M. Galea, A. Messina, B. Hill, C. Cooper, Jodie Hahn, Natasha van Zyl
Loss of arm and hand function is a devastating consequence of cervical spinal cord injury. Tendon transfer surgery has traditionally been used to restore key functions including elbow extension, wrist extension and grasp and pinch. The more recent development of nerve transfer surgery enables direct restoration of voluntary control of these functions. While both types of surgery are safe and effective, nerve transfer surgery results in a more open, flexible and natural hand, with more subtle control for a range of activities of daily living.
{"title":"Reanimating hand function after spinal cord injury using nerve transfer surgery","authors":"M. Galea, A. Messina, B. Hill, C. Cooper, Jodie Hahn, Natasha van Zyl","doi":"10.47795/CQZF2655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47795/CQZF2655","url":null,"abstract":"Loss of arm and hand function is a devastating consequence of cervical spinal cord injury. Tendon transfer surgery has traditionally been used to restore key functions including elbow extension, wrist extension and grasp and pinch. The more recent development of nerve transfer surgery enables direct restoration of voluntary control of these functions. While both types of surgery are safe and effective, nerve transfer surgery results in a more open, flexible and natural hand, with more subtle control for a range of activities of daily living.","PeriodicalId":34274,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Neuroscience Rehabilitation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41552933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Driving while sleepy can have devastating consequences, but it is an under-recognised problem often associated with behavioural factors, medical conditions or medications. All drivers have a responsibility not to drive if sleepy and there are DVLA regulations restricting driving for patients with certain sleep disorders who are at risk of excessive sleepiness at the wheel. However, sleepiness can be difficult for patient and doctor to assess and guidelines open to interpretation. As doctors it is important we give consistent and reliable advice to patients who may be at risk when driving. This review suggests how to assess driving risk, educate patients about risk reduction, and clarifies DVLA guidelines in this area.
{"title":"Sleep Drivers","authors":"Clara Bolton, K. Anderson","doi":"10.47795/opws3033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47795/opws3033","url":null,"abstract":"Driving while sleepy can have devastating consequences, but it is an under-recognised problem often associated with behavioural factors, medical conditions or medications. All drivers have a responsibility not to drive if sleepy and there are DVLA regulations restricting driving for patients with certain sleep disorders who are at risk of excessive sleepiness at the wheel. However, sleepiness can be difficult for patient and doctor to assess and guidelines open to interpretation. As doctors it is important we give consistent and reliable advice to patients who may be at risk when driving. This review suggests how to assess driving risk, educate patients about risk reduction, and clarifies DVLA guidelines in this area.","PeriodicalId":34274,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Neuroscience Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42603760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The literary genius of Oscar Wilde has been sullied and besmirched by his infamous entanglement with Lord Alfred Douglas for “gross indecency” leading to his subsequent imprisonment for two years. After release he developed what was certified as “cerebral meningitis” in November 1900, from which he died. The much disputed cause is discussed. The claims for neurosyphilis are wholly inadequate; a chronic middle ear infection with cholesteatoma and intracranial suppuration is here suggested as the basis of his fatal illness. Had he lived in the 21st century Oscar Wilde would not have been so cruelly punished, may have received effective treatment, and thus been spared to provide much more of his wit and elegant plays, stories and poetry.
