W. Smutz, R. Dong, B. Han, A. Schopper, D. Welcome, M. Kashon
OBJECTIVES International standard ISO 10819 was established in order to quantify the vibration attenuation characteristics of anti-vibration gloves. One problem that exists with the standard is possible misalignment of the palm adaptor that is placed underneath the test glove. If the adaptor becomes misaligned, the measured glove transmissibility will be lower than the actual value. A tri-axial accelerometer was installed in the adaptor and was used as the basis for providing visual feedback of the adaptor alignment to the test subjects. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that adaptor misalignment could be reduced by providing feedback to the test subjects. METHODS Eight male volunteers (mean age 24.8 yr) were used in the study. Each subject performed two sets of tests: the standard ISO 10819 glove test and the modified version. Three different anti-vibration gloves were tested. Glove transmissibility and adaptor misalignment were calculated for each glove. A three-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the results. RESULTS A comparison of the two testing methods showed that the modified glove testing method did reduce misalignment significantly, which, in turn, resulted in an increase in the measured glove transmissibility. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method greatly improved the standard deviation of transmissibility and made the test results more consistent.
{"title":"A method for reducing adaptor misalignment when testing gloves using ISO 10819.","authors":"W. Smutz, R. Dong, B. Han, A. Schopper, D. Welcome, M. Kashon","doi":"10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF037","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVES\u0000International standard ISO 10819 was established in order to quantify the vibration attenuation characteristics of anti-vibration gloves. One problem that exists with the standard is possible misalignment of the palm adaptor that is placed underneath the test glove. If the adaptor becomes misaligned, the measured glove transmissibility will be lower than the actual value. A tri-axial accelerometer was installed in the adaptor and was used as the basis for providing visual feedback of the adaptor alignment to the test subjects. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that adaptor misalignment could be reduced by providing feedback to the test subjects.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Eight male volunteers (mean age 24.8 yr) were used in the study. Each subject performed two sets of tests: the standard ISO 10819 glove test and the modified version. Three different anti-vibration gloves were tested. Glove transmissibility and adaptor misalignment were calculated for each glove. A three-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the results.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000A comparison of the two testing methods showed that the modified glove testing method did reduce misalignment significantly, which, in turn, resulted in an increase in the measured glove transmissibility.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000The proposed method greatly improved the standard deviation of transmissibility and made the test results more consistent.","PeriodicalId":342592,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of occupational hygiene","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130429560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to describe the symptoms and the prognosis of vibration injuries in women. The investigation was based on a study of 374 women who had reported an injury due to hand-arm vibration to the Social Insurance Office or had received financial compensation from the Swedish Labor Market Insurance scheme during 1988-1997. Information on, for example, self-rated health symptoms and vibration exposure was collected by means of a questionnaire. On average, the first symptoms started after 7 yr of exposure and the first visit to a doctor took place after 11 yr. Neurological symptoms developed after a shorter period of exposure compared to vascular symptoms, 6.8 and 9.2 yr, respectively. The prevalence of numbness at the time of reporting the injury was 91% and the prevalence of white fingers was reported by 54%. The occupational group with the highest prevalence of vibration injuries was dental technicians. Two thirds of the women had stopped using vibrating machines in their work. Among the women who suffered from white fingers when they reported the injury, 50% declared impairment or no improvement of the symptoms. One woman in five was retired and the same number of women had retrained due to the occupational injury.
