Agriculture is an important and organic part of the national economy of any country. Its role is great in ensuring the country's food security, improving the balance of payments and strengthening state independence. The state and proportions of development of other sectors of the national economy depend on the level and speed of development of agricultural production. This connection is reflected in both technical-technological and industrial-economic connections. At the same time, this connection is bilateral, with the increase of agricultural production, the structure and quality of food of the population improves, the volume of imported food decreases, which has a positive impact on reducing the balance of payments deficit and increasing the degree of independence of the country. Due to the important role of agriculture, the field received a lot of attention in the first years of the restoration of independence, which is confirmed by the agrarian policy developed and implemented during that period, whose primary task was to ensure the country's food security and strengthen food independence. In connection with the important role of agriculture in the first years of the restoration of independence of the region, much attention was paid, which is confirmed by the agricultural policy developed and implemented during this period, the main task of which was to ensure the country's food security and strengthen food independence. At the same time, it was a great challenge for a country with a devastated economy, followed by significant reforms in agriculture, restructuring of the sector and the creation of an appropriate legal framework, the integration of state regulation of the market economy and self-regulatory mechanisms. However, under the influence of a number of external and internal factors, it was not possible to fully implement the developed agrarian policy. Agriculture is still characterized by low productivity and, consequently, by a small share in the sectoral structure of the national economy. The country has serious problems in supplying and providing vital agricultural products such as wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, meat and poultry. The global pandemic and the resulting global economic crisis have put the issue of solving the country’s food security problem on the agenda. To this end, the revitalization of rural areas, social stability and balancing the level of migration from rural to urban areas should be a priority. Establishing food security is a complex task and is primarily the responsibility of the government. There is no universal mechanism for solving the global food security problem in the world today. This problem must be solved at the national level, as food security is considered to be a level of national food production that allows the principle of self-sufficiency of the population and state reserves with food to be implemented in accordance with scientifically substantiated norms. The current severe economic crisi
{"title":"PANDEMIC, GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS AND FOOD SECURITY OF THE COUNTRY","authors":"Naira Virsaladze, Malvina Kipiani","doi":"10.52244/EP.2021.21.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/EP.2021.21.01","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture is an important and organic part of the national economy of any country. Its role is great in ensuring the country's food security, improving the balance of payments and strengthening state independence. The state and proportions of development of other sectors of the national economy depend on the level and speed of development of agricultural production. This connection is reflected in both technical-technological and industrial-economic connections. At the same time, this connection is bilateral, with the increase of agricultural production, the structure and quality of food of the population improves, the volume of imported food decreases, which has a positive impact on reducing the balance of payments deficit and increasing the degree of independence of the country.\u0000Due to the important role of agriculture, the field received a lot of attention in the first years of the restoration of independence, which is confirmed by the agrarian policy developed and implemented during that period, whose primary task was to ensure the country's food security and strengthen food independence. In connection with the important role of agriculture in the first years of the restoration of independence of the region, much attention was paid, which is confirmed by the agricultural policy developed and implemented during this period, the main task of which was to ensure the country's food security and strengthen food independence. At the same time, it was a great challenge for a country with a devastated economy, followed by significant reforms in agriculture, restructuring of the sector and the creation of an appropriate legal framework, the integration of state regulation of the market economy and self-regulatory mechanisms. However, under the influence of a number of external and internal factors, it was not possible to fully implement the developed agrarian policy. Agriculture is still characterized by low productivity and, consequently, by a small share in the sectoral structure of the national economy. The country has serious problems in supplying and providing vital agricultural products such as wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, meat and poultry.\u0000The global pandemic and the resulting global economic crisis have put the issue of solving the country’s food security problem on the agenda. To this end, the revitalization of rural areas, social stability and balancing the level of migration from rural to urban areas should be a priority. Establishing food security is a complex task and is primarily the responsibility of the government. There is no universal mechanism for solving the global food security problem in the world today. This problem must be solved at the national level, as food security is considered to be a level of national food production that allows the principle of self-sufficiency of the population and state reserves with food to be implemented in accordance with scientifically substantiated norms. The current severe economic crisi","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126221220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In parallel with world population growth, demand for healthy and clean agricultural products is increasing day by day. To satisfy expected increases in agricultural products within traditional methods becomes more and more difficult, considering the climate change and soil degradation. There is a need to adopt and develop innovative agricultural practices. One of the most effective and new methods that can be used is Aeroponics. Aeroponics is a process of growing plants, within a controlled environment, in the absence of soil, with a small amount of water, using a minