Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch009
H. Pandey, Devendra N. Singh, Vinay Kumar Dhiman, V. K. Dhiman, D. Pandey
A microorganism dwelling in severe environmental conditions is termed an extremophile. These unfavorable environmental conditions include high salinity, toxin compounds, heavy metals, unfavorable temperature, and extremely acidic and alkaline pH. Microorganisms belonging to prokaryotes include true bacteria and archaea bacteria which prevail in harsh environments. In recent years, extremophilic, basically, archaea bacteria have been reported for their immense potential application in the bioremediation process. Bioremediation is a technique that utilizes microorganisms for the decomposition of organic and inorganic pollutants; anthropogenic activities are the basic cause of soil pollution, water pollution, and air pollution globally. Extremophiles are capable of producing enzymes that are thermolabile and can function normally even in extreme conditions. These enzymes and proteins can be utilized in the bioremediation process under extreme pH, heavy metal stress, and unfavorable temperature conditions. In this chapter, the role of extremophiles in bioremediation is discussed.
{"title":"Extremophiles and Their Application in Bioremediation","authors":"H. Pandey, Devendra N. Singh, Vinay Kumar Dhiman, V. K. Dhiman, D. Pandey","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch009","url":null,"abstract":"A microorganism dwelling in severe environmental conditions is termed an extremophile. These unfavorable environmental conditions include high salinity, toxin compounds, heavy metals, unfavorable temperature, and extremely acidic and alkaline pH. Microorganisms belonging to prokaryotes include true bacteria and archaea bacteria which prevail in harsh environments. In recent years, extremophilic, basically, archaea bacteria have been reported for their immense potential application in the bioremediation process. Bioremediation is a technique that utilizes microorganisms for the decomposition of organic and inorganic pollutants; anthropogenic activities are the basic cause of soil pollution, water pollution, and air pollution globally. Extremophiles are capable of producing enzymes that are thermolabile and can function normally even in extreme conditions. These enzymes and proteins can be utilized in the bioremediation process under extreme pH, heavy metal stress, and unfavorable temperature conditions. In this chapter, the role of extremophiles in bioremediation is discussed.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116374818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch001
Aniruddh Rabari, Janki Ruparelia, C. Jha
Extremophiles are extreme nature devotees, mostly bacteria and archaea, which bloom with extreme environmental parameters like temperature, pH, pressure, and salinity. Extremophiles are responsible for the beginning of geographical structures throughout the evolution and establishment of all presently known ecological units. They are classified into several categories like acidophiles, alkaliphiles, psychrophiles, thermophiles, xerophiles, piezophiles/barophiles, halophiles, and many more, as given in this chapter. The subsistence of these microorganisms in extreme environments produces extremolytes and extremozymes that have the potential of valued resources for the enlargement of a bio-based economy. In addition to their solicitations, extremophiles offer treasured information regarding the physiochemical limitations of natural life. This chapter mainly evaluates extremophiles, the classification of extremophiles, and their biotechnological applications in grey, white, and red biotechnologies with the perspective of exploring celestial life.
{"title":"Extremophiles","authors":"Aniruddh Rabari, Janki Ruparelia, C. Jha","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch001","url":null,"abstract":"Extremophiles are extreme nature devotees, mostly bacteria and archaea, which bloom with extreme environmental parameters like temperature, pH, pressure, and salinity. Extremophiles are responsible for the beginning of geographical structures throughout the evolution and establishment of all presently known ecological units. They are classified into several categories like acidophiles, alkaliphiles, psychrophiles, thermophiles, xerophiles, piezophiles/barophiles, halophiles, and many more, as given in this chapter. The subsistence of these microorganisms in extreme environments produces extremolytes and extremozymes that have the potential of valued resources for the enlargement of a bio-based economy. In addition to their solicitations, extremophiles offer treasured information regarding the physiochemical limitations of natural life. This chapter mainly evaluates extremophiles, the classification of extremophiles, and their biotechnological applications in grey, white, and red biotechnologies with the perspective of exploring celestial life.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133313893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch005
S. Bhatt
Life on the Earth has evolved in the cold environments. Such cold habitats pose special challenges to the microbes in cold ecosystems, such as minimum metabolic activities, very limited nutrient availability, and often extreme conditions such as pH and salinity apart from temperature. Microbial communities surviving under these extreme conditions must have evolved complex structural and functional adaptations. Prokaryotic adaptations to cold environments are through physiological adaptations by increasing membrane fluidity through large amount of unsaturated fatty acids. These microbes also possess some cold adapted proteins whose steady state levels are maintained. They also produce certain compounds such as polyamines, sugars, polyols, amino acids, and some antifreeze proteins to protect themselves under freezing conditions. They also produce exopolymeric substances that promote adhesion of microbes to moist surfaces to induce biofilm formation which helps getting nutrients and protect the cells from harsh conditions. Antioxidants help destroying toxic reactive oxygen species.
