Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch011
J. E. Nweze, Justus Amuche Nweze, Shruti Gupta
With the increasing demands for foods and other agriculture-based products, sustainable agricultural practices are the cornerstone for improving low-input agricultural production. In contrast to crop production, plant-microorganism interaction (PMI) plays a crucial role. PMI significantly raises productivity as well as maintaining the overall health of the crop. During harsh and extreme physiological conditions, plant-associated extremophilic microbes (PAEM) are known to contribute to crop production, survivability, and fitness. Thus, the application of extremophiles either in the form of biofertilizer or biopesticides is highly beneficial. Extremophiles have been adapted to withstand diverse harsh environmental conditions. They possess unique mechanisms at the molecular level to produce enormous potential extremozymes and bioactive compounds. Consequently, extremophiles represent the foundation of efficient and sustainable agriculture. This chapter introduces the significance and application of plant-associated extremophilic microbes in sustainable agriculture.
{"title":"Application of Extremophiles in Sustainable Agriculture","authors":"J. E. Nweze, Justus Amuche Nweze, Shruti Gupta","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch011","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing demands for foods and other agriculture-based products, sustainable agricultural practices are the cornerstone for improving low-input agricultural production. In contrast to crop production, plant-microorganism interaction (PMI) plays a crucial role. PMI significantly raises productivity as well as maintaining the overall health of the crop. During harsh and extreme physiological conditions, plant-associated extremophilic microbes (PAEM) are known to contribute to crop production, survivability, and fitness. Thus, the application of extremophiles either in the form of biofertilizer or biopesticides is highly beneficial. Extremophiles have been adapted to withstand diverse harsh environmental conditions. They possess unique mechanisms at the molecular level to produce enormous potential extremozymes and bioactive compounds. Consequently, extremophiles represent the foundation of efficient and sustainable agriculture. This chapter introduces the significance and application of plant-associated extremophilic microbes in sustainable agriculture.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116359503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch007
S. Panicker
Extremophiles will be the choice of next generation industrial biotechnology (NGIB) as they are known to be contaminant resistant, but engineering their genomes has always been difficult and time consuming task. CRIPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat and CRISPR associated proteins) system can be employed for this reason. The genome of an industrially important halophile (i.e., Halomonas) was edited to study a combined effect of four different genes on glucose breakdown and production of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). This editing has resulted in 16-fold increase of 3HV, and the mutants generated by CRIPR/Cas system were significantly effective in synthesizing PHBV. Unfortunately, this system does not always work, specifically in extremophilic microorganisms because Cas9 or Cpf1 are from mesophilic bacteria. Therefore, alternatively, the endogenous CRISPR/Cas system is used for editing the genomes of such organisms. This genome editing of extremophiles will open the doors for developing next generation industrial biotechnology (NGIB).
极端微生物将成为下一代工业生物技术(NGIB)的选择，因为它们已知具有抗污染能力，但对它们的基因组进行工程设计一直是一项困难且耗时的任务。因此可以采用CRISPR /Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat and CRISPR associated proteins)系统。编辑了一种工业上重要的嗜盐菌(即盐单胞菌)的基因组，以研究四种不同基因对葡萄糖分解和聚(3-羟基丁酸酯-co-3-羟基戊酸酯)生产的综合影响。这种编辑使3HV增加了16倍，并且由CRIPR/Cas系统产生的突变体在合成PHBV方面效果显著。不幸的是，这个系统并不总是有效，特别是在嗜极微生物中，因为Cas9或Cpf1来自嗜中温细菌。因此，可以选择使用内源性CRISPR/Cas系统来编辑这些生物的基因组。此次对极端微生物进行基因组编辑，将为开发下一代工业生物技术(NGIB)打开大门。