{"title":"A descriptive study of women injured by hand-arm vibration.","authors":"S. H. Bylund, L. Burström, A. Knutsson","doi":"10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF025","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to describe the symptoms and the prognosis of vibration injuries in women. The investigation was based on a study of 374 women who had reported an injury due to hand-arm vibration to the Social Insurance Office or had received financial compensation from the Swedish Labor Market Insurance scheme during 1988-1997. Information on, for example, self-rated health symptoms and vibration exposure was collected by means of a questionnaire. On average, the first symptoms started after 7 yr of exposure and the first visit to a doctor took place after 11 yr. Neurological symptoms developed after a shorter period of exposure compared to vascular symptoms, 6.8 and 9.2 yr, respectively. The prevalence of numbness at the time of reporting the injury was 91% and the prevalence of white fingers was reported by 54%. The occupational group with the highest prevalence of vibration injuries was dental technicians. Two thirds of the women had stopped using vibrating machines in their work. Among the women who suffered from white fingers when they reported the injury, 50% declared impairment or no improvement of the symptoms. One woman in five was retired and the same number of women had retrained due to the occupational injury.","PeriodicalId":342592,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of occupational hygiene","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116422007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Occupational hygienists and other health scientists should have little problem in accepting that approaches to the management of risk should be based on soundly constructed principles of risk assessment. Such thinking permeates many aspects of occupational health practice and is reflected in supporting legal frameworks, for example the Chemical Agents Directive (EC, 1998) and UK Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations (Department of Health, 1999). Yet within Europe, such approaches are now under discussion concerning their relevance to other aspects of chemicals management. Three areas in the current debate are most pertinent.
{"title":"European chemical regulation and occupational hygiene.","authors":"C. Money","doi":"10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF049","url":null,"abstract":"Occupational hygienists and other health scientists should have little problem in accepting that approaches to the management of risk should be based on soundly constructed principles of risk assessment. Such thinking permeates many aspects of occupational health practice and is reflected in supporting legal frameworks, for example the Chemical Agents Directive (EC, 1998) and UK Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations (Department of Health, 1999). Yet within Europe, such approaches are now under discussion concerning their relevance to other aspects of chemicals management. Three areas in the current debate are most pertinent.","PeriodicalId":342592,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of occupational hygiene","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133105524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The process of risk assessment for human health demands the availability of soundly based effects and exposure information. However, many of the available data, particularly those which seek to describe human exposures to chemicals, are of varying quality and scope. Changing public and regulatory expectations increasingly demand that the outcomes of risk assessments are seen to have duly accounted for these data, in order that their conclusions can be viewed as valid. The challenge for risk assessors, therefore, is how the different grades of data should be integrated within the overall process. A series of core values are identified that govern the relationships and the influence that different types of exposure data have within European Union (EU) regulatory risk assessment for chemicals. Building on these values, an approach is presented for evaluating workplace exposure information in the context of how such data might be used within the EU process for assessing the risks to human health of new and existing substances. The implications of adopting the approach for regulatory risk assessment within the EU and its consequent impact on current occupational hygiene practice are discussed.
{"title":"Improved use of workplace exposure data in the regulatory risk assessment of chemicals within Europe.","authors":"C. Money, S. A. Margary","doi":"10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF044","url":null,"abstract":"The process of risk assessment for human health demands the availability of soundly based effects and exposure information. However, many of the available data, particularly those which seek to describe human exposures to chemicals, are of varying quality and scope. Changing public and regulatory expectations increasingly demand that the outcomes of risk assessments are seen to have duly accounted for these data, in order that their conclusions can be viewed as valid. The challenge for risk assessors, therefore, is how the different grades of data should be integrated within the overall process. A series of core values are identified that govern the relationships and the influence that different types of exposure data have within European Union (EU) regulatory risk assessment for chemicals. Building on these values, an approach is presented for evaluating workplace exposure information in the context of how such data might be used within the EU process for assessing the risks to human health of new and existing substances. The implications of adopting the approach for regulatory risk assessment within the EU and its consequent impact on current occupational hygiene practice are discussed.","PeriodicalId":342592,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of occupational hygiene","volume":"46 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129472032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Tielemans, H. Marquart, J. de Cock, M. Groenewold, J. V. van Hemmen
There is a growing need for transparency concerning ways in which existing exposure data are weighted for their relative value and quality. Currently, this evaluation is largely subjective and is dependent on the quality of the judgement of the individual assessor or expert group. In this paper some general guidelines are presented for a quality assessment procedure. Such a predetermined procedure potentially enhances the consistency among different assessors and assessments and facilitates harmonization of assessment procedures. The guidelines are presented in the context of a decision tree with four decision rules for data quality, i.e. 'availability of occupational hygiene information', 'variability and precision issues', 'internal validity' and 'external validity'. These methodological issues are considered to be the most important aspects of data quality and will be discussed in this paper. The decision tree eventually results in three quality classes, i.e. exposure data providing sufficient information, supplementary information and data which should be excluded from the exposure assessment process. The guidelines should not be used in a rigid manner but have to be interpreted in the light of the particular circumstances and purposes of the assessment.
