those more humid interglacial phases than today. The purpose of the Viewshed analysis is to gauge the range of habitat-options hominins had on the western periphery of the Red Sea. The result demonstrates that the seashore would have been visible from most of the archaeological sites. Thus, it is reasonable to surmise that the coastal margin may have remained an integral part of the space exploited by the hominins that inhabited the nearby inland plains. However, the observation cannot be regarded as attesting all the areas deemed visible were necessarily exploited by hominins. Overall, the archaeological evidence from the study area broadens our understanding of the range of environments hominins occupied in Africa prior to and during their expansion to Eurasia. A proximate goal of the paper is to drive archaeological research attention to near-coastal landscapes, as such places may provide a potent vantage point to assess hominin engagement with the seashore. I conclude with an appeal to the paleoanthropological community to expand field-centered research to the vast understudied regions of Africa so as to capture hominin experiences across diverse ecosystems of the continent. Only then will we be able to discern hominin biogeographic range at different periods and theorize about the ecological drivers of our species' success.
{"title":"Living by the land, gazing at the sea: Hominin occupation of near-coastal landscapes on the western periphery of the Red Sea","authors":"Amanuel Beyin","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper examines recently reported Acheulean and Middle Stone Age archaeological occurrences in near-coastal plains on the western periphery of the Red Sea (Sudanese coast) with the aim of illuminating the role of the region in hominin survival, and possibly as an out-of-Africa dispersal conduit. Using a Viewshed analysis in ArcGIS, the study sought to assess the extent to which the seashore may have been visible from the archaeology-bearing localities during conditions similar to the present or those more humid interglacial phases than today. The purpose of the Viewshed analysis is to gauge the range of habitat-options hominins had on the western periphery of the Red Sea. The result demonstrates that the seashore would have been visible from most of the archaeological sites. Thus, it is reasonable to surmise that the coastal margin may have remained an integral part of the space exploited by the hominins that inhabited the nearby inland plains. However, the observation cannot be regarded as attesting all the areas deemed visible were necessarily exploited by hominins. Overall, the archaeological evidence from the study area broadens our understanding of the range of environments hominins occupied in Africa prior to and during their expansion to Eurasia. A proximate goal of the paper is to drive archaeological research attention to near-coastal landscapes, as such places may provide a potent vantage point to assess hominin engagement with the seashore. I conclude with an appeal to the paleoanthropological community to expand field-centered research to the vast understudied regions of Africa so as to capture hominin experiences across diverse ecosystems of the continent. Only then will we be able to discern hominin biogeographic range at different periods and theorize about the ecological drivers of our species' success.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sedimentological analysis of glaciolacustrine deposit in the French Alps provides an opportunity to elucidate poorly understood glacier fluctuations during the Lateglacial Interstadial. This study focuses on two proglacial lacustrine basins in the Maurienne Valley, Le Verney and Lanslebourg, recording sediment deposition during the Lateglacial. Sedimentological and soft sediment deformation analyses were conducted on these glaciolacustrine sedimentary deposits to constrain the dynamic of the Arc glacier. At Le Verney, the sedimentary succession records the deposition of a proglacial subaquatic fan under supercritical conditions, transitioning to a Gilbert delta-type sedimentation, indicating glacier retreat. Fluid overpressure, shear deformations, and compressional stresses found within Gilbert delta-type sediment marks a subsequent glacier advance. In the Lanslebourg basin, sedimentary deposits display supercritical and subcritical conditions, separated by deposition under a hydraulic jump characteristic of ice contact delta. In this area, glacier advance is recorded by a more proximal condition toward the top of the sedimentary succession, along with a transition to a subglacial condition. These findings reveal glacier advances during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial, providing the first evidence of glacier re-advances in the French northern Alps during this warming period. This result highlights the complex interactions between local climate, glacier dynamics, and topography.