{"title":"Genome Editing and CRISPR/Cas System of Extremophiles and Its Applications","authors":"S. Panicker","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch007","url":null,"abstract":"Extremophiles will be the choice of next generation industrial biotechnology (NGIB) as they are known to be contaminant resistant, but engineering their genomes has always been difficult and time consuming task. CRIPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat and CRISPR associated proteins) system can be employed for this reason. The genome of an industrially important halophile (i.e., Halomonas) was edited to study a combined effect of four different genes on glucose breakdown and production of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). This editing has resulted in 16-fold increase of 3HV, and the mutants generated by CRIPR/Cas system were significantly effective in synthesizing PHBV. Unfortunately, this system does not always work, specifically in extremophilic microorganisms because Cas9 or Cpf1 are from mesophilic bacteria. Therefore, alternatively, the endogenous CRISPR/Cas system is used for editing the genomes of such organisms. This genome editing of extremophiles will open the doors for developing next generation industrial biotechnology (NGIB).","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122321551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch010
P. Arya, Shivani M Yagnik, R. Panchal, Kiransinh N. Rajput, V. Raval
Extremophilic microorganisms have developed a variety of molecular tactics to exist in extreme environments. Researchers are fascinated by extremophiles and unearth various enzymes from these fascinating microbes. Extremozymes are astonishing biocatalysts with distinctive properties of catalysis and stability under a multitude of daunting conditions of salt, pH, organic solvents, and temperature, which open up new possibilities for biocatalysis and biotransformation and outcompetes mesophilic counterparts. Biotechnological implications include simple, immobilized, as well as whole-cell applications. Stability in organic solvents adds to the asymmetric catalysis and thereby exemplifies the applicability of extremozymes and in fostering biobased economies. Marine, cold-adapted enzymes, and those that help in the removal of a toxic hazardous substance from the environment are obvious choices for food industries and bioremediation. The major area of application and research emphasis includes textile, detergents, food, dairy, agriculture, and environmental remediation.
{"title":"Industrial Applications of Enzymes From Extremophiles","authors":"P. Arya, Shivani M Yagnik, R. Panchal, Kiransinh N. Rajput, V. Raval","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch010","url":null,"abstract":"Extremophilic microorganisms have developed a variety of molecular tactics to exist in extreme environments. Researchers are fascinated by extremophiles and unearth various enzymes from these fascinating microbes. Extremozymes are astonishing biocatalysts with distinctive properties of catalysis and stability under a multitude of daunting conditions of salt, pH, organic solvents, and temperature, which open up new possibilities for biocatalysis and biotransformation and outcompetes mesophilic counterparts. Biotechnological implications include simple, immobilized, as well as whole-cell applications. Stability in organic solvents adds to the asymmetric catalysis and thereby exemplifies the applicability of extremozymes and in fostering biobased economies. Marine, cold-adapted enzymes, and those that help in the removal of a toxic hazardous substance from the environment are obvious choices for food industries and bioremediation. The major area of application and research emphasis includes textile, detergents, food, dairy, agriculture, and environmental remediation.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122635311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch003
Vishal Mevada, Urvisha Beladiya, H. Gandhi, A. Mangrola, Rajesh Patel
Alkalophiles are a class of extremophiles capable of survival in alkaline (pH roughly 8.5–11) environments, growing optimally around a pH of 10. At such high pH, the normal cellular functions are detrimentally affected for mesophilic organisms. The alkalophiles successfully manage stability of DNA, plasma membrane, and function of cytosolic enzymes, as well as other unfavorable physiological changes at such an elevated pH. A recent development in NextGen sequencing technology facilitates identifying uncultivable organisms amongst the extreme environments. In recent years, distribution of alkalophiles was reported from Soda Lake, marine environments, saline deserts, and natural thermal vents to natural water bodies. Although alkalophiles were first reported in 1889, their enzymatic and industrial applications still make them an interesting area of research. This chapter provides basic information on environmental distribution, taxonomy, physiology, bioenergetics, and survival mechanism and enzymes produced by alkalophilic organisms.