{"title":"A proposal for evaluation of exposure data.","authors":"E. Tielemans, H. Marquart, J. de Cock, M. Groenewold, J. V. van Hemmen","doi":"10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF047","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing need for transparency concerning ways in which existing exposure data are weighted for their relative value and quality. Currently, this evaluation is largely subjective and is dependent on the quality of the judgement of the individual assessor or expert group. In this paper some general guidelines are presented for a quality assessment procedure. Such a predetermined procedure potentially enhances the consistency among different assessors and assessments and facilitates harmonization of assessment procedures. The guidelines are presented in the context of a decision tree with four decision rules for data quality, i.e. 'availability of occupational hygiene information', 'variability and precision issues', 'internal validity' and 'external validity'. These methodological issues are considered to be the most important aspects of data quality and will be discussed in this paper. The decision tree eventually results in three quality classes, i.e. exposure data providing sufficient information, supplementary information and data which should be excluded from the exposure assessment process. The guidelines should not be used in a rigid manner but have to be interpreted in the light of the particular circumstances and purposes of the assessment.","PeriodicalId":342592,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of occupational hygiene","volume":"319 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123159597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the case of substances with a limited toxicological data base there is often (i) a lack of qualified human toxicological data; and (ii) a paucity of studies with adequate exposure duration. Hence, several extrapolations have to be performed to arrive at appropriate risk assessments or derive occupational exposure limits. The present paper deals with the possibilities for extrapolating the change in effect concentrations over time (time extrapolation, e.g. from subacute to chronic exposure) and for interspecies extrapolation (from animal to human) in connection with locally acting substances (respiratory toxicants). To justify the time extrapolation factors, 46 technical reports produced by the US National Toxicology Program (NTP) involving studies with subacute, subchronic and chronic exposure duration were evaluated. On the basis of geometric mean values, decreases in effect concentrations by factors of 3.2 (subacute --> subchronic), 2.7 (subchronic --> chronic) and 6.6 (subacute --> chronic) were found. Differentiation according to animal species (mouse, rat), sex or substance properties did not result in any relevant changes of the mean value. NTP studies with less than lifetime exposure periods (subacute, subchronic) in many cases showed different locations of respiratory effects compared with chronic studies, and thus offered limited possibilities for qualitative prediction of long-term respiratory effects (occurrence of effects in certain regions of the respiratory tract). With regard to interspecies extrapolation, gaseous and particulate substances were evaluated separately. With some modifications (e.g. consideration of the clearance of particles of low solubility), the 1994 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) model for deriving reference concentrations for humans on the basis of experimental data in animals is proposed for inhalable particulate substances. In the case of gaseous substances, the assumptions of the EPA model do not seem to consider sufficiently the local inhomogeneity in substance distribution and anatomical and histological differences between the upper respiratory tracts of rodents and humans. Considerable uncertainty would attach to a default factor for interspecies extrapolation for gaseous substances.