{"title":"New evidence of glacier advances during Lateglacial Interstadial deciphered from facies evolution in proglacial lacustrine basins of the Maurienne Valley, French Alps","authors":"Thibault Roattino , Jean-François Buoncristiani , Christian Crouzet , Riccardo Vassallo","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sedimentological analysis of glaciolacustrine deposit in the French Alps provides an opportunity to elucidate poorly understood glacier fluctuations during the Lateglacial Interstadial. This study focuses on two proglacial lacustrine basins in the Maurienne Valley, Le Verney and Lanslebourg, recording sediment deposition during the Lateglacial. Sedimentological and soft sediment deformation analyses were conducted on these glaciolacustrine sedimentary deposits to constrain the dynamic of the Arc glacier. At Le Verney, the sedimentary succession records the deposition of a proglacial subaquatic fan under supercritical conditions, transitioning to a Gilbert delta-type sedimentation, indicating glacier retreat. Fluid overpressure, shear deformations, and compressional stresses found within Gilbert delta-type sediment marks a subsequent glacier advance. In the Lanslebourg basin, sedimentary deposits display supercritical and subcritical conditions, separated by deposition under a hydraulic jump characteristic of ice contact delta. In this area, glacier advance is recorded by a more proximal condition toward the top of the sedimentary succession, along with a transition to a subglacial condition. These findings reveal glacier advances during the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial, providing the first evidence of glacier re-advances in the French northern Alps during this warming period. This result highlights the complex interactions between local climate, glacier dynamics, and topography.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666033424000807/pdfft?md5=febad1f5ab88cdd9ccd75bae0aa7e038&pid=1-s2.0-S2666033424000807-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142314902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100240
Mohammad Irfan, Bikram Singh Bali, Ahsan Afzal
Piedmont fans are prominent geomorphic features formed at the transition between mountain slopes and valley floors. This study investigates the morphology of alluvial fans in the Zanskar Basin (ZB) to uncover the key variables influencing their development and morphodynamics. Utilizing advanced GIS and remote sensing techniques, along with field investigations, we conducted a detailed spatial analysis of 103 alluvial fans along the Doda, Tsarap, and Zanskar rivers. This approach allowed for precise mapping and characterization of these fans within complex depositional settings of ZB, particularly where fans merge into bajadas. Our analysis revealed distinct characteristics for the fans, including Fan Area (FA), Fan Slope (SF), Radius (R), Base Length of Fan (BF), Fan Maximum Entrenchment (FME), and Flow Expansion Angle (FEA). A morphometric analysis was then conducted to evaluate the correlation between the fans and their upstream basins. The linear regression analysis demonstrated both positive and negative correlations between these parameters, highlighting the important role of the upstream basins in controlling sediment delivery to fans. The findings suggest that larger basins contribute to the morphological development of fan systems, with larger, less steep fans forming as a result of greater flows and increased sediment supply from basins with denser drainage networks. Lower values of Mountain Front Sinuosity, Valley Floor Width to Valley Height ratio and Basin Elongation suggest that upstream basins in the ZB are significantly influenced by tectonic forces, resulting in linear mountain fronts, V-shaped valleys and elongated upstream basins. The F-99 fan, in particular, has developed a prominent stepped-fan morphology, attributed to differential uplift, vertical incision, and lateral migration of channels across the fan surface. Along the various fronts of the Zanskar, fan morphology is controlled by a complex interplay of long-term tectonic processes, climate, upstream lithology, and basin characteristics. Tectonic forces, particularly the NW-SE-trending ZSZ/STD and ZCT, exert first-order control on fan morphology by influencing sediment-flux and accommodation space. This influence is evident in tectonically modified landforms such as active mountain fronts, fan terraces, elongated basin shapes, wine-glass valleys and triangular facets, all indicating recent uplift and active tectonics in the region. Our results indicate that ZSZ and ZCT exert significant tectonic control over the geometry and evolution of fans, alongside substantial climatic influences.