{"title":"The fatal illness of Oscar Wilde","authors":"J. Pearce","doi":"10.47795/yffo2946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47795/yffo2946","url":null,"abstract":"The literary genius of Oscar Wilde has been sullied and besmirched by his infamous entanglement with Lord Alfred Douglas for “gross indecency” leading to his subsequent imprisonment for two years. After release he developed what was certified as “cerebral meningitis” in November 1900, from which he died. The much disputed cause is discussed. The claims for neurosyphilis are wholly inadequate; a chronic middle ear infection with cholesteatoma and intracranial suppuration is here suggested as the basis of his fatal illness. Had he lived in the 21st century Oscar Wilde would not have been so cruelly punished, may have received effective treatment, and thus been spared to provide much more of his wit and elegant plays, stories and poetry.","PeriodicalId":34274,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Neuroscience Rehabilitation","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81377460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cinchona bark was first recorded as a cure for malaria by the Spanish in Peru around 1630. A Spanish missionary allegedly learned of the treatment from the Indian natives. Cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is life threatening and one of the commonest encephalopathies in the world. Quinine was the first effective treatment, discovered in the bark of quina-quina, cinchona, ‘the fever tree’ in Peru in 1633. Many tales – many fanciful – relate to its early use. Foremost of the discoverers in 1735 was a group of French scientists in an expedition to Peru directed by the Parisian Academie Royale des Sciences. It was then widely exported and employed in Spain, Italy and Britain to become the standard treatment.
{"title":"Cerebral malaria and the story of Quinine and the Fever Trees","authors":"J. Pearce","doi":"10.47795/zikj9076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47795/zikj9076","url":null,"abstract":"Cinchona bark was first recorded as a cure for malaria by the Spanish in Peru around 1630. A Spanish missionary allegedly learned of the treatment from the Indian natives. Cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is life threatening and one of the commonest encephalopathies in the world. Quinine was the first effective treatment, discovered in the bark of quina-quina, cinchona, ‘the fever tree’ in Peru in 1633. Many tales – many fanciful – relate to its early use. Foremost of the discoverers in 1735 was a group of French scientists in an expedition to Peru directed by the Parisian Academie Royale des Sciences. It was then widely exported and employed in Spain, Italy and Britain to become the standard treatment.","PeriodicalId":34274,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Neuroscience Rehabilitation","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72549601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pellagra has largely been forgotten. This is unfortunate as important lessons are to be learnt for the diseases and social consequences of poverty (and of affluence) that often involve dietary nicotinamide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) homeostasis. NAD disruption can occur not only from poor diet but from increased consumption of NAD from genotoxic and other stresses. High doses of nicotinamide lead to inhibition of NAD-consuming enzymes and excessive induction of nicotinamide-n-methyl transferase (NNMT) with consequent effects on the methylome giving a mechanism for a new hypervitaminosis-B3.
糙皮病在很大程度上已被人们遗忘。这是令人遗憾的,因为我们可以从贫困(和富裕)带来的疾病和社会后果中汲取重要的经验教训,这些疾病和社会后果往往涉及膳食中的烟酰胺和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)平衡。NAD 失调不仅可能是饮食不当造成的,也可能是基因毒性和其他压力导致 NAD 消耗量增加造成的。高剂量的烟酰胺会导致抑制消耗 NAD 的酶和过度诱导烟酰胺-甲基转移酶(NNMT),从而对甲基组产生影响,这就是新的维生素 B3 过多症的机制。
{"title":"Pellagra: 4 D's and 8 Points.","authors":"Adrian Williams","doi":"10.47795/FBFD9966","DOIUrl":"10.47795/FBFD9966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pellagra has largely been forgotten. This is unfortunate as important lessons are to be learnt for the diseases and social consequences of poverty (and of affluence) that often involve dietary nicotinamide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) homeostasis. NAD disruption can occur not only from poor diet but from increased consumption of NAD from genotoxic and other stresses. High doses of nicotinamide lead to inhibition of NAD-consuming enzymes and excessive induction of nicotinamide-n-methyl transferase (NNMT) with consequent effects on the methylome giving a mechanism for a new hypervitaminosis-B3.</p>","PeriodicalId":34274,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Neuroscience Rehabilitation","volume":"20 1","pages":"fbfd9966"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138831925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
François Pourfour du Petit (1664-1741) was a Parisian experimental Neuroanatomist, and Ophthalmologist. Based on his extensive experiences of brain and spinal injuries as a military doctor in the armies of Louis XIV he performed many animal experiments that demonstrated the anatomy and functional significance of the cervical sympathetic nerves, correcting previous errors of Thomas Willis and Raymond Vieussens. He long predated the descriptions of Horner’s syndrome (1869) when he showed that interruption of sympathetic pathways inactivated both the dilator muscle and produces miosis, and the superior tarsal muscle, which produces ptosis and enophthalmos. This was later elaborated by Hare, Weir Mitchell and Claude Bernard.