{"title":"Alkalophiles","authors":"Vishal Mevada, Urvisha Beladiya, H. Gandhi, A. Mangrola, Rajesh Patel","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch003","url":null,"abstract":"Alkalophiles are a class of extremophiles capable of survival in alkaline (pH roughly 8.5–11) environments, growing optimally around a pH of 10. At such high pH, the normal cellular functions are detrimentally affected for mesophilic organisms. The alkalophiles successfully manage stability of DNA, plasma membrane, and function of cytosolic enzymes, as well as other unfavorable physiological changes at such an elevated pH. A recent development in NextGen sequencing technology facilitates identifying uncultivable organisms amongst the extreme environments. In recent years, distribution of alkalophiles was reported from Soda Lake, marine environments, saline deserts, and natural thermal vents to natural water bodies. Although alkalophiles were first reported in 1889, their enzymatic and industrial applications still make them an interesting area of research. This chapter provides basic information on environmental distribution, taxonomy, physiology, bioenergetics, and survival mechanism and enzymes produced by alkalophilic organisms.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121495728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch012
A. P. Leanwala
Extremophiles have adapted themselves at extreme environmental conditions like high or low temperature, pH, salinity, and pressure. Extremophiles may be either acidophilic, alkaliphilic, halophilic, thermophilic, psychrophilic, oligotrophic, endolithic, and xerophilic. There extremozymes are found to be biocatalysts and producers of novel enzymes which can be employed in many industries like food, cosmetics, chemical, pharmaceuticals, etc. Currently the researchers have developed keen interest in studying and utilizing the abilities of these extremophiles in food industries. Metabolic pathways and extremozymes are being studied by the researchers and they are trying to utilize its characteristics and also engineer these extremophiles. In food industries, one of the extremophiles, Rhodothermus marinus, which has been an excellent biocatalyst producing lipase as an enzyme, could be utilized to improve to aroma of food and add natural flavour to food. So, the current chapter will deal with the various applications of these extremophiles.
{"title":"Application of Extremophiles in Food Industries","authors":"A. P. Leanwala","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch012","url":null,"abstract":"Extremophiles have adapted themselves at extreme environmental conditions like high or low temperature, pH, salinity, and pressure. Extremophiles may be either acidophilic, alkaliphilic, halophilic, thermophilic, psychrophilic, oligotrophic, endolithic, and xerophilic. There extremozymes are found to be biocatalysts and producers of novel enzymes which can be employed in many industries like food, cosmetics, chemical, pharmaceuticals, etc. Currently the researchers have developed keen interest in studying and utilizing the abilities of these extremophiles in food industries. Metabolic pathways and extremozymes are being studied by the researchers and they are trying to utilize its characteristics and also engineer these extremophiles. In food industries, one of the extremophiles, Rhodothermus marinus, which has been an excellent biocatalyst producing lipase as an enzyme, could be utilized to improve to aroma of food and add natural flavour to food. So, the current chapter will deal with the various applications of these extremophiles.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130456108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch014
Mukta Kothari, Leena Gaurav Kulkarni, D. Gupta, R. Thombre
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology is considered one of the renewable sources of energy for the production of bioelectricity from waste. Due to the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental considerations, MFC haa garnered increasing importance as it is a sustainable and environmentally-friendly method of generation of bioenergy. In MFC, electroactive bacteria (EAB) and biofilms are harnessed to convert organic substances to electrical energy. Extremophiles survive in extreme environments, and they have demonstrated potential applications in microbial electrical systems (MES) and MFC technology. The key limitations of MFC are the low power output and engineering constraints of the fuel cell. Hence, it is imperative to understand the genetics, key metabolic pathways, and molecular mechanisms of the EAB for enhancing the power generation in MFC. This chapter gives a brief overview of the scope and applications of extremophiles in wastewater treatment, bioelectricity, and biohydrogen production using MFC, eventually enhancing the functional efficiency of MFC.
