Women worker and children employee on fishery industry aims to increase workforce participation around seashore edge beside budgeting pressure for labor cost. What is more necessary, the fishery industry is known as fishing manufacture in Pasuruan, tend to save their expenditure budget due to social subsidies to their employee. Thirty-four women who work at fishery industry was aged from 18 to 55 years old and the 8 children who engage with work was aged from 8 to 16 years old. There was wage gap between women worker and children worker. Gender dualism belongs to women worker and the children create social construction among local society in Pasuruan. Social construction happened because of dichotomy aspect. The first is working in the fishery industry was done with pride in breaking patriarchy rules, Secondly, they set to work for long-life family needed.
{"title":"Konstruksi Sosial Pekerja Perempuan dan Anak pada Industri Perikanan","authors":"Anggaunitakiranantika Anggaunitakiranantika","doi":"10.21580/SA.V13I1.2216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/SA.V13I1.2216","url":null,"abstract":"Women worker and children employee on fishery industry aims to increase workforce participation around seashore edge beside budgeting pressure for labor cost. What is more necessary, the fishery industry is known as fishing manufacture in Pasuruan, tend to save their expenditure budget due to social subsidies to their employee. Thirty-four women who work at fishery industry was aged from 18 to 55 years old and the 8 children who engage with work was aged from 8 to 16 years old. There was wage gap between women worker and children worker. Gender dualism belongs to women worker and the children create social construction among local society in Pasuruan. Social construction happened because of dichotomy aspect. The first is working in the fishery industry was done with pride in breaking patriarchy rules, Secondly, they set to work for long-life family needed.","PeriodicalId":34435,"journal":{"name":"Sawwa Jurnal Studi Gender","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72535488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elderly women experience loneliness related to unexpected situations of partner loss (husband's death). Loneliness can have an impact on subjective well-being, life satisfaction, quality of life, mental and physical health, and even death. The purpose of this study was to describe and understand experiences related to loneliness for elderly widows. The subjects involved were 6 (six) widows due to the death of their husbands (widowed), widows of more than 1 year, and no history of psychological disorders. Methods of data collection using interviews and observation. This study resulted in the conclusion that an elderly widow can experience loneliness due to the loss of a spouse who is taken away by death. Subjective well-being and perceived life satisfaction are the results of a religious coping strategy that is effective in overcoming loneliness experienced. When feelings of losing a spouse can be overcome by religious behavior, enthusiasm for survival and re-establishing social interaction, the elderly can feel well-being and life satisfaction.
{"title":"Studi Fenomenologis tentang Pengalaman Kesepian dan Kesejahteraan Subjektif pada Janda Lanjut Usia","authors":"Lucky Ade Sessiani","doi":"10.21580/sa.v13i2.2836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/sa.v13i2.2836","url":null,"abstract":"Elderly women experience loneliness related to unexpected situations of partner loss (husband's death). Loneliness can have an impact on subjective well-being, life satisfaction, quality of life, mental and physical health, and even death. The purpose of this study was to describe and understand experiences related to loneliness for elderly widows. The subjects involved were 6 (six) widows due to the death of their husbands (widowed), widows of more than 1 year, and no history of psychological disorders. Methods of data collection using interviews and observation. This study resulted in the conclusion that an elderly widow can experience loneliness due to the loss of a spouse who is taken away by death. Subjective well-being and perceived life satisfaction are the results of a religious coping strategy that is effective in overcoming loneliness experienced. When feelings of losing a spouse can be overcome by religious behavior, enthusiasm for survival and re-establishing social interaction, the elderly can feel well-being and life satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":34435,"journal":{"name":"Sawwa Jurnal Studi Gender","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87746763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article discusses the Criminal Code Bill which has unjust legal potential because the provision of adultery has been extended to sexual acts by unmarried couples. This article presents an analysis of the possible implications of the Criminal Code Bill - specifically the section on the adultery of sex workers through the socio-legal method in which a combination of normative legal approaches and social research methods is applied. This article states that broadly defined provisions of adultery can lead to unfair penalties -due to injustice- sex workers who by law must be treated as victims of sexual exploitation and fraud rather than perpetrators of crime.