{"title":"Morphological characteristics and controlling factors of the piedmont fan systems in the Zanskar region, Northwest Himalaya, India","authors":"Mohammad Irfan, Bikram Singh Bali, Ahsan Afzal","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Piedmont fans are prominent geomorphic features formed at the transition between mountain slopes and valley floors. This study investigates the morphology of alluvial fans in the Zanskar Basin (ZB) to uncover the key variables influencing their development and morphodynamics. Utilizing advanced GIS and remote sensing techniques, along with field investigations, we conducted a detailed spatial analysis of 103 alluvial fans along the Doda, Tsarap, and Zanskar rivers. This approach allowed for precise mapping and characterization of these fans within complex depositional settings of ZB, particularly where fans merge into bajadas. Our analysis revealed distinct characteristics for the fans, including Fan Area (FA), Fan Slope (SF), Radius (R), Base Length of Fan (BF), Fan Maximum Entrenchment (FME), and Flow Expansion Angle (FEA). A morphometric analysis was then conducted to evaluate the correlation between the fans and their upstream basins. The linear regression analysis demonstrated both positive and negative correlations between these parameters, highlighting the important role of the upstream basins in controlling sediment delivery to fans. The findings suggest that larger basins contribute to the morphological development of fan systems, with larger, less steep fans forming as a result of greater flows and increased sediment supply from basins with denser drainage networks. Lower values of Mountain Front Sinuosity, Valley Floor Width to Valley Height ratio and Basin Elongation suggest that upstream basins in the ZB are significantly influenced by tectonic forces, resulting in linear mountain fronts, V-shaped valleys and elongated upstream basins. The F-99 fan, in particular, has developed a prominent stepped-fan morphology, attributed to differential uplift, vertical incision, and lateral migration of channels across the fan surface. Along the various fronts of the Zanskar, fan morphology is controlled by a complex interplay of long-term tectonic processes, climate, upstream lithology, and basin characteristics. Tectonic forces, particularly the NW-SE-trending ZSZ/STD and ZCT, exert first-order control on fan morphology by influencing sediment-flux and accommodation space. This influence is evident in tectonically modified landforms such as active mountain fronts, fan terraces, elongated basin shapes, wine-glass valleys and triangular facets, all indicating recent uplift and active tectonics in the region. Our results indicate that ZSZ and ZCT exert significant tectonic control over the geometry and evolution of fans, alongside substantial climatic influences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666033424000789/pdfft?md5=f83a0bbaba05c44f81cebf42aea01462&pid=1-s2.0-S2666033424000789-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142314901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A landslide is one of the geological hazards that cause the most disaster in densely populated areas. The landslide that occurred in Gezie Gofa woreda, Gofa Zone, Kencho Shacha Gozdi village, killed more than 250 people. Two landslides occurred on July 22, 2024, at 8:30 and 10:40 AM The first landslide killed six people and demolished three houses. The second landslide killed more than 245 people, including those who came to the site to excavate the buried bodies during the first landslide. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the landslide causative factors, model the landslide susceptibility, and characterize the landslide disaster on socioeconomic effects that occurred on July 22, 2024. The landslide inventory data, field surveys, laboratory analyses, and various geophysical surveys characterized the current and past landslides of the area. The landslide susceptibility model was modeled using a statistical approach in the GIS. environment. The socioeconomic effects were assessed using field surveys and systematic interviews with the victims. The conditioning factors selected for landslide susceptibility modeling are lithology, geological structures, groundwater, slope, land use or land cover, aspect, curvature, and elevation. The major triggering factor of the landslide in the area was heavy rainfall, which occurred on July 21–22, 2024, between 3:00 a.m.-8:30 a.m. The results reveal that the significant conditioning factors of the landslide in the study area are geological structures (both visible and inferred), groundwater, slopes, and human activities. The characterized socioeconomic effects include the destruction of agricultural land, the demolishing of houses, and the loss of human lives, as well as several people evacuated and sheltered under tents and churches. However, the most momentous disaster in the area is the loss of human life. Based on the research results, it would be better to relocate those people living in the high landslide susceptible zones, and all high landslide-prone areas and mountainous terrain in southern Ethiopia should be mapped, and the people should be aware of the landslide risk areas.
{"title":"Fatal landslides in Kencho, Shacha & Gozdi villages, Gofa zone, Ethiopia: A detailed investigation (Geological, Geotechnical, geophysical & geospatial) of the July 22, 2024 catastrophe and its socioeconomic repercussions","authors":"Leulalem Shano , Bisirat Gisila , Wondwosen Jerene , Desta Ekaso , Tigabu Baye , Tariku Degife , Geberemedin Chameno , Zeleke Dosa , Muralitharan Jothimani","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A landslide is one of the geological hazards that cause the most disaster in densely populated areas. The landslide that occurred in Gezie Gofa woreda, Gofa Zone, Kencho Shacha Gozdi village, killed more than 250 people. Two landslides occurred on July 22, 2024, at 8:30 and 10:40 AM The first landslide killed six people and demolished three houses. The second landslide killed more than 245 people, including those who came to the site to excavate the buried bodies during the first landslide. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the landslide causative factors, model the landslide susceptibility, and characterize the landslide disaster on socioeconomic effects that occurred on July 22, 2024. The landslide inventory data, field surveys, laboratory analyses, and various geophysical surveys characterized the current and past landslides of the area. The landslide susceptibility model was modeled using a statistical approach in the GIS. environment. The socioeconomic effects were assessed using field surveys and systematic interviews with the victims. The conditioning factors selected for landslide susceptibility modeling are lithology, geological structures, groundwater, slope, land use or land cover, aspect, curvature, and elevation. The major triggering factor of the landslide in the area was heavy rainfall, which occurred on July 21–22, 2024, between 3:00 a.m.-8:30 a.m. The results reveal that the significant conditioning factors of the landslide in the study area are geological structures (both visible and inferred), groundwater, slopes, and human activities. The characterized socioeconomic effects include the destruction of agricultural land, the demolishing of houses, and the loss of human lives, as well as several people evacuated and sheltered under tents and churches. However, the most momentous disaster in the area is the loss of human life. Based on the research results, it would be better to relocate those people living in the high landslide susceptible zones, and all high landslide-prone areas and mountainous terrain in southern Ethiopia should be mapped, and the people should be aware of the landslide risk areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100241"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666033424000790/pdfft?md5=ab2c67342dd7ab845972981d0f49fe84&pid=1-s2.0-S2666033424000790-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Slope failures are a significant natural geohazard in hilly and mountainous regions, often resulting in loss of life and infrastructure damage. The Muketuri-Alem Ketema road in Ethiopia is particularly vulnerable to landslides due to colluvial deposits on steep slopes from the higher northeastern plots to the lower Jemma River valley. This study investigates the characteristics of colluvial soil and evaluates the stability of slopes prone to landslides. It combines geophysical data, penetrometer tests, laboratory analyses, Google Earth images, and detailed field visits to assess the soil and bedrock composition and structure. Numerical methods, including limit equilibrium (Bishop, Janbu, Spencer, and Morgenstern-Price methods) and finite element methods, were used to analyze slope sections under various saturation conditions and simulate different rainfall patterns. The results indicate that the Bishop, Morgenstern-Price, and Spencer methods produce similar safety factors with minimal differences (<0.3%), while the Janbu method shows more significant variation (1.5%–5.6%). Safety factor differences for sections A-A and B-B range from 5.26% to 9.86% and 3.5%–4.7%, respectively. Simulations reveal that short-term saturation significantly reduces the stability of the upper slope layer by 20%–46.76%, and long-term saturation decreases the entire slope section by 26.81%–46.76% compared to dry conditions due to increased pore water pressure and self-weight. Long-term saturation effects, combined with dynamic loads, can further reduce colluvial soil stability by over 50% compared to a dry static state. The finite element method predicts larger failure zones than limit equilibrium methods, emphasizing the need for accurate predictions to characterize slope behavior during failure and inform stabilization decisions. This study provides crucial data for maintaining and planning the Muketuri-Alem Ketema Road, highlighting slope performance over time and the effectiveness of stabilization techniques.
{"title":"Slope stability analysis of colluvial deposits along the Muketuri-Alem Ketema Road, Northern Ethiopia","authors":"Hirei Mohammed Hussen , Endalu Tadele Chala , Nagessa Zerihun Jilo","doi":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qsa.2024.100239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Slope failures are a significant natural geohazard in hilly and mountainous regions, often resulting in loss of life and infrastructure damage. The Muketuri-Alem Ketema road in Ethiopia is particularly vulnerable to landslides due to colluvial deposits on steep slopes from the higher northeastern plots to the lower Jemma River valley. This study investigates the characteristics of colluvial soil and evaluates the stability of slopes prone to landslides. It combines geophysical data, penetrometer tests, laboratory analyses, Google Earth images, and detailed field visits to assess the soil and bedrock composition and structure. Numerical methods, including limit equilibrium (Bishop, Janbu, Spencer, and Morgenstern-Price methods) and finite element methods, were used to analyze slope sections under various saturation conditions and simulate different rainfall patterns. The results indicate that the Bishop, Morgenstern-Price, and Spencer methods produce similar safety factors with minimal differences (<0.3%), while the Janbu method shows more significant variation (1.5%–5.6%). Safety factor differences for sections A-A and B-B range from 5.26% to 9.86% and 3.5%–4.7%, respectively. Simulations reveal that short-term saturation significantly reduces the stability of the upper slope layer by 20%–46.76%, and long-term saturation decreases the entire slope section by 26.81%–46.76% compared to dry conditions due to increased pore water pressure and self-weight. Long-term saturation effects, combined with dynamic loads, can further reduce colluvial soil stability by over 50% compared to a dry static state. The finite element method predicts larger failure zones than limit equilibrium methods, emphasizing the need for accurate predictions to characterize slope behavior during failure and inform stabilization decisions. This study provides crucial data for maintaining and planning the Muketuri-Alem Ketema Road, highlighting slope performance over time and the effectiveness of stabilization techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34142,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666033424000777/pdfft?md5=33a88157e782327a92f35f22255db235&pid=1-s2.0-S2666033424000777-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142244216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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