Pub Date : 2015-07-10DOI: 10.1504/ijca.2015.070470
Abraham J. Briloff, T. Tinker, Aida Sy
Abe Briloff has passed away recently. The editors of the International Journal of Critical Accounting are updating his classics for publication. This article is a chapter, entitled, 2 plus 2 equals...? The article deals with auditing and financial statements. When Briloff wrote it first, there were big eight accounting firms in the USA. The BIG EIGHT firms, then were in charge of auditing the big corporation. The article raises interesting method of auditing that were twisted by big accounting firms. The article is a critic of failure of compliance of the most elementary GAAP rules and regulations as far as auditing of financial statements of listed corporations is involved. Interesting to see that Abe has predicted the ENRON, WorldCom, Xeros, Vivendi, you name it, saga of corporation frauds, auditing failures, etc. While we are re-publishing this great work, there are now only four big accounting firms in the USA.
{"title":"2 plus 2 equals","authors":"Abraham J. Briloff, T. Tinker, Aida Sy","doi":"10.1504/ijca.2015.070470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijca.2015.070470","url":null,"abstract":"Abe Briloff has passed away recently. The editors of the International Journal of Critical Accounting are updating his classics for publication. This article is a chapter, entitled, 2 plus 2 equals...? The article deals with auditing and financial statements. When Briloff wrote it first, there were big eight accounting firms in the USA. The BIG EIGHT firms, then were in charge of auditing the big corporation. The article raises interesting method of auditing that were twisted by big accounting firms. The article is a critic of failure of compliance of the most elementary GAAP rules and regulations as far as auditing of financial statements of listed corporations is involved. Interesting to see that Abe has predicted the ENRON, WorldCom, Xeros, Vivendi, you name it, saga of corporation frauds, auditing failures, etc. While we are re-publishing this great work, there are now only four big accounting firms in the USA.","PeriodicalId":343538,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Critical Accounting","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128410952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-10DOI: 10.1504/ijca.2015.070463
J. Degos
Accounting is a system of complex measurement. But thanks to this complexity we can count, measure, and evaluate major global projects. Current accounts are especially suited to describe a finite and concrete world, even if it is not simple, because it was designed to be part of a cyclic and accurate time reference. But now, this mechanistic world is finished. The explosion of time is accompanied by an explosion of space. Physical boundaries are no longer barriers for telecommunications, network companies and virtual structures of all kinds. All the conditions of existence of the complexity and its acceleration are gathered, but in front of this, there is always a man with his senses and limited physical means. The fight of accounting and of the complexity of time and space seems unequal. Fortunately, accounting has a great strength and experience to address ongoing and future problems.
{"title":"On accounting: some comments on the measurement of the complexity of time and space","authors":"J. Degos","doi":"10.1504/ijca.2015.070463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijca.2015.070463","url":null,"abstract":"Accounting is a system of complex measurement. But thanks to this complexity we can count, measure, and evaluate major global projects. Current accounts are especially suited to describe a finite and concrete world, even if it is not simple, because it was designed to be part of a cyclic and accurate time reference. But now, this mechanistic world is finished. The explosion of time is accompanied by an explosion of space. Physical boundaries are no longer barriers for telecommunications, network companies and virtual structures of all kinds. All the conditions of existence of the complexity and its acceleration are gathered, but in front of this, there is always a man with his senses and limited physical means. The fight of accounting and of the complexity of time and space seems unequal. Fortunately, accounting has a great strength and experience to address ongoing and future problems.","PeriodicalId":343538,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Critical Accounting","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114283192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-17DOI: 10.1504/ijca.2015.069935
I. Elshahat, M. Freedman, A. Elshahat
In this study, we investigate the association between firms' environmental and financial performance. Using KLD's measures of environmental performance 13 of their variables were subject to factor analysis. Factor analysis is used to investigate how variables would cluster together into factors (based on the joint variations between variables) and then we investigated the association between this constructed factor and the firms' annual return. The factor analysis yielded three factors, non-chemical concern variables, strength variables and chemical concerns variable. Results point out that only the chemical concern factor is significantly associated with the firms' annual return. The results indicate that individual variables combined into an index measure may not necessarily improve or strengthen the association. Insignificant variables may dilute the significance of other variables leading to an insignificant index measure, or maybe positively (negatively) correlated variables may dominate the direction of association in a particular factor by outweighing negatively (positively) correlated variable respectively, However it highlights the true variables/factors that would better represent the construct addressed in the association.