francois Pourfour du Petit(1664-1741)是巴黎的实验神经解剖学家和眼科医生。作为路易十四军队的一名军医,他在脑部和脊柱损伤方面有丰富的经验,他进行了许多动物实验,证明了颈部交感神经的解剖和功能意义,纠正了托马斯·威利斯和雷蒙德·维耶森斯之前的错误。早在霍纳综合征(1869年)出现之前,他就指出,交感神经通路的中断会使扩张肌和跗骨上肌失活,从而产生缩窄症和睑下垂和眼球内陷。后来由海尔、威尔·米切尔和克劳德·伯纳德详细阐述。
{"title":"Pourfour Du Petit and the cervical sympathetic nerves","authors":"Pearce Jms","doi":"10.47795/layq8071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47795/layq8071","url":null,"abstract":"François Pourfour du Petit (1664-1741) was a Parisian experimental Neuroanatomist, and Ophthalmologist. Based on his extensive experiences of brain and spinal injuries as a military doctor in the armies of Louis XIV he performed many animal experiments that demonstrated the anatomy and functional significance of the cervical sympathetic nerves, correcting previous errors of Thomas Willis and Raymond Vieussens. He long predated the descriptions of Horner’s syndrome (1869) when he showed that interruption of sympathetic pathways inactivated both the dilator muscle and produces miosis, and the superior tarsal muscle, which produces ptosis and enophthalmos. This was later elaborated by Hare, Weir Mitchell and Claude Bernard.","PeriodicalId":34274,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Neuroscience Rehabilitation","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74242967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spasticity is a frequent symptom in people with Multiple Sclerosis. Whilst many respond to first-line therapies it is estimated that 30-40% will have suboptimal treatment response requiring more specialised management. Such strategies include combination of oral medications, botulinum toxin, nabiximols and consideration of intrathecal therapies; baclofen or phenol. Early expert intervention as outlined in this review can have a positive impact on functional ability and quality of life for people with MS.
{"title":"An expert opinion: Optimisation of pharmacological management of multiple sclerosis related spasticity","authors":"R. Farrell, D. Baker","doi":"10.47795/kaib7737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47795/kaib7737","url":null,"abstract":"Spasticity is a frequent symptom in people with Multiple Sclerosis. Whilst many respond to first-line therapies it is estimated that 30-40% will have suboptimal treatment response requiring more specialised management. Such strategies include combination of oral medications, botulinum toxin, nabiximols and consideration of intrathecal therapies; baclofen or phenol. Early expert intervention as outlined in this review can have a positive impact on functional ability and quality of life for people with MS.","PeriodicalId":34274,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Neuroscience Rehabilitation","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87018921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Before the invention of the ophthalmoscope in 1851, doctors were neither able to recognise papilloedema nor to diagnose accurately intracranial hypertension, malignant hypertension and inflammatory and systemic disorders affecting the optic fundus. This paper seeks to uncover early descriptions and experiments that tried to unravel the causes of the swollen optic disc, its mechanism and its clinical significance. Papilloedema is a purely descriptive name that requires the underlying cause to be specified.
{"title":"Choked disc, optic neuritis, and papilloedema","authors":"Jms Pearce","doi":"10.47795/ysmn1469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47795/ysmn1469","url":null,"abstract":"Before the invention of the ophthalmoscope in 1851, doctors were neither able to recognise papilloedema nor to diagnose accurately intracranial hypertension, malignant hypertension and inflammatory and systemic disorders affecting the optic fundus. This paper seeks to uncover early descriptions and experiments that tried to unravel the causes of the swollen optic disc, its mechanism and its clinical significance. Papilloedema is a purely descriptive name that requires the underlying cause to be specified.","PeriodicalId":34274,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Clinical Neuroscience Rehabilitation","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88128229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}