Pub Date : 2021-05-19DOI: 10.46715/IJDE2021.06.1000114
Abu Ansar Md. Rizwan
Introduction: Menstruation is the normal and regular process for every woman. It can affect both physical and mental status of the women. The main thing of menstrual period is personal hygiene maintenance. Improper management of personal hygiene maintains can causes infectious disease and causes severe gynecological problems. In Bangladesh, most of the adolescent girls cannot ask any question about their physiological changes to their mother or relative because of their shyness and social stigma. Good hygiene management during menstruation can increase personal confidence, while inadequate management can lead to mentally depression and also hamper in their daily activities. This study was aimed to assess the practice on personal hygiene maintenance during menstruation period among school girls in selected schools of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive type of study was carried out in three randomly selected schools in Dhaka city of Bangladesh with 384 systematic randomly selected adolescent girls. The data were collected from the respondents using semi-structured questionnaire by face-to-face interview, after taking verbal consent form the participants and written consent from their parents and school authority. Data entry and analysis were done by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software version 20 for the analysis. The anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents were maintained strictly and study participants were informed that they can be able to leave the study at any stage of data collection. Findings: The finding reported that nearly 80% (79%) of the respondent use sanitary napkin and among the non-users, 95.2 percent (77) use piece of cloths. The majority (66%) of the respondents change napkin/other materials after 4 hours and 90% take genital care regularly. Almost all (99.5%) the respondents take bath regularly and 99.5 percent wash their hand with soap and water. About 98 percent used to wear clean dresses and 94.5 percent normally take healthy food. Using sanitary napkin was found to be associated with age, parent’s income whereas it was not associated with mother’s educational level. Conclusion: Awareness regarding the need for information about good menstrual practices is very important and should be given to enhance the good level of knowledge and practices. Mass media should also emphasize on health information about menstrual hygiene. Therefore, policy makers and stakeholders should take necessary initiatives to setup health education program to create awareness and practice of good menstrual hygiene among the adolescents. Keywords: Menstrual Hygiene; School Girls; Practice; Dhaka
{"title":"Practice on Personal Hygiene Maintenance during Menstruation Cycle among School Girls in Dhaka City, Bangladesh","authors":"Abu Ansar Md. Rizwan","doi":"10.46715/IJDE2021.06.1000114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46715/IJDE2021.06.1000114","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Menstruation is the normal and regular process for every woman. It can affect both physical and mental status of the women. The main thing of menstrual period is personal hygiene maintenance. Improper management of personal hygiene maintains can causes infectious disease and causes severe gynecological problems. In Bangladesh, most of the adolescent girls cannot ask any question about their physiological changes to their mother or relative because of their shyness and social stigma. Good hygiene management during menstruation can increase personal confidence, while inadequate management can lead to mentally depression and also hamper in their daily activities. This study was aimed to assess the practice on personal hygiene maintenance during menstruation period among school girls in selected schools of Dhaka city, Bangladesh.\u0000\u0000Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive type of study was carried out in three randomly selected schools in Dhaka city of Bangladesh with 384 systematic randomly selected adolescent girls. The data were collected from the respondents using semi-structured questionnaire by face-to-face interview, after taking verbal consent form the participants and written consent from their parents and school authority. Data entry and analysis were done by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software version 20 for the analysis. The anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents were maintained strictly and study participants were informed that they can be able to leave the study at any stage of data collection. \u0000\u0000Findings: The finding reported that nearly 80% (79%) of the respondent use sanitary napkin and among the non-users, 95.2 percent (77) use piece of cloths. The majority (66%) of the respondents change napkin/other materials after 4 hours and 90% take genital care regularly. Almost all (99.5%) the respondents take bath regularly and 99.5 percent wash their hand with soap and water. About 98 percent used to wear clean dresses and 94.5 percent normally take healthy food. Using sanitary napkin was found to be associated with age, parent’s income whereas it was not associated with mother’s educational level.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: Awareness regarding the need for information about good menstrual practices is very important and should be given to enhance the good level of knowledge and practices. Mass media should also emphasize on health information about menstrual hygiene. Therefore, policy makers and stakeholders should take necessary initiatives to setup health education program to create awareness and practice of good menstrual hygiene among the adolescents.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Menstrual Hygiene; School Girls; Practice; Dhaka","PeriodicalId":341642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Digital Evidence","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128415757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-26DOI: 10.46715/IJDE2021.02.1000110
G. Adams
Introduction: Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are thought to affect the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus including gut dysbiosis, intestinal barrier permeability and modulator of gut-brain axis and oxidative stress. This systematic review examined if their interventions resulted in improved clinical outcomes and were safe to administer. Methods: An electronic search was conducted in August 2020 of CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PUBMED databases as well as using Google Scholar using keyword searches combined in a formal search strategy. The studies extracted were then filtered through an inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessed for risk of bias. Results: Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria, with 20 studies involving participants with type 2 diabetes, 1 study a mixed cohort of type 1 and 2, and 3 involving prediabetes participants. Meta-analysis was not appropriate due to the heterogeneity in populations, methods and presented results. One trial was limited due to unclear risk of bias and was excluded. Four key themes were identified across the studies: improvements to glycaemic control; improvements in oxidative stress, inflammation and gut permeability; lipid profile, anthropometric parameters and blood pressure; and adverse events and tolerability. Conclusions: Probiotics improved glycaemic control, oxidative stress, inflammation and gut permeability and lipid profile in T2DM participants. There was no evidence of improvements to T1DM due to lack of studies and insufficient studies on pre-diabetes. Synbiotics are also promising but prebiotics have insufficient evidence.