{"title":"Kriminalisasi Perempuan Pekerja Seks Komersial dalam Perluasan Pasal Zina RUU KUHP","authors":"Leony Sondang Suryani, A. Purwanti","doi":"10.21580/SA.V13I2.3020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/SA.V13I2.3020","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the Criminal Code Bill which has unjust legal potential because the provision of adultery has been extended to sexual acts by unmarried couples. This article presents an analysis of the possible implications of the Criminal Code Bill - specifically the section on the adultery of sex workers through the socio-legal method in which a combination of normative legal approaches and social research methods is applied. This article states that broadly defined provisions of adultery can lead to unfair penalties -due to injustice- sex workers who by law must be treated as victims of sexual exploitation and fraud rather than perpetrators of crime.","PeriodicalId":34435,"journal":{"name":"Sawwa Jurnal Studi Gender","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74242567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, the author tries to ask the question of the role of female scholars in responding to child marriage in Indonesia? The author tries to answer this question with the literature study method on various books and describes them in the sub-discussion of female scholars; a description of the situation of child marriage in the world and Indonesia; child marriage, law, and legal practice; and the role of female scholars in responding to child marriage. Through this step, the authors hope this article can contribute perspectives and alternatives to women scholars in responding to child marriage in Indonesia.
{"title":"Peran Ulama Perempuan dalam Menanggapi Perkawinan Anak di Indonesia","authors":"Paulus Eko Kristianto","doi":"10.21580/sa.v13i2.2796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/sa.v13i2.2796","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the author tries to ask the question of the role of female scholars in responding to child marriage in Indonesia? The author tries to answer this question with the literature study method on various books and describes them in the sub-discussion of female scholars; a description of the situation of child marriage in the world and Indonesia; child marriage, law, and legal practice; and the role of female scholars in responding to child marriage. Through this step, the authors hope this article can contribute perspectives and alternatives to women scholars in responding to child marriage in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":34435,"journal":{"name":"Sawwa Jurnal Studi Gender","volume":"178 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80452576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The male and female brains created by God are different. The existence of Islamic education specifically for men and women is a cultural construct. The existence of an attractive female-dominated teacher of Islamic Education Early Childhood (PIAUD) was investigated because it became a turning point in the formulation of gender studies between the emancipation of women and men. This study aims to explain the phenomenon of female teacher dominance in the perspective of gender and neuroscience. The research was conducted throughout 2017 at the TK Aisyiyah Nyai Ahmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta. This study used a qualitative approach, data collection techniques used observation, interviews, and documentation, while the triangulation analysis was carried out descriptively, comparatively and interpretatively. The results of the study showed that culturally sociological PIAUD teachers of TK Aisyiyah Nyai Ahmad Dahlan were 100% female. But this female dominance is not a gender bias because neuro-physiologically the corpus callosum and broca and wernicke's Area in the female brain is thicker and wider than the male brain. This condition makes female teachers able to educate children more empathic and communicatively than men.
上帝创造的男性和女性的大脑是不同的。专门针对男性和女性的伊斯兰教育的存在是一种文化建构。对伊斯兰教育幼儿班(PIAUD)有一名有吸引力的女性占主导地位的教师的存在进行了调查，因为它成为制定男女解放之间性别研究的转折点。本研究旨在从性别与神经科学的角度解释女教师优势现象。该研究于2017年全年在日惹的TK Aisyiyah Nyai Ahmad Dahlan进行。本研究采用定性方法，数据收集技术采用观察法、访谈法和文献法，而三角分析法采用描述性、比较比较法和解释性。研究结果显示，TK Aisyiyah Nyai Ahmad Dahlan的文化社会学PIAUD教师100%为女性。但这种女性的优势并不是性别偏见，因为从神经生理学上讲，女性大脑中的胼胝体、布罗卡和韦尼克区比男性大脑更厚、更宽。这种情况使得女教师比男教师更能以同理心和交流的方式教育孩子。
{"title":"Diferensiasi Otak Laki-laki dan Perempuan Guru Taman Kanak-kanak Aisyiyah Nyai Ahmad Dahlan Yogyakarta: Studi Pendidikan Islam Anak Usia Dini Perspektif Gender dan Neurosains","authors":"S. Suyadi","doi":"10.21580/SA.V13I2.2927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/SA.V13I2.2927","url":null,"abstract":"The male and female brains created by God are different. The existence of Islamic education specifically for men and women is a cultural construct. The existence of an attractive female-dominated teacher of Islamic Education Early Childhood (PIAUD) was investigated because it became a turning point in the formulation of gender studies between the emancipation of women and men. This study aims to explain the phenomenon of female teacher dominance in the perspective of gender and neuroscience. The research was conducted throughout 2017 at the TK Aisyiyah Nyai Ahmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta. This study used a qualitative approach, data collection techniques used observation, interviews, and documentation, while the triangulation analysis was carried out descriptively, comparatively and interpretatively. The results of the study showed that culturally sociological PIAUD teachers of TK Aisyiyah Nyai Ahmad Dahlan were 100% female. But this female dominance is not a gender bias because neuro-physiologically the corpus callosum and broca and wernicke's Area in the female brain is thicker and wider than the male brain. This condition makes female teachers able to educate children more empathic and communicatively than men.","PeriodicalId":34435,"journal":{"name":"Sawwa Jurnal Studi Gender","volume":"270 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80774740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) is a unique and phenomenal party, it was born from the womb of a social-religious movement named Jama'ah Tarbiyah which later morphed into an Islamic political party. The PKS social base is a middle-class, educated and young Muslim community. This research explores the strategy of developing PKS in Kebumen District from 1999 to 2014 in the dynamics of Indonesian Islamic politics. This research reveals the unique phenomenon of PKS Kebumen's role in an electoral manner in the distribution of votes and seats in the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (DPRD). The method of approach uses phenomenological studies. The results of this study are that PKS was born of an ideology or Islamic religious thought. His birth was acceptable to the community because PKS approached the community through collective actions such as; majlis ta'līm, social services, natural disaster assistance, channeling financial loan funds, establishing school buildings, and places of worship.