{"title":"Are index measures better than individual measures in assessing the association between environmental and financial performance? A multivariate analysis study","authors":"I. Elshahat, M. Freedman, A. Elshahat","doi":"10.1504/ijca.2015.069935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijca.2015.069935","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we investigate the association between firms' environmental and financial performance. Using KLD's measures of environmental performance 13 of their variables were subject to factor analysis. Factor analysis is used to investigate how variables would cluster together into factors (based on the joint variations between variables) and then we investigated the association between this constructed factor and the firms' annual return. The factor analysis yielded three factors, non-chemical concern variables, strength variables and chemical concerns variable. Results point out that only the chemical concern factor is significantly associated with the firms' annual return. The results indicate that individual variables combined into an index measure may not necessarily improve or strengthen the association. Insignificant variables may dilute the significance of other variables leading to an insignificant index measure, or maybe positively (negatively) correlated variables may dominate the direction of association in a particular factor by outweighing negatively (positively) correlated variable respectively, However it highlights the true variables/factors that would better represent the construct addressed in the association.","PeriodicalId":343538,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Critical Accounting","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115920325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-17DOI: 10.1504/ijca.2015.069950
Nursyazwani Mohd Fuzi, N. Habidin, Siti Norhafizan Hibadullah, Farah Izzaida Mohd Zamri, Auni Fatin Nadia Chiek Desa
The aim of this study is to investigate and explore the critical success factors (CSFs) for corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices in the Malaysian automotive industry. Data were obtained from 27 top management leaders in Malaysian automotive industry. Reliability analysis empirically verified and validated the underlying items of CSFs of CSR practices. A set of assessment measurements of CSR practices is expected to be suitable for their characteristics and improve their performance. Based on the survey of empirical data, the two factors of employee involvement have been shown to be the extremely important factors for CSR practices implementation in the Malaysian automotive industry. Thus, the results indicate that six CSR practices construct are acceptable for further analysis. The paper with a proposed future direction ends of this study.
{"title":"Critical success factors of corporate social responsibility practices for the Malaysian automotive industry","authors":"Nursyazwani Mohd Fuzi, N. Habidin, Siti Norhafizan Hibadullah, Farah Izzaida Mohd Zamri, Auni Fatin Nadia Chiek Desa","doi":"10.1504/ijca.2015.069950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijca.2015.069950","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to investigate and explore the critical success factors (CSFs) for corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices in the Malaysian automotive industry. Data were obtained from 27 top management leaders in Malaysian automotive industry. Reliability analysis empirically verified and validated the underlying items of CSFs of CSR practices. A set of assessment measurements of CSR practices is expected to be suitable for their characteristics and improve their performance. Based on the survey of empirical data, the two factors of employee involvement have been shown to be the extremely important factors for CSR practices implementation in the Malaysian automotive industry. Thus, the results indicate that six CSR practices construct are acceptable for further analysis. The paper with a proposed future direction ends of this study.","PeriodicalId":343538,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Critical Accounting","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125488002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-17DOI: 10.1504/ijca.2015.069928
Meryl H. Nacco
Detroit was founded as a city with a rich history and base in the auto manufacturing industry. However, its strengths became its weaknesses when the industry left the area. In addition to numerous other factors such as politics and racial tensions, Detroit's economy has degraded since the 1950s. Due to the lack of economic stimulating activities and population decline, as of 18 July 2013, the city filed for Chapter 9 Bankruptcy protection. Certain controversies surround the case regarding eligibility and creditor rights, specifically in terms of pension obligations. Can and should pensions be impaired as requested by the city? Detroit was also claiming to have more pension debt than reported on their financials. On 15 December 2013, Judge Steve Rhodes decided that pensions could indeed be impaired but any impairment would have to be approved by the courts. With that ruling, Kevyn Orr, the city's emergency manager has come up with a few proposals for settlement in regards to their pensions and the rest of the debt, some of which include severe pension impairment and outside funding made to the plan. However, no firm decision on the future of Detroit and its bankruptcy has been finalised.