{"title":"The Benefits and Risks of Probiotic, Prebiotic and Symbiotic interventions in the Care of patients with Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"G. Adams","doi":"10.46715/IJDE2021.02.1000110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46715/IJDE2021.02.1000110","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are thought to affect the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus including gut dysbiosis, intestinal barrier permeability and modulator of gut-brain axis and oxidative stress. This systematic review examined if their interventions resulted in improved clinical outcomes and were safe to administer. Methods: An electronic search was conducted in August 2020 of CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PUBMED databases as well as using Google Scholar using keyword searches combined in a formal search strategy. The studies extracted were then filtered through an inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessed for risk of bias. Results: Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria, with 20 studies involving participants with type 2 diabetes, 1 study a mixed cohort of type 1 and 2, and 3 involving prediabetes participants. Meta-analysis was not appropriate due to the heterogeneity in populations, methods and presented results. One trial was limited due to unclear risk of bias and was excluded. Four key themes were identified across the studies: improvements to glycaemic control; improvements in oxidative stress, inflammation and gut permeability; lipid profile, anthropometric parameters and blood pressure; and adverse events and tolerability. Conclusions: Probiotics improved glycaemic control, oxidative stress, inflammation and gut permeability and lipid profile in T2DM participants. There was no evidence of improvements to T1DM due to lack of studies and insufficient studies on pre-diabetes. Synbiotics are also promising but prebiotics have insufficient evidence.","PeriodicalId":341642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Digital Evidence","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130420751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-23DOI: 10.46715/ijde2020.11.1000108
Sumon Rahman Chowdhur
The prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) continues to escalate at an alarming rate and diabetes has become the most common single cause of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in the world. This is because diabetes, particularly type 2, is increasing in prevalence, and the patients are living longer now. Diabetes is the major cause of end-stage renal disease in the developed world, accounting for 40% to 50% of cases. Diabetic nephropathy contributes significantly to the economic burden of diabetes. In UK, the cost of diabetic complications in 2011/2012 was estimated at £14 billion, by 2035/2036 this is expected to rise to £22 billion. Worldwide, healthcare costs for diabetic patients are much higher than non- diabetic patients. Also, among diabetic patients the cost of health care is much higher in those with complications (Micro < Macro
{"title":"Diabetic Nephropathy: A Comprehensive Review for Health Care Professionals","authors":"Sumon Rahman Chowdhur","doi":"10.46715/ijde2020.11.1000108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46715/ijde2020.11.1000108","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) continues to escalate at an alarming rate and diabetes has become the most common single cause of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in the world. This is because diabetes, particularly type 2, is increasing in prevalence, and the patients are living longer now. Diabetes is the major cause of end-stage renal disease in the developed world, accounting for 40% to 50% of cases.\u0000\u0000Diabetic nephropathy contributes significantly to the economic burden of diabetes. In UK, the cost of diabetic complications in 2011/2012 was estimated at £14 billion, by 2035/2036 this is expected to rise to £22 billion. Worldwide, healthcare costs for diabetic patients are much higher than non- diabetic patients. Also, among diabetic patients the cost of health care is much higher in those with complications (Micro < Macro<Micro + Macrovascular complications) than in those without complications, therefore identifying and controlling diabetes and its complications is essential in reducing the burden of the disease.\u0000\u0000In this review we shall explore the pathophysiology, risk factors, staging, screening, management and prognosis of Diabetic Nephropathy in explicit details to make it easily understandable for the Health Care Professionals.\u0000\u0000\u0000Keywords: Diabetic Nephropathy, Diabetes, Health Care Professionals","PeriodicalId":341642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Digital Evidence","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129729363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-06DOI: 10.21088/ijde.0974.6099.13120.1
R. Mustafa, Amal H. Abuaffan
{"title":"Mesiodistal Crown Dimensions of Permanent Dentition in Sudanese Population","authors":"R. Mustafa, Amal H. Abuaffan","doi":"10.21088/ijde.0974.6099.13120.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21088/ijde.0974.6099.13120.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":341642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Digital Evidence","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122672954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-14DOI: 10.11648/j.ijde.20200502.13
Danny Mafuta-Munganga, B. Longo-Mbenza, Gedeon Longo-Longo, Manzala, V. Nzuzi, J. B. K. On’kin, E. Mokondjimobé, Aliocha Nkodila Natuhoyila