{"title":"Dinamika Perempuan Berpolitik: Strategi Pengembangan Partai Keadilan Sejahtera di Era Reformasi","authors":"Mochamad Parmudi, T. Warsito, Sidik Jatmika","doi":"10.21580/SA.V13I2.2826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/SA.V13I2.2826","url":null,"abstract":"Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) is a unique and phenomenal party, it was born from the womb of a social-religious movement named Jama'ah Tarbiyah which later morphed into an Islamic political party. The PKS social base is a middle-class, educated and young Muslim community. This research explores the strategy of developing PKS in Kebumen District from 1999 to 2014 in the dynamics of Indonesian Islamic politics. This research reveals the unique phenomenon of PKS Kebumen's role in an electoral manner in the distribution of votes and seats in the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (DPRD). The method of approach uses phenomenological studies. The results of this study are that PKS was born of an ideology or Islamic religious thought. His birth was acceptable to the community because PKS approached the community through collective actions such as; majlis ta'līm, social services, natural disaster assistance, channeling financial loan funds, establishing school buildings, and places of worship.","PeriodicalId":34435,"journal":{"name":"Sawwa Jurnal Studi Gender","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75639179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article discusses the experience of women accused of 'killing' their husbands, with the punishment they experienced. The type of research is feminist, with a qualitative approach. Women who commit killings against their own husbands, in criminology are said to be 'typical' crimes. In a positivist (normative) legal review, these women are said to be perpetrators of murder crimes. From a criminological point of view, the perpetrator actually shows his position as a victim of domestic violence. The crimes committed by them are gender-based crimes. The focus of this paper is about punishments given to those who do not always use the PKDRT Law, even though they are within the household sphere. This study showed the experience of wives accused of being the perpetrators of murder crimes, who were victims, which had implications for the form of punishment against them. In criminology known as victims who become perpetrators.
{"title":"Pembunuhan Suami oleh Istri dalam Konteks Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga dan Penghukuman yang Dialaminya","authors":"Vinita Susanti","doi":"10.21580/SA.V13I2.2991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/SA.V13I2.2991","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the experience of women accused of 'killing' their husbands, with the punishment they experienced. The type of research is feminist, with a qualitative approach. Women who commit killings against their own husbands, in criminology are said to be 'typical' crimes. In a positivist (normative) legal review, these women are said to be perpetrators of murder crimes. From a criminological point of view, the perpetrator actually shows his position as a victim of domestic violence. The crimes committed by them are gender-based crimes. The focus of this paper is about punishments given to those who do not always use the PKDRT Law, even though they are within the household sphere. This study showed the experience of wives accused of being the perpetrators of murder crimes, who were victims, which had implications for the form of punishment against them. In criminology known as victims who become perpetrators.","PeriodicalId":34435,"journal":{"name":"Sawwa Jurnal Studi Gender","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79890928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The right of children to be heard are guaranteed by the Child Protection Act in Indonesia. This is very principle as the main factor for judges to make decisions regarding disputes over child custody. The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of laws in Indonesia that regulate children's rights to be heard in court. Data was taken by conducting documentary research and field research by collecting several decisions from the District Court of Semarang and interviewing the judges who handled this matter. This research shows that children are rarely asked for their opinions in the courtroom; Their opinions are only considered information, not as witness statements. As a result, their opinions and expectations have no effect on court decisions. The study also shows that the law in Indonesia has regulated the obligation of judges to listen to the opinions of children in court, but judges never consider it.