{"title":"The City of Detroit: 'Its past failures, present bankruptcy and future implications'","authors":"Meryl H. Nacco","doi":"10.1504/ijca.2015.069928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijca.2015.069928","url":null,"abstract":"Detroit was founded as a city with a rich history and base in the auto manufacturing industry. However, its strengths became its weaknesses when the industry left the area. In addition to numerous other factors such as politics and racial tensions, Detroit's economy has degraded since the 1950s. Due to the lack of economic stimulating activities and population decline, as of 18 July 2013, the city filed for Chapter 9 Bankruptcy protection. Certain controversies surround the case regarding eligibility and creditor rights, specifically in terms of pension obligations. Can and should pensions be impaired as requested by the city? Detroit was also claiming to have more pension debt than reported on their financials. On 15 December 2013, Judge Steve Rhodes decided that pensions could indeed be impaired but any impairment would have to be approved by the courts. With that ruling, Kevyn Orr, the city's emergency manager has come up with a few proposals for settlement in regards to their pensions and the rest of the debt, some of which include severe pension impairment and outside funding made to the plan. However, no firm decision on the future of Detroit and its bankruptcy has been finalised.","PeriodicalId":343538,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Critical Accounting","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121150246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-17DOI: 10.1504/ijca.2015.069923
L. Moore
The accounting establishment has repeatedly searched for and failed to find logical, equitable mechanisms for dealing with price change effects in financial reporting. While price changes are at the heart of a wide swath of accounting controversies, the dominant US undergraduate accounting textbooks largely ignore this underlying financial reporting conundrum. The body of the paper explores possible reasons why price change issues are being ignored, suggesting that Americans may have a socio-cultural tendency to downplay problems that defy mechanistic solutions. An appendix provides a teaching module designed to encourage syncretic thinking about the underlying causes and effects of inflation or deflation. The teaching module is intended as inspiration for other accounting educators to develop materials for teaching beyond the rules, promoting a deeper understanding of social justice issues imbedded in authoritative standards.
{"title":"The price change conundrum: teaching beyond the rules","authors":"L. Moore","doi":"10.1504/ijca.2015.069923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijca.2015.069923","url":null,"abstract":"The accounting establishment has repeatedly searched for and failed to find logical, equitable mechanisms for dealing with price change effects in financial reporting. While price changes are at the heart of a wide swath of accounting controversies, the dominant US undergraduate accounting textbooks largely ignore this underlying financial reporting conundrum. The body of the paper explores possible reasons why price change issues are being ignored, suggesting that Americans may have a socio-cultural tendency to downplay problems that defy mechanistic solutions. An appendix provides a teaching module designed to encourage syncretic thinking about the underlying causes and effects of inflation or deflation. The teaching module is intended as inspiration for other accounting educators to develop materials for teaching beyond the rules, promoting a deeper understanding of social justice issues imbedded in authoritative standards.","PeriodicalId":343538,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Critical Accounting","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124305803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-17DOI: 10.1504/IJCA.2015.069951
Pertti Ahonen
The purpose of this article is to examine conceptual changes of government accounting in Finland in 1980-2009 with comparisons to the UK, Italy and Austria. The analysis applies 'public administration', 'new public management' (NPM) and 'public governance' as 'umbrella concepts' for examining government accounting. The results indicate Finland as a vigorous reformer but more reluctant to explain its reforms in NPM terms than the comparison countries. The conclusions of the paper outline examination of government accounting for the better acknowledgement of the political and ideological aspects of its conceptual changes.
{"title":"Diffusion, modification and sedimentation of institutional elements in government accounting change: Finland in a comparative perspective during three decades since 1980","authors":"Pertti Ahonen","doi":"10.1504/IJCA.2015.069951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCA.2015.069951","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to examine conceptual changes of government accounting in Finland in 1980-2009 with comparisons to the UK, Italy and Austria. The analysis applies 'public administration', 'new public management' (NPM) and 'public governance' as 'umbrella concepts' for examining government accounting. The results indicate Finland as a vigorous reformer but more reluctant to explain its reforms in NPM terms than the comparison countries. The conclusions of the paper outline examination of government accounting for the better acknowledgement of the political and ideological aspects of its conceptual changes.","PeriodicalId":343538,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Critical Accounting","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121039142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-13DOI: 10.1504/ijca.2015.069189
Jonathan Njoku
The paper aims to document how gender gap can constrain the development of accounting. The study involved a Bourdieun analysis of the case of accountants occupying board positions in a pseudobank XYZ operating in the Nigerian banking field. The bank personnel embodies habitus through banking experience. The Bourdieun habitus and capital of both men and women accountants suggests comparable profiles relevant to the development of the accounting profession. In spite of the similarity in accounting habitus and capital, gendering is pronounced in the field of banking. By hindering more effective contribution of women accountants, the gender gap in which the males dominate directorships in the banking field constrains the development of accounting. The expressed commitment of bank XYZ to increased gender equity is useful in addressing the situation.