Objective: To investigate the association between neck circumference (NC) and traditional cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) among adult’s population at Kinshasa. Methods: A total of 400 participants were recruited. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was employed to test the correlations between NC and CMRF. The association of NC with CMRF (dependent variables) was assessed by logistic regression. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis had allowed determining the cut-off points of NC to detect the presence of CMRF. Results: The average of age and WC was 55.4±12.0 years and 79.8±12.0 cm, respectively. The median value of BMI was significantly higher in women (24.6 kg/m2) than in men (22.6 kg/m2); whereas the median value of NC was significantly higher in men (37.8 cm) than in women (33.3 cm) (p < 0.001). In both men and women, NC was positively correlated with TC, LDL, TG and WC. Additionally, FPG and HDL were positively correlated with NC significantly. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between NECK and FPG but a significant negative correlation between NECK and HDLc among women. TG in men, raised TC, LDL and WC were found to be significantly associated with neck circumference with ORs 1.25 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.44), 0.67 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.85), 1.13 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.26), 1.27 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.45) in men versus 1.18 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.36) in women, 1.19 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.34) in men versus 1.21 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.38) in women and 1.18 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.36) in men versus 1.43 (95% CI: 1.23, 1.66) in women, respectively. Cut-off points for NC to identify CMRF were between 37.5 and 38 cm in men, 32.5 and 33 cm in women. Conclusion: NC is associated with CMRF, and could be a useful and accurate tool to identify high risk participants.
{"title":"Neck Circumference as an Independent Cardiometabolic Risk Factor: A Cross-sectional Study in Kinshasa","authors":"Danny Mafuta-Munganga, B. Longo-Mbenza, Gedeon Longo-Longo, Manzala, V. Nzuzi, J. B. K. On’kin, E. Mokondjimobé, Aliocha Nkodila Natuhoyila","doi":"10.11648/j.ijde.20200502.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20200502.13","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To investigate the association between neck circumference (NC) and traditional cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) among adult’s population at Kinshasa. Methods: A total of 400 participants were recruited. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was employed to test the correlations between NC and CMRF. The association of NC with CMRF (dependent variables) was assessed by logistic regression. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis had allowed determining the cut-off points of NC to detect the presence of CMRF. Results: The average of age and WC was 55.4±12.0 years and 79.8±12.0 cm, respectively. The median value of BMI was significantly higher in women (24.6 kg/m2) than in men (22.6 kg/m2); whereas the median value of NC was significantly higher in men (37.8 cm) than in women (33.3 cm) (p < 0.001). In both men and women, NC was positively correlated with TC, LDL, TG and WC. Additionally, FPG and HDL were positively correlated with NC significantly. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between NECK and FPG but a significant negative correlation between NECK and HDLc among women. TG in men, raised TC, LDL and WC were found to be significantly associated with neck circumference with ORs 1.25 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.44), 0.67 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.85), 1.13 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.26), 1.27 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.45) in men versus 1.18 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.36) in women, 1.19 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.34) in men versus 1.21 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.38) in women and 1.18 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.36) in men versus 1.43 (95% CI: 1.23, 1.66) in women, respectively. Cut-off points for NC to identify CMRF were between 37.5 and 38 cm in men, 32.5 and 33 cm in women. Conclusion: NC is associated with CMRF, and could be a useful and accurate tool to identify high risk participants.","PeriodicalId":341642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Digital Evidence","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129399733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-29DOI: 10.11648/J.IJDE.20200502.12
A. Ademolu
In 1938 Allen Oldfather Whipple (1881-1963) an American surgeon invented a triad of two clinical and one laboratory parameter to give the Whipple triad which had been in clinical use for decades and beneficial to perhaps millions of people worldwide with hypoglycemia as health challenges. The Whipple triad is characteristically presence of hypoglycemic symptoms, documentation of low blood sugar at the time of hypoglycemic symptoms, and reversal of these symptoms when the blood glucose level is restored to normal. Of note is the fact that over the years Whipple triad had been invaluable in diagnosing hypoglycemia in diabetics, but we should not lose sight of this singular fact that though good and useful for diagnostic purposes, Whipple triad has it's limitations as a diagnostic tool. With Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) affecting the immunosuppresed including diabetics, knowing the limitation of the diagnostic tool for diagnosing the hypoglycemia, a lifelong challenging issue in diabetics is a proactive way of recognizing a possible additional co-morbidity that if not recognized may further put the COVID-19 diabetic patient at risk. Though the issue of hypoglycemia in infected diabetic patient with COVID 19 has not been a major issue for now worldwide, the fact that asymptomatic carrier of COVID 19 diabetic patient could develop hypoglycemia makes it an important issue to be borne in mind by physicians. A google search was conducted in English by typing in the words Whipple, hypoglycemia, diabetes, probable hypoglycemia in pubmed. A literature review was done going through relevant articles. The limitations to Whipple triads were found in hypoglycemia with reversible neurological damage, hypoglycemia with irreversible neurological sequelae, hypoglycemia unawareness and in patients with rebound hypoglycemia. Similarly, Whipple triad limitation of application was found in unconscious patient from other causes other than hypoglycemia. Further limitations were also found in probable symptomatic hypoglycemia and in symptomatic hypoglycemia. Whipple triad has its limitation in medical practice which may be diverse and this have to be borne in mind by the clinician for a holistic approach to patient management especially during this COVID-19 pandemic and thereafter. The question to be addressed in the future remains of all hypoglycemic episodes occurring annually worldwide in diabetic and non diabetic subjects, how many can Whipple triad diagnose? In other words what is the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of Whipple triad?