{"title":"Penghargaan Hak Berpendapat Anak di Pengadilan: Studi Kasus di Pengadilan Negeri Semarang","authors":"Rika Saraswati, V. Hadiyono","doi":"10.21580/sa.v13i2.3016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/sa.v13i2.3016","url":null,"abstract":"The right of children to be heard are guaranteed by the Child Protection Act in Indonesia. This is very principle as the main factor for judges to make decisions regarding disputes over child custody. The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of laws in Indonesia that regulate children's rights to be heard in court. Data was taken by conducting documentary research and field research by collecting several decisions from the District Court of Semarang and interviewing the judges who handled this matter. This research shows that children are rarely asked for their opinions in the courtroom; Their opinions are only considered information, not as witness statements. As a result, their opinions and expectations have no effect on court decisions. The study also shows that the law in Indonesia has regulated the obligation of judges to listen to the opinions of children in court, but judges never consider it.","PeriodicalId":34435,"journal":{"name":"Sawwa Jurnal Studi Gender","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83301578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Being an empower women by actively showing her existence in the publicity is not easy. Moreover when it is related to leadership in the religion issues, where it is still dominated by men. This study aims to describe the existence that is fought by dā'iyah in the public space, whereas social construction holds them with domestication. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. Techniques of collecting data by an in-depth interview, and validating by triangulation. The results show that “shalihah” concept is still closely related to domestic works, while the “imam” concept in the religion is still understood as a status that must be played by men. The criteria by sex are still in line with the quality of da’wah materials, da’wah methods, or even the knowledge of the missionary. So, dā'iyah feels a dilemma in carrying out their roles in the public and domestic space. For this reason, various strategies have been carried out by dā'iyah to maintain their existence.
{"title":"Eksistensi Dā’iyah di Tengah Domestikasi Citra Diri Perempuan Shalihah: Perspektif Feminis Eksistensialis","authors":"Faridatus Sholihah","doi":"10.21580/SA.V13I1.2799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/SA.V13I1.2799","url":null,"abstract":"Being an empower women by actively showing her existence in the publicity is not easy. Moreover when it is related to leadership in the religion issues, where it is still dominated by men. This study aims to describe the existence that is fought by dā'iyah in the public space, whereas social construction holds them with domestication. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. Techniques of collecting data by an in-depth interview, and validating by triangulation. The results show that “shalihah” concept is still closely related to domestic works, while the “imam” concept in the religion is still understood as a status that must be played by men. The criteria by sex are still in line with the quality of da’wah materials, da’wah methods, or even the knowledge of the missionary. So, dā'iyah feels a dilemma in carrying out their roles in the public and domestic space. For this reason, various strategies have been carried out by dā'iyah to maintain their existence.","PeriodicalId":34435,"journal":{"name":"Sawwa Jurnal Studi Gender","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73280653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gender issues that come to the marital area seem to be contradictory to classical marriage jurisprudence, therefore it is necessary to know women's points of view to find out how significant of the discourse contributes to family life. Base on this argument, this research discussed the gender relations of husband and wife by focusing on the views of the Aisyiyah women leaders. This research was carried out by field research to interview then intensively some of Aisyiyah figures. The data collected was processed qualitatively to find a conclusion of the study using a normative and anthropological approach. Aisyiyah figure who was interviewed agreed on a balanced husband and wife gender relationship, such as the wife's ability to make a living and become a (leader) head of the family. The different views are only on women's ability to be guardians in marriage. These differences are more influenced by the background of life culture and knowledge about the gender issue.
{"title":"Relasi Gender Suami Istri: Studi Pandangan Tokoh Aisyiyah","authors":"A. Syarif","doi":"10.21580/SA.V13I1.2743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21580/SA.V13I1.2743","url":null,"abstract":"Gender issues that come to the marital area seem to be contradictory to classical marriage jurisprudence, therefore it is necessary to know women's points of view to find out how significant of the discourse contributes to family life. Base on this argument, this research discussed the gender relations of husband and wife by focusing on the views of the Aisyiyah women leaders. This research was carried out by field research to interview then intensively some of Aisyiyah figures. The data collected was processed qualitatively to find a conclusion of the study using a normative and anthropological approach. Aisyiyah figure who was interviewed agreed on a balanced husband and wife gender relationship, such as the wife's ability to make a living and become a (leader) head of the family. The different views are only on women's ability to be guardians in marriage. These differences are more influenced by the background of life culture and knowledge about the gender issue.","PeriodicalId":34435,"journal":{"name":"Sawwa Jurnal Studi Gender","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82248194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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