{"title":"Extremophiles in Sustainable Bioenergy Production as Microbial Fuel Cells","authors":"Mukta Kothari, Leena Gaurav Kulkarni, D. Gupta, R. Thombre","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch014","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology is considered one of the renewable sources of energy for the production of bioelectricity from waste. Due to the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental considerations, MFC haa garnered increasing importance as it is a sustainable and environmentally-friendly method of generation of bioenergy. In MFC, electroactive bacteria (EAB) and biofilms are harnessed to convert organic substances to electrical energy. Extremophiles survive in extreme environments, and they have demonstrated potential applications in microbial electrical systems (MES) and MFC technology. The key limitations of MFC are the low power output and engineering constraints of the fuel cell. Hence, it is imperative to understand the genetics, key metabolic pathways, and molecular mechanisms of the EAB for enhancing the power generation in MFC. This chapter gives a brief overview of the scope and applications of extremophiles in wastewater treatment, bioelectricity, and biohydrogen production using MFC, eventually enhancing the functional efficiency of MFC.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114474548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch004
A. Mangrola, Rajesh Patel, P. Dudhagara, H. Gandhi, A. Ghelani, Kunal R. Jain, Hardik Shah, Vishal Mevada
Microorganisms are the diverse living things present on the Earth. India has numerous unique thermal habitats that comprise several diversity hotspots, such as hot springs, deep oceanic hydrothermal openings, anaerobic biodigesters. The existence of life at high temperatures is quite attractive. At both ends of the temperature range suited with life, only microorganisms can grow and survive. Thermophiles are a typical extremophilic microbes capable of existence in high temperature environments. At such high temperature, the ordinary cellular functions adversely affected for mesophiles. The thermophiles effectively manage instability of the plasma membrane, inactivation of enzymes instability of DNA, as well as other hostile physiological variations at such an elevated temperature. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) have established the most attention in thermophiles under stress condition, which is well described in this chapter. This chapter offers comprehensive information about thermophiles, physiology, metabolism, enzymes of metabolic pathways, and various adaptation mechanisms.
{"title":"Thermophiles","authors":"A. Mangrola, Rajesh Patel, P. Dudhagara, H. Gandhi, A. Ghelani, Kunal R. Jain, Hardik Shah, Vishal Mevada","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch004","url":null,"abstract":"Microorganisms are the diverse living things present on the Earth. India has numerous unique thermal habitats that comprise several diversity hotspots, such as hot springs, deep oceanic hydrothermal openings, anaerobic biodigesters. The existence of life at high temperatures is quite attractive. At both ends of the temperature range suited with life, only microorganisms can grow and survive. Thermophiles are a typical extremophilic microbes capable of existence in high temperature environments. At such high temperature, the ordinary cellular functions adversely affected for mesophiles. The thermophiles effectively manage instability of the plasma membrane, inactivation of enzymes instability of DNA, as well as other hostile physiological variations at such an elevated temperature. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) have established the most attention in thermophiles under stress condition, which is well described in this chapter. This chapter offers comprehensive information about thermophiles, physiology, metabolism, enzymes of metabolic pathways, and various adaptation mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114658121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch013
N. Patel, Shivani M Yagnik, Dhritiksha M Baria, V. Raval
Extremophiles are at center stage of scientific interest owing to their peculiar properties in terms of physiology, ecology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics. The bio-active compounds from extremophiles involve various types of extremolytes. The functional applicability of extremophiles has been far-reaching. Looking to the global scenario medical, pharmaceutical and allied healthcare sectors have a persistent surge for a novel anticancer, antimicrobial, stable drug deliverables, nutraceuticals, fine chemicals, natural antioxidants, and bio-polymers compounds. Genetic engineering tools clubbed with -omics approach enhance and better the chances for applicability of the extremophilic metabolites in varied sectors of red and yellow biotechnology. The chapter provides an insight into the various types of bio-active molecules from extremophiles and their wide biotechnological applicability in the medical and pharmaceutical industry.