{"title":"Whipple Triad Its Limitations in Diagnosis and Management of Hypoglycemia as a Co-morbidity in Covid-19 Diabetics and Diabetes Mellitus in General- A Review","authors":"A. Ademolu","doi":"10.11648/J.IJDE.20200502.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJDE.20200502.12","url":null,"abstract":"In 1938 Allen Oldfather Whipple (1881-1963) an American surgeon invented a triad of two clinical and one laboratory parameter to give the Whipple triad which had been in clinical use for decades and beneficial to perhaps millions of people worldwide with hypoglycemia as health challenges. The Whipple triad is characteristically presence of hypoglycemic symptoms, documentation of low blood sugar at the time of hypoglycemic symptoms, and reversal of these symptoms when the blood glucose level is restored to normal. Of note is the fact that over the years Whipple triad had been invaluable in diagnosing hypoglycemia in diabetics, but we should not lose sight of this singular fact that though good and useful for diagnostic purposes, Whipple triad has it's limitations as a diagnostic tool. With Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) affecting the immunosuppresed including diabetics, knowing the limitation of the diagnostic tool for diagnosing the hypoglycemia, a lifelong challenging issue in diabetics is a proactive way of recognizing a possible additional co-morbidity that if not recognized may further put the COVID-19 diabetic patient at risk. Though the issue of hypoglycemia in infected diabetic patient with COVID 19 has not been a major issue for now worldwide, the fact that asymptomatic carrier of COVID 19 diabetic patient could develop hypoglycemia makes it an important issue to be borne in mind by physicians. A google search was conducted in English by typing in the words Whipple, hypoglycemia, diabetes, probable hypoglycemia in pubmed. A literature review was done going through relevant articles. The limitations to Whipple triads were found in hypoglycemia with reversible neurological damage, hypoglycemia with irreversible neurological sequelae, hypoglycemia unawareness and in patients with rebound hypoglycemia. Similarly, Whipple triad limitation of application was found in unconscious patient from other causes other than hypoglycemia. Further limitations were also found in probable symptomatic hypoglycemia and in symptomatic hypoglycemia. Whipple triad has its limitation in medical practice which may be diverse and this have to be borne in mind by the clinician for a holistic approach to patient management especially during this COVID-19 pandemic and thereafter. The question to be addressed in the future remains of all hypoglycemic episodes occurring annually worldwide in diabetic and non diabetic subjects, how many can Whipple triad diagnose? In other words what is the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of Whipple triad?","PeriodicalId":341642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Digital Evidence","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126454656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-14DOI: 10.11648/J.IJDE.20200501.13
A. Ademolu
The recent grading of severity of hypoglycemia for use in clinical practice using Ademolus Classification of Hypoglycemia (ACH) is opening a new knowledge path and insight in hypoglycemia complicating diabetes mellitus management. In Africa like other parts of the world, hypoglycemia complicates diabetes mellitus management in in and out-patients. This article aims to examine hypoglycemia occurring in African diabetics on out patient pharmacologic management. This is a retrospective study of 200 hypoglycemic episodes occurring in 88 diabetics attending the out patients of the Endocrinology Clinic of Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. Over 13years and 9 months period. Data were analysed using ADEMOLUS CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOGLYCEMIA and American Diabetes Association (ADA)/European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) 2018 Classification of Hypoglycemia. Only documented hypoglycemic episodes were studied using a questionnaire. The inclusion criteria includes known diabetics, documented hypoglycemic episodes occurring during out patient pharmacologic management. This study was analysed using SPSS version 17. Of the 200 hypoglycemic episodes studied, 79.5% were grade 1, grade 2 were 18% while 2.5% were grade 3. In all type 2 diabetics (T2DM), 82.9% had grade 1 hypoglycemia, 14.6% had grade 2, while 2.4% had grade 3. The lowest hypoglycemic episode among out patient T2DM was an asymptomatic value of 29mg/dl (grade 3 hypoglycemia!). There is an inverse relationship between hypoglycemic episodes recorded in type 1 and type 2 diabetics as the pearson correlation was -1.000. This denotes a perfect negative correlation between hypoglycemic episodes developed in type 1 compared to type 2 diabetics in Africans. There is no linear relationship between these two variables. With a p-value of 0.000, the null hypothesis is discarded in this study as these findings is not due to chance or error of sampling but rather are statistically significant. ADA/EASD 2018 classification of hypoglycemia is not very sensitive in diagnosing severe hypoglycemia in that it recognized only 1 hypoglycemic episodes while ACH recognizes five. The five cases all have blood sugar of less than 40mg/dl yet ADA/EASD 2018 classification recognizes only one because it developed a severe event from hypoglycemia needing assistance from a third party. The majority of T2DM had mild hypoglycemic episodes irrespective of whether they are on oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) alone, or on OHA and insulin or on insulin alone. Among African T1DM, grade 1 hypoglycemia is twice as common as grade 2 hypoglycemia while severe hypoglycemia is not common. Grades 1, 2 and 3 hypoglycemia can all occur in African diabetics on out patients basis but with the majority occurring as grade 1. Asymptomatic grade 3 hypoglycemia can occur in out patient African T2DM. A similar study is advised in other regions of the world.