{"title":"Time extrapolation and interspecies extrapolation for locally acting substances in case of limited toxicological data.","authors":"F. Kalberlah, U. Föst, K. Schneider","doi":"10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF014","url":null,"abstract":"In the case of substances with a limited toxicological data base there is often (i) a lack of qualified human toxicological data; and (ii) a paucity of studies with adequate exposure duration. Hence, several extrapolations have to be performed to arrive at appropriate risk assessments or derive occupational exposure limits. The present paper deals with the possibilities for extrapolating the change in effect concentrations over time (time extrapolation, e.g. from subacute to chronic exposure) and for interspecies extrapolation (from animal to human) in connection with locally acting substances (respiratory toxicants). To justify the time extrapolation factors, 46 technical reports produced by the US National Toxicology Program (NTP) involving studies with subacute, subchronic and chronic exposure duration were evaluated. On the basis of geometric mean values, decreases in effect concentrations by factors of 3.2 (subacute --> subchronic), 2.7 (subchronic --> chronic) and 6.6 (subacute --> chronic) were found. Differentiation according to animal species (mouse, rat), sex or substance properties did not result in any relevant changes of the mean value. NTP studies with less than lifetime exposure periods (subacute, subchronic) in many cases showed different locations of respiratory effects compared with chronic studies, and thus offered limited possibilities for qualitative prediction of long-term respiratory effects (occurrence of effects in certain regions of the respiratory tract). With regard to interspecies extrapolation, gaseous and particulate substances were evaluated separately. With some modifications (e.g. consideration of the clearance of particles of low solubility), the 1994 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) model for deriving reference concentrations for humans on the basis of experimental data in animals is proposed for inhalable particulate substances. In the case of gaseous substances, the assumptions of the EPA model do not seem to consider sufficiently the local inhomogeneity in substance distribution and anatomical and histological differences between the upper respiratory tracts of rodents and humans. Considerable uncertainty would attach to a default factor for interspecies extrapolation for gaseous substances.","PeriodicalId":342592,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of occupational hygiene","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115515108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dermal sampling can be conducted using small pads or patches attached to various areas of the skin or clothing, or by using a whole-body coverall. Both techniques are recognized standardized methods for collecting chemicals. Patch sampling is simple to perform and inexpensive to analyse compared with an entire overall, but may require some user intervention. Extrapolation from a small sampled area to the total body area can lead to inaccurate estimates of total body exposure because of a lack of uniformity of deposition. Whole-body overall analysis eliminates the problems associated with using patches and gives a more accurate estimate of total body exposure. Therefore, if it were possible to measure the whole-body overall accurately and quickly, we would have a better assessment of dermal exposure. In this study we develop a working protocol using a standardized approach, to measure the contamination over an entire overall. The protocol takes into account size differences and establishes a reproducible pattern of sampling in order to map the distribution of contamination over each overall. The working protocol has been applied to 10 overalls collected from companies using copper-based biocides. A portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (PXRF) was used to measure the copper in the biocide. The exposure estimate from the PXRF results uses an averaging scheme based on the Dirichlet tessellation of the sampling locations. This allows unbiased estimates to be obtained from a complex sampling scheme that allocates more measurements to areas of high exposure. The Dirichlet tessellation method has been compared to the patch sampling method and the conventional total digestion of the entire overall method. Using the whole-suit digestion method as the benchmark, exposures ranged from 92.0 to 5848.5 mg. Mean absolute percentage errors (from the benchmark acid digestion of the whole suit) varied from approximately 20% for the Dirichlet-based PXRF method to 60% for the patch methods. The patch methods underestimated the true dermal exposure (-28 to -82% for acid digestion of the patches). Analysis of this data indicates that the Dirichlet PXRF method gives a more accurate estimate of whole-body contamination than the patch method. Furthermore, the 104 measurements give a much greater spatial resolution to the exposure data than analysis of the whole overall or patches by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission mass spectrometry (ICP-AES). This detailed knowledge of the pattern of deposition on the body is of potential importance in chemical risk assessments.