{"title":"Psychrophiles","authors":"S. Bhatt","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch005","url":null,"abstract":"Life on the Earth has evolved in the cold environments. Such cold habitats pose special challenges to the microbes in cold ecosystems, such as minimum metabolic activities, very limited nutrient availability, and often extreme conditions such as pH and salinity apart from temperature. Microbial communities surviving under these extreme conditions must have evolved complex structural and functional adaptations. Prokaryotic adaptations to cold environments are through physiological adaptations by increasing membrane fluidity through large amount of unsaturated fatty acids. These microbes also possess some cold adapted proteins whose steady state levels are maintained. They also produce certain compounds such as polyamines, sugars, polyols, amino acids, and some antifreeze proteins to protect themselves under freezing conditions. They also produce exopolymeric substances that promote adhesion of microbes to moist surfaces to induce biofilm formation which helps getting nutrients and protect the cells from harsh conditions. Antioxidants help destroying toxic reactive oxygen species.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134560397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch016
R. Goswami, Bidyut Bandyopadhyay, S. Sadhukhan
Bacterial exopolysaccharides have enormous diversity with valuable characteristics, synthesized by various pathways in extreme conditions like salinity, geothermal springs, or hydrothermal vents. Due to extreme environments, these microorganisms have various adaption principles (e.g., low pH, high temperature, high saltation, and high radiation). Exopolysaccharide is an organic compound produced by most bacteria during fermentation using various carbon sources, resulting in a jelly-like or mass network structure outside the cell wall. This biopolymer has an adherent cohesive layer throughout the cell layer. Hot spring bacterial polysaccharides contain diverse extracellular polymeric substances. With a gain in popularity in applications of thermophilic microbial polysaccharides and its demand in diverse value-added industrial products, this chapter aims to provide valuable information on the physicochemical function and biotechnological applications in the field of food, medical imaging, nano-drugs, bioremediation, cancer, anti-bacterial, tissue engineering, etc.
{"title":"Thermophilic Bacterial Exopolysaccharides","authors":"R. Goswami, Bidyut Bandyopadhyay, S. Sadhukhan","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch016","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial exopolysaccharides have enormous diversity with valuable characteristics, synthesized by various pathways in extreme conditions like salinity, geothermal springs, or hydrothermal vents. Due to extreme environments, these microorganisms have various adaption principles (e.g., low pH, high temperature, high saltation, and high radiation). Exopolysaccharide is an organic compound produced by most bacteria during fermentation using various carbon sources, resulting in a jelly-like or mass network structure outside the cell wall. This biopolymer has an adherent cohesive layer throughout the cell layer. Hot spring bacterial polysaccharides contain diverse extracellular polymeric substances. With a gain in popularity in applications of thermophilic microbial polysaccharides and its demand in diverse value-added industrial products, this chapter aims to provide valuable information on the physicochemical function and biotechnological applications in the field of food, medical imaging, nano-drugs, bioremediation, cancer, anti-bacterial, tissue engineering, etc.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131552850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch002
A. Gunjal, Nilaja Badodekar
Halophiles are extremophilic salt-loving microorganisms that can survive in an extremely high level of salinity (10-30% NaCl). They belong to all three groups (i.e., bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes). Halophiles tolerate high salt concentration due to unique cellular adaptations like salt-in strategy, compatible solute strategy, and enzyme adaptations. The chapter describes the classification, physiology, ecology, and mechanisms of adaptations and biotechnological applications of halophiles.
{"title":"Halophiles","authors":"A. Gunjal, Nilaja Badodekar","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch002","url":null,"abstract":"Halophiles are extremophilic salt-loving microorganisms that can survive in an extremely high level of salinity (10-30% NaCl). They belong to all three groups (i.e., bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes). Halophiles tolerate high salt concentration due to unique cellular adaptations like salt-in strategy, compatible solute strategy, and enzyme adaptations. The chapter describes the classification, physiology, ecology, and mechanisms of adaptations and biotechnological applications of halophiles.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131347267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch015
P. Murthy, V. M, S. H. P., Inderjit Prakash
Extremophile and extremozyme capabilities to uphold catalytic actions under extreme situations open up a varied array of biotechnological applications. Extremophiles are a rich supply of biocatalysts used for innumerable purposes. Bioactive molecules and enzymes isolated from organisms inhabiting risky environments being used in biological innovation pipelines and pharmaceutical have positive claims. The species biodiversity has favourable reservoir of the unexploited amalgams with biotechnological significance. Prospective solicitations of extremozymes, chiefly as catalysis of multistep progressions, quorum sensing, bioremediation, biofuel, biodiversity and prospecting, biomining, and genetic technology are explored. To boost the biotechnological uses of extremozymes, research and development efforts are needed to address hurdles such as extremophile culture, gene expression in host cells, and extremozyme bioprocessing. Extremophiles can be a resource for innovative biotechnological comprising industrial biotechnology, agriculture, medical, food, and environmental biotechnology.
{"title":"Extremophiles as a Source of Biotechnological Products","authors":"P. Murthy, V. M, S. H. P., Inderjit Prakash","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9144-4.ch015","url":null,"abstract":"Extremophile and extremozyme capabilities to uphold catalytic actions under extreme situations open up a varied array of biotechnological applications. Extremophiles are a rich supply of biocatalysts used for innumerable purposes. Bioactive molecules and enzymes isolated from organisms inhabiting risky environments being used in biological innovation pipelines and pharmaceutical have positive claims. The species biodiversity has favourable reservoir of the unexploited amalgams with biotechnological significance. Prospective solicitations of extremozymes, chiefly as catalysis of multistep progressions, quorum sensing, bioremediation, biofuel, biodiversity and prospecting, biomining, and genetic technology are explored. To boost the biotechnological uses of extremozymes, research and development efforts are needed to address hurdles such as extremophile culture, gene expression in host cells, and extremozyme bioprocessing. Extremophiles can be a resource for innovative biotechnological comprising industrial biotechnology, agriculture, medical, food, and environmental biotechnology.","PeriodicalId":342557,"journal":{"name":"Physiology, Genomics, and Biotechnological Applications of Extremophiles","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124445592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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