{"title":"Bourdieun analysis of gender in accounting development: evidence from Nigerian banking field","authors":"Jonathan Njoku","doi":"10.1504/ijca.2015.069189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijca.2015.069189","url":null,"abstract":"The paper aims to document how gender gap can constrain the development of accounting. The study involved a Bourdieun analysis of the case of accountants occupying board positions in a pseudobank XYZ operating in the Nigerian banking field. The bank personnel embodies habitus through banking experience. The Bourdieun habitus and capital of both men and women accountants suggests comparable profiles relevant to the development of the accounting profession. In spite of the similarity in accounting habitus and capital, gendering is pronounced in the field of banking. By hindering more effective contribution of women accountants, the gender gap in which the males dominate directorships in the banking field constrains the development of accounting. The expressed commitment of bank XYZ to increased gender equity is useful in addressing the situation.","PeriodicalId":343538,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Critical Accounting","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129933596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-13DOI: 10.1504/ijca.2015.069192
T. Tinker, Aida Sy
This article quotes the work of Emanuel Saxe, which says that recent emphasis upon the place and role of the behavioural sciences in education for business administration (a term which also includes industrial management) bespeaks a change from the purely vocational aspects of such training. This change is not some intellectual brainstorm of university presidents and deans but rather reflects underlying changes in American life and in the type of society which has been evolving in the last 25 years. Three stages of higher education for business administration are identified and discussed: the stage of rugged individualism; the stage of corporate capitalism; the stage of social capitalism.
{"title":"Back to the classics: editing the Emanuel Saxe legacy for modern accounting","authors":"T. Tinker, Aida Sy","doi":"10.1504/ijca.2015.069192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijca.2015.069192","url":null,"abstract":"This article quotes the work of Emanuel Saxe, which says that recent emphasis upon the place and role of the behavioural sciences in education for business administration (a term which also includes industrial management) bespeaks a change from the purely vocational aspects of such training. This change is not some intellectual brainstorm of university presidents and deans but rather reflects underlying changes in American life and in the type of society which has been evolving in the last 25 years. Three stages of higher education for business administration are identified and discussed: the stage of rugged individualism; the stage of corporate capitalism; the stage of social capitalism.","PeriodicalId":343538,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Critical Accounting","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126004981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-13DOI: 10.1504/IJCA.2015.069190
Masaya Fujita
It is my theme to prove that the collaboration of depreciation procedure and banking is indispensable to keep social reproduction. My proof is carried out by developing the part 3 of volume II of Capital. This part takes up the problems of social reproduction. There the case of simple reproduction is explained in detail, but in the explanation of the reproduction on an expanded scale you must meet a logical difficulty caused by the inconsistency of depreciation and renewal of fixed capitals. However, the schema of reproduction must have no contradiction. How to solve? In this article, the difficulty can be solved by collecting depreciation fund and distributing them socially. In Soviet and China, before the banking system was established, finance department in government would distribute fund to national companies for plant and collect depreciation fund with profit. It looked like a mystery for our capitalistic system. My paper can also make clear the reason why they adopted a strange accounting procedure.
{"title":"A social reproduction approach to depreciation","authors":"Masaya Fujita","doi":"10.1504/IJCA.2015.069190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCA.2015.069190","url":null,"abstract":"It is my theme to prove that the collaboration of depreciation procedure and banking is indispensable to keep social reproduction. My proof is carried out by developing the part 3 of volume II of Capital. This part takes up the problems of social reproduction. There the case of simple reproduction is explained in detail, but in the explanation of the reproduction on an expanded scale you must meet a logical difficulty caused by the inconsistency of depreciation and renewal of fixed capitals. However, the schema of reproduction must have no contradiction. How to solve? In this article, the difficulty can be solved by collecting depreciation fund and distributing them socially. In Soviet and China, before the banking system was established, finance department in government would distribute fund to national companies for plant and collect depreciation fund with profit. It looked like a mystery for our capitalistic system. My paper can also make clear the reason why they adopted a strange accounting procedure.","PeriodicalId":343538,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Critical Accounting","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114777325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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