{"title":"A Dirichlet Tessellation-based sampling scheme for measuring whole-body exposure.","authors":"J. Wheeler, N. Warren","doi":"10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF026","url":null,"abstract":"Dermal sampling can be conducted using small pads or patches attached to various areas of the skin or clothing, or by using a whole-body coverall. Both techniques are recognized standardized methods for collecting chemicals. Patch sampling is simple to perform and inexpensive to analyse compared with an entire overall, but may require some user intervention. Extrapolation from a small sampled area to the total body area can lead to inaccurate estimates of total body exposure because of a lack of uniformity of deposition. Whole-body overall analysis eliminates the problems associated with using patches and gives a more accurate estimate of total body exposure. Therefore, if it were possible to measure the whole-body overall accurately and quickly, we would have a better assessment of dermal exposure. In this study we develop a working protocol using a standardized approach, to measure the contamination over an entire overall. The protocol takes into account size differences and establishes a reproducible pattern of sampling in order to map the distribution of contamination over each overall. The working protocol has been applied to 10 overalls collected from companies using copper-based biocides. A portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (PXRF) was used to measure the copper in the biocide. The exposure estimate from the PXRF results uses an averaging scheme based on the Dirichlet tessellation of the sampling locations. This allows unbiased estimates to be obtained from a complex sampling scheme that allocates more measurements to areas of high exposure. The Dirichlet tessellation method has been compared to the patch sampling method and the conventional total digestion of the entire overall method. Using the whole-suit digestion method as the benchmark, exposures ranged from 92.0 to 5848.5 mg. Mean absolute percentage errors (from the benchmark acid digestion of the whole suit) varied from approximately 20% for the Dirichlet-based PXRF method to 60% for the patch methods. The patch methods underestimated the true dermal exposure (-28 to -82% for acid digestion of the patches). Analysis of this data indicates that the Dirichlet PXRF method gives a more accurate estimate of whole-body contamination than the patch method. Furthermore, the 104 measurements give a much greater spatial resolution to the exposure data than analysis of the whole overall or patches by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission mass spectrometry (ICP-AES). This detailed knowledge of the pattern of deposition on the body is of potential importance in chemical risk assessments.","PeriodicalId":342592,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of occupational hygiene","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128438914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Twelve New Zealand workers from a range of occupations were studied to investigate the effect of wearing air-filtering respiratory protection on heart rate (HR) and facial skin temperature (Tlip and Tcheek) whilst working. All variables were measured continuously during simulated and actual work. The former allowed physiological measurements to be undertaken during the physical activities carried out during the work task without respirators and without exposure to hazardous airborne substances. Mean heart rates in subjects moving without respirators ranged from 75 to 94 beats/min and from 77 to 98 beats/min during respirator use at work. Mean skin temperature under the mask (Tlip) increased in 11 of the 12 subjects while using respirators (range 1.2-4.8 degrees C) but Tcheek only increased in four (range 0.6-1.5 degrees C). The use of simulated work tasks in the experiment was a compromise. The heart rate data from the real and simulated work indicated that effort and workload, though not identical, were similar. The increase in skin temperature under the mask may account for the reluctance of individuals to wear respiratory protection at work. This region of the face is very thermosensitive.
{"title":"The effect on heart rate and facial skin temperature of wearing respiratory protection at work.","authors":"I. Laird, R. Goldsmith, R. Pack, A. Vitalis","doi":"10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF015","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve New Zealand workers from a range of occupations were studied to investigate the effect of wearing air-filtering respiratory protection on heart rate (HR) and facial skin temperature (Tlip and Tcheek) whilst working. All variables were measured continuously during simulated and actual work. The former allowed physiological measurements to be undertaken during the physical activities carried out during the work task without respirators and without exposure to hazardous airborne substances. Mean heart rates in subjects moving without respirators ranged from 75 to 94 beats/min and from 77 to 98 beats/min during respirator use at work. Mean skin temperature under the mask (Tlip) increased in 11 of the 12 subjects while using respirators (range 1.2-4.8 degrees C) but Tcheek only increased in four (range 0.6-1.5 degrees C). The use of simulated work tasks in the experiment was a compromise. The heart rate data from the real and simulated work indicated that effort and workload, though not identical, were similar. The increase in skin temperature under the mask may account for the reluctance of individuals to wear respiratory protection at work. This region of the face is very thermosensitive.","PeriodicalId":342592,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of occupational hygiene","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127475657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Tsai, Hong‐Yong Shieh, Wen‐Jhy Lee, Hsiao-Lung Chen, T. Shih