最近在临床实践中应用阿德莫勒斯低血糖分级(ACH)对低血糖的严重程度进行分级，为低血糖合并糖尿病的治疗开辟了新的知识途径和见解。在非洲和世界其他地区一样，低血糖使住院和门诊患者的糖尿病管理复杂化。本文旨在探讨非洲糖尿病患者发生低血糖的门诊药物管理。本研究对尼日利亚拉各斯州立大学教学医院内分泌科门诊88例糖尿病患者200例低血糖发作进行回顾性研究。超过13年零9个月的时间。数据分析采用ademous低血糖分类和美国糖尿病协会(ADA)/欧洲糖尿病研究协会(EASD) 2018年低血糖分类。只有记录在案的低血糖发作是通过问卷调查研究的。纳入标准包括已知的糖尿病患者，在门诊药物治疗期间记录的低血糖发作。本研究采用SPSS version 17进行分析。在研究的200例低血糖发作中，79.5%为1级，18%为2级，2.5%为3级。在所有2型糖尿病患者(T2DM)中，82.9%为1级低血糖，14.6%为2级低血糖，2.4%为3级低血糖。门诊T2DM患者中最低的低血糖发作值为29mg/dl(3级低血糖)。1型和2型糖尿病患者的低血糖发作呈负相关，pearson相关系数为-1.000。这表明非洲1型糖尿病患者与2型糖尿病患者的低血糖发作完全负相关。这两个变量之间没有线性关系。当p值为0.000时，零假设在本研究中被丢弃，因为这些发现不是由于抽样的偶然或错误，而是具有统计显著性。ADA/EASD 2018低血糖分级对严重低血糖的诊断不是很敏感，仅识别1次低血糖发作，而ACH可识别5次。这5例患者的血糖均低于40mg/dl，但ADA/EASD 2018分类仅承认1例，因为它发展为低血糖的严重事件，需要第三方的帮助。大多数T2DM患者发生轻度低血糖发作，无论他们是否单独使用口服降糖药(OHA)， OHA和胰岛素或单独使用胰岛素。在非洲T1DM患者中，1级低血糖的发生率是2级低血糖的2倍，而严重低血糖并不常见。1级、2级和3级低血糖都可能发生在非洲糖尿病患者的门诊基础上，但大多数发生在1级。非洲T2DM患者可发生无症状3级低血糖。建议在世界其他地区进行类似的研究。
{"title":"Analysis of Hypoglycemic Episodes in Out Patient Diabetic in Africans Using Ademolus Classification of Hypoglycemia","authors":"A. Ademolu","doi":"10.11648/J.IJDE.20200501.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJDE.20200501.13","url":null,"abstract":"The recent grading of severity of hypoglycemia for use in clinical practice using Ademolus Classification of Hypoglycemia (ACH) is opening a new knowledge path and insight in hypoglycemia complicating diabetes mellitus management. In Africa like other parts of the world, hypoglycemia complicates diabetes mellitus management in in and out-patients. This article aims to examine hypoglycemia occurring in African diabetics on out patient pharmacologic management. This is a retrospective study of 200 hypoglycemic episodes occurring in 88 diabetics attending the out patients of the Endocrinology Clinic of Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. Over 13years and 9 months period. Data were analysed using ADEMOLUS CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOGLYCEMIA and American Diabetes Association (ADA)/European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) 2018 Classification of Hypoglycemia. Only documented hypoglycemic episodes were studied using a questionnaire. The inclusion criteria includes known diabetics, documented hypoglycemic episodes occurring during out patient pharmacologic management. This study was analysed using SPSS version 17. Of the 200 hypoglycemic episodes studied, 79.5% were grade 1, grade 2 were 18% while 2.5% were grade 3. In all type 2 diabetics (T2DM), 82.9% had grade 1 hypoglycemia, 14.6% had grade 2, while 2.4% had grade 3. The lowest hypoglycemic episode among out patient T2DM was an asymptomatic value of 29mg/dl (grade 3 hypoglycemia!). There is an inverse relationship between hypoglycemic episodes recorded in type 1 and type 2 diabetics as the pearson correlation was -1.000. This denotes a perfect negative