{"title":"Application of Extremophiles in Medicine and Pharmaceutical Industries","authors":"N. Patel, Shivani M Yagnik, Dhritiksha M Baria, V. Raval","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch013","url":null,"abstract":"Extremophiles are at center stage of scientific interest owing to their peculiar properties in terms of physiology, ecology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics. The bio-active compounds from extremophiles involve various types of extremolytes. The functional applicability of extremophiles has been far-reaching. Looking to the global scenario medical, pharmaceutical and allied healthcare sectors have a persistent surge for a novel anticancer, antimicrobial, stable drug deliverables, nutraceuticals, fine chemicals, natural antioxidants, and bio-polymers compounds. Genetic engineering tools clubbed with -omics approach enhance and better the chances for applicability of the extremophilic metabolites in varied sectors of red and yellow biotechnology. The chapter provides an insight into the various types of bio-active molecules from extremophiles and their wide biotechnological applicability in the medical and pharmaceutical industry.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121413168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch006
Kailas V. Fuldeore, N. Patel, Aradhana Hitesh bhai Bavarva, Vrushali Wagh
Extremophiles are the mortals that tolerate in the most limiting and aggravating conditions to life. Because of these fantastic ecological criticisms, extremophiles have substituted innumerable intriguing transformations to cell films, proteins, and extracellular metabolites. These stimulatingly regulated usual particles and frameworks as of now play parts in numerous biotechnological fields. Compounds from extremophilic microorganisms as a rule catalyse synthetic responses in non-standard conditions. Such conditions advance accumulation, precipitation, and denaturation, diminishing the movement of most non-extremophilic catalysts, regularly because of the shortfall of adequate hydration. Extremophilic catalysts can go after hydration by means of modifications particularly to their surface through more noteworthy surface charges and expanded sub-atomic movement. These assets have permitted few extremophilic compounds to work within the sight of non-fluid natural solvents, with potential for plan of valuable impetuses.
{"title":"Biochemistry Behind Protein Adaptations in Extremophiles","authors":"Kailas V. Fuldeore, N. Patel, Aradhana Hitesh bhai Bavarva, Vrushali Wagh","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch006","url":null,"abstract":"Extremophiles are the mortals that tolerate in the most limiting and aggravating conditions to life. Because of these fantastic ecological criticisms, extremophiles have substituted innumerable intriguing transformations to cell films, proteins, and extracellular metabolites. These stimulatingly regulated usual particles and frameworks as of now play parts in numerous biotechnological fields. Compounds from extremophilic microorganisms as a rule catalyse synthetic responses in non-standard conditions. Such conditions advance accumulation, precipitation, and denaturation, diminishing the movement of most non-extremophilic catalysts, regularly because of the shortfall of adequate hydration. Extremophilic catalysts can go after hydration by means of modifications particularly to their surface through more noteworthy surface charges and expanded sub-atomic movement. These assets have permitted few extremophilic compounds to work within the sight of non-fluid natural solvents, with potential for plan of valuable impetuses.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121240218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch008
Hardik Shah, K. Panchal, Amish Panchal
Extremophiles are the most ancient microbes on the Earth and also a center of attraction for the scientific community for research because of their ability to adapt to extreme habitats. Compatible solutes are among those factors which enable these microorganisms to thrive in such extreme habitats. Under osmotic stress, the majority of extremophiles accumulate specific organic solutes such as amino acids, sugars, polyols, and their derivatives. In addition, proteins in extremophiles are found to be evolved by changing their amino acid composition to alter the hydrophobicity of its core and surface charge to maintain activity. This chapter encompasses a comprehensive study about the role of various compatible solutes in the endurance of microorganisms under extremophilic conditions, synthesis of compatible solutes, nature of extremophilic proteins, and their applications. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to cover various strategies adopted by the scientific community while pursuing research on compatible solutes.
{"title":"Major Compatible Solutes and Structural Adaptation of Proteins in Extremophiles","authors":"Hardik Shah, K. Panchal, Amish Panchal","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch008","url":null,"abstract":"Extremophiles are the most ancient microbes on the Earth and also a center of attraction for the scientific community for research because of their ability to adapt to extreme habitats. Compatible solutes are among those factors which enable these microorganisms to thrive in such extreme habitats. Under osmotic stress, the majority of extremophiles accumulate specific organic solutes such as amino acids, sugars, polyols, and their derivatives. In addition, proteins in extremophiles are found to be evolved by changing their amino acid composition to alter the hydrophobicity of its core and surface charge to maintain activity. This chapter encompasses a comprehensive study about the role of various compatible solutes in the endurance of microorganisms under extremophilic conditions, synthesis of compatible solutes, nature of extremophilic proteins, and their applications. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to cover various strategies adopted by the scientific community while pursuing research on compatible solutes.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127238704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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