In this study, a total of 30 workers were selected, including eight wet pelletizing workers and 22 packaging workers. For all selected workers, urine samples were collected on the first day pre-shift, first day post-shift and fifth day post-shift, and their urinary 1-hydroxylpyrene levels (1-OHP) were determined (denoted as BM1pre, BM1post and BM5post, respectively). Personal respiratory exposures, including both inhalable particle-bound PAHs (Cinh) and gaseous PAHs (Cgas), together with dermal exposure to particle-bound PAHs (Cskin) were measured. Personal background information, including age, sex and smoking habit, was carefully registered. Pyrene exposure was statistically significantly correlated with exposure to PAHs and carcinogenic PAHs. Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that the BM1post values could not be explained by workers' exposures. For BM5post in packaging workers, both the regression model (R2 = 0.73) and the regression coefficients for Cgas, Cinh and Cskin were statistically significant (P < 0.05). For pelletizing workers, the R2 value was higher but was not statistically significant because of the smaller number of workers. The resultant regression coefficients for 'sex', 'smoking habit' and 'age' were statistically insignificant (P >> 0.05), which could be because these variables made relatively small contributions to BM5post. In conclusion, this study suggests BM5post could be a suitable indicator for PAH exposures of carbon black workers, on the condition that both respiratory (including gaseous PAHs and particle-bound PAHs) and dermal exposures have been assessed.
{"title":"Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker of internal dose of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in carbon black workers.","authors":"P. Tsai, Hong‐Yong Shieh, Wen‐Jhy Lee, Hsiao-Lung Chen, T. Shih","doi":"10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF017","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a total of 30 workers were selected, including eight wet pelletizing workers and 22 packaging workers. For all selected workers, urine samples were collected on the first day pre-shift, first day post-shift and fifth day post-shift, and their urinary 1-hydroxylpyrene levels (1-OHP) were determined (denoted as BM1pre, BM1post and BM5post, respectively). Personal respiratory exposures, including both inhalable particle-bound PAHs (Cinh) and gaseous PAHs (Cgas), together with dermal exposure to particle-bound PAHs (Cskin) were measured. Personal background information, including age, sex and smoking habit, was carefully registered. Pyrene exposure was statistically significantly correlated with exposure to PAHs and carcinogenic PAHs. Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that the BM1post values could not be explained by workers' exposures. For BM5post in packaging workers, both the regression model (R2 = 0.73) and the regression coefficients for Cgas, Cinh and Cskin were statistically significant (P < 0.05). For pelletizing workers, the R2 value was higher but was not statistically significant because of the smaller number of workers. The resultant regression coefficients for 'sex', 'smoking habit' and 'age' were statistically insignificant (P >> 0.05), which could be because these variables made relatively small contributions to BM5post. In conclusion, this study suggests BM5post could be a suitable indicator for PAH exposures of carbon black workers, on the condition that both respiratory (including gaseous PAHs and particle-bound PAHs) and dermal exposures have been assessed.","PeriodicalId":342592,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of occupational hygiene","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123355322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Dosemeci, M. Alavanja, A. Rowland, D. Mage, S. Zahm, N. Rothman, J. Lubin, J. Hoppin, D. Sandler, A. Blair
We developed a quantitative method to estimate long-term chemical-specific pesticide exposures in a large prospective cohort study of more than 58000 pesticide applicators in North Carolina and Iowa. An enrollment questionnaire was administered to applicators to collect basic time- and intensity-related information on pesticide exposure such as mixing condition, duration and frequency of application, application methods and personal protective equipment used. In addition, a detailed take-home questionnaire was administered to collect further intensity-related exposure information such as maintenance or repair of mixing and application equipment, work practices and personal hygiene. More than 40% of the enrolled applicators responded to this detailed take-home questionnaire. Two algorithms were developed to identify applicators' exposure scenarios