correlation between hypoglycemic episodes developed in type 1 compared to type 2 diabetics in Africans. There is no linear relationship between these two variables. With a p-value of 0.000, the null hypothesis is discarded in this study as these findings is not due to chance or error of sampling but rather are statistically significant. ADA/EASD 2018 classification of hypoglycemia is not very sensitive in diagnosing severe hypoglycemia in that it recognized only 1 hypoglycemic episodes while ACH recognizes five. The five cases all have blood sugar of less than 40mg/dl yet ADA/EASD 2018 classification recognizes only one because it developed a severe event from hypoglycemia needing assistance from a third party. The majority of T2DM had mild hypoglycemic episodes irrespective of whether they are on oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) alone, or on OHA and insulin or on insulin alone. Among African T1DM, grade 1 hypoglycemia is twice as common as grade 2 hypoglycemia while severe hypoglycemia is not common. Grades 1, 2 and 3 hypoglycemia can all occur in African diabetics on out patients basis but with the majority occurring as grade 1. Asymptomatic grade 3 hypoglycemia can occur in out patient African T2DM. A similar study is advised in other regions of the world.","PeriodicalId":341642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Digital Evidence","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124124310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-21DOI: 10.11648/J.IJDE.20200501.12
Junnan Lin, Ye Li, Lishi Luo
Objective: To evaluate the effect of risk management of nursing in diabetic retinopathy patient. Methods: 98 patients diagnosed as diabetic retinopathy from January 2018 to January 2019, they were randomly assigned to control group and intervention group, we use the different nursing measure to both of groups. Our researchers collected the data of negative patient reaction and result of serum inflammatory cytokines in before treatment and after treatment. Additionally, we collected the information associated with quality of life on participants by the short form-36 (SF-36). Result: The results of intervention group were better than the results of control group in negative patient reaction [n (%), 1 (2.0%) vs 6 (12.2%), p < 0.005]. In addition, the serum inflammatory cytokines and quality of life were improved after treatment, the improvements of intervention group were better than outcome of control group, most result of them had statistical significance (p < 0.005). Conclusion: The risk management of nursing improved the outcome of diabetic retinopathy treatment. Although improvement of negative patient reaction was non-significant in result, other aspect of patient had significantly improvement which were serum inflammatory cytokines and quality of life.