using information from the enrollment and take-home questionnaires separately in the calculation of subject-specific intensity of exposure score to individual pesticides. The 'general algorithm' used four basic variables (i.e. mixing status, application method, equipment repair status and personal protective equipment use) from the enrollment questionnaire and measurement data from the published pesticide exposure literature to calculate estimated intensity of exposure to individual pesticides for each applicator. The 'detailed' algorithm was based on variables in the general algorithm plus additional exposure information from the take-home questionnaire, including types of mixing system used (i.e. enclosed or open), having a tractor with enclosed cab and/or charcoal filter, frequency of washing equipment after application, frequency of replacing old gloves, personal hygiene and changing clothes after a spill. Weighting factors applied in both algorithms were estimated using measurement data from the published pesticide exposure literature and professional judgment. For each study subject, chemical-specific lifetime cumulative pesticide exposure levels were derived by combining intensity of pesticide exposure as calculated by the two algorithms independently and duration/frequency of pesticide use from the questionnaire. Distributions of duration, intensity and cumulative exposure levels of 2,4-D and chlorpyrifos are presented by state, gender, age group and applicator type (i.e. farmer or commercial applicator) for the entire enrollment cohort and for the sub-cohort of applicators who responded to the take-home questionnaire. The distribution patterns of all basic exposure indices (i.e. intensity, duration and cumulative exposure to 2,4-D and chlorpyrifos) by state, gender, age and applicator type were almost identical in two study populations, indicating that the take-home questionnaire sub-cohort of applicators is representative of the entire cohort in terms of exposure.
{"title":"A quantitative approach for estimating exposure to pesticides in the Agricultural Health Study.","authors":"M. Dosemeci, M. Alavanja, A. Rowland, D. Mage, S. Zahm, N. Rothman, J. Lubin, J. Hoppin, D. Sandler, A. Blair","doi":"10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ANNHYG/MEF011","url":null,"abstract":"We developed a quantitative method to estimate long-term chemical-specific pesticide exposures in a large prospective cohort study of more than 58000 pesticide applicators in North Carolina and Iowa. An enrollment questionnaire was administered to applicators to collect basic time- and intensity-related information on pesticide exposure such as mixing condition, duration and frequency of application, application methods and personal protective equipment used. In addition, a detailed take-home questionnaire was administered to collect further intensity-related exposure information such as maintenance or repair of mixing and application equipment, work practices and personal hygiene. More than 40% of the enrolled applicators responded to this detailed take-home questionnaire. Two algorithms were developed to identify applicators' exposure scenarios using information from the enrollment and take-home questionnaires separately in the calculation of subject-specific intensity of exposure score to individual pesticides. The 'general algorithm' used four basic variables (i.e. mixing status, application method, equipment repair status and personal protective equipment use) from the enrollment questionnaire and measurement data from the published pesticide exposure literature to calculate estimated intensity of exposure to individual pesticides for each applicator. The 'detailed' algorithm was based on variables in the general algorithm plus additional exposure information from the take-home questionnaire, including types of mixing system used (i.e. enclosed or open), having a tractor with enclosed cab and/or charcoal filter, frequency of washing equipment after application, frequency of replacing old gloves, personal hygiene and changing clothes after a spill. Weighting factors applied in both algorithms were estimated using measurement data from the published pesticide exposure literature and professional judgment. For each study subject, chemical-specific lifetime cumulative pesticide exposure levels were derived by combining intensity of pesticide exposure as calculated by the two algorithms independently and duration/frequency of pesticide use from the questionnaire. Distributions of duration, intensity and cumulative exposure levels of 2,4-D and chlorpyrifos are presented by state, gender, age group and applicator type (i.e. farmer or commercial applicator) for the entire enrollment cohort and for the sub-cohort of applicators who responded to the take-home questionnaire. The distribution patterns of all basic exposure indices (i.e. intensity, duration and cumulative exposure to 2,4-D and chlorpyrifos) by state, gender, age and applicator type were almost identical in two study populations, indicating that the take-home questionnaire sub-cohort of applicators is representative of the entire cohort in terms of exposure.","PeriodicalId":342592,"journal":{"name":"The Annals of occupational hygiene","volume":"396 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133522744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：