目的:评价糖尿病视网膜病变患者风险管理护理的效果。方法:2018年1月~ 2019年1月诊断为糖尿病视网膜病变的患者98例，随机分为对照组和干预组，对两组患者采用不同的护理措施。我们的研究人员收集了治疗前后患者的阴性反应和血清炎症因子的结果。此外，我们通过简短的表格-36 (SF-36)收集了与参与者生活质量相关的信息。结果:干预组患者阴性反应结果优于对照组[n (%)， 1 (2.0%) vs 6 (12.2%)， p < 0.005]。治疗后血清炎症因子及生活质量均有改善，干预组改善效果优于对照组，多数结果均有统计学意义(p < 0.005)。结论:护理风险管理提高了糖尿病视网膜病变的治疗效果。虽然患者阴性反应的改善结果不显著，但患者血清炎症因子和生活质量的其他方面均有显著改善。
{"title":"Effect of Risk Management in Diabetic Retinopathy","authors":"Junnan Lin, Ye Li, Lishi Luo","doi":"10.11648/J.IJDE.20200501.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJDE.20200501.12","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To evaluate the effect of risk management of nursing in diabetic retinopathy patient. Methods: 98 patients diagnosed as diabetic retinopathy from January 2018 to January 2019, they were randomly assigned to control group and intervention group, we use the different nursing measure to both of groups. Our researchers collected the data of negative patient reaction and result of serum inflammatory cytokines in before treatment and after treatment. Additionally, we collected the information associated with quality of life on participants by the short form-36 (SF-36). Result: The results of intervention group were better than the results of control group in negative patient reaction [n (%), 1 (2.0%) vs 6 (12.2%), p < 0.005]. In addition, the serum inflammatory cytokines and quality of life were improved after treatment, the improvements of intervention group were better than outcome of control group, most result of them had statistical significance (p < 0.005). Conclusion: The risk management of nursing improved the outcome of diabetic retinopathy treatment. Although improvement of negative patient reaction was non-significant in result, other aspect of patient had significantly improvement which were serum inflammatory cytokines and quality of life.","PeriodicalId":341642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Digital Evidence","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117188764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-09DOI: 10.11648/J.IJDE.20200501.11
Ametov Alexander Sergeevich, Gusenbekova Dinara Gadjimagomedovna, Butaeva Svetlana Garrievna, P'yanykh Olga Pavlovna
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases of the endocrine system that is encountered in the practice of any doctor in any specialty. Some features of type 2 diabetes are: a slow progressive development and a mild clinical picture in the early stages of the development of the disease. The main goal of diabetes treatment is to prevent the development of late complications that reduce the quality of life of patients, leading to their early disability and death. Despite the increase in the number of antihyperglycemic drugs in the pharmaceutical industry, we are still not successful enough to achieve good glycemic control. In addition, achieving good glycemic control does not always prevent macrovascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. The article presents the results of two studies. The first study examined the diurnal fluctuations in blood glucose levels during therapy with type 4 dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor Sitagliptin, as well as its effect on oxidative stress markers in comparison with MV gliclazide. The second study examined the role of sitagliptin in the correction of disorders of fat metabolism.
{"title":"Possibilities of Early Combination Therapy with Sitagliptin and Metformin in the Correction of Metabolic Disorders in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity","authors":"Ametov Alexander Sergeevich, Gusenbekova Dinara Gadjimagomedovna, Butaeva Svetlana Garrievna, P'yanykh Olga Pavlovna","doi":"10.11648/J.IJDE.20200501.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJDE.20200501.11","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases of the endocrine system that is encountered in the practice of any doctor in any specialty. Some features of type 2 diabetes are: a slow progressive development and a mild clinical picture in the early stages of the development of the disease. The main goal of diabetes treatment is to prevent the development of late complications that reduce the quality of life of patients, leading to their early disability and death. Despite the increase in the number of antihyperglycemic drugs in the pharmaceutical industry, we are still not successful enough to achieve good glycemic control. In addition, achieving good glycemic control does not always prevent macrovascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. The article presents the results of two studies. The first study examined the diurnal fluctuations in blood glucose levels during therapy with type 4 dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor Sitagliptin, as well as its effect on oxidative stress markers in comparison with MV gliclazide. The second study examined the role of sitagliptin in the correction of disorders of fat metabolism.","PeriodicalId":341642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Digital Evidence","volume":"08 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132413202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-13DOI: 10.11648/J.IJDE.20180303.13
Pramod Narayan Tripathi, M. Paranjape, Ritu Tripathi, S. Khandagale, G. Bhagwat, A. Kakrani
To test the hypothesis that specifically modified plant based diet and anti-gravity exercises in Type 2 diabetics followed for a period of 10-14 weeks improves the glycemic control and reduces requirement of anti-diabetic medication. Around 386 confirmed diabetic participants enrolled in this study. Out of these 259 participants completed the study. This was a follow up study for a period of 10-14 weeks where the anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters were measured at week 0 and at week 10-14 weeks. Medication was also monitored on a daily basis based on the blood glucose levels and change in medication was noted at the end of 10-14 weeks. After 10-14 weeks of consumption of modified plant based diet and anti-gravity exercises was accompanied by a significant reduction in anthropometric measurements like body weight (p=0.0001*), BMI (p=0.0001*), fat percentage (p=0.0003*) and visceral fat percentage (p=0.0002*). Lower anthropometric measurements was accompanied by a reduction in HbA1C (p=0.000*), fasting (p=0.038*) and postprandial (p=0.000*) blood glucose levels. A reduction in the dosage and number of participants requiring oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) and insulin was observed due to improved glycemic index. In the diabetic study population, intervention with modified plant based diet and anti-gravity exercises was associated with an improved glycemic control and reduced requirement of anti-diabetic medications. These findings may assist in development of a standard integrated protocol for treating diabetic patients thus reducing the pre-disposition to diabetic complications thus preventing or prolonging the onset of diabetes complications.
{"title":"Effectiveness of Specifically Modified Plant Based Dietary Intervention and Anti-Gravity Exercise in Type 2 Diabetics a Follow-up Study","authors":"Pramod Narayan Tripathi, M. Paranjape, Ritu Tripathi, S. Khandagale, G. Bhagwat, A. Kakrani","doi":"10.11648/J.IJDE.20180303.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.IJDE.20180303.13","url":null,"abstract":"To test the hypothesis that specifically modified plant based diet and anti-gravity exercises in Type 2 diabetics followed for a period of 10-14 weeks improves the glycemic control and reduces requirement of anti-diabetic medication. Around 386 confirmed diabetic participants enrolled in this study. Out of these 259 participants completed the study. This was a follow up study for a period of 10-14 weeks where the anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters were measured at week 0 and at week 10-14 weeks. Medication was also monitored on a daily basis based on the blood glucose levels and change in medication was noted at the end of 10-14 weeks. After 10-14 weeks of consumption of modified plant based diet and anti-gravity exercises was accompanied by a significant reduction in anthropometric measurements like body weight (p=0.0001*), BMI (p=0.0001*), fat percentage (p=0.0003*) and visceral fat percentage (p=0.0002*). Lower anthropometric measurements was accompanied by a reduction in HbA1C (p=0.000*), fasting (p=0.038*) and postprandial (p=0.000*) blood glucose levels. A reduction in the dosage and number of participants requiring oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) and insulin was observed due to improved glycemic index. In the diabetic study population, intervention with modified plant based diet and anti-gravity exercises was associated with an improved glycemic control and reduced requirement of anti-diabetic medications. These findings may assist in development of a standard integrated protocol for treating diabetic patients thus reducing the pre-disposition to diabetic complications thus preventing or prolonging the onset of diabetes complications.","PeriodicalId":341642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Digital Evidence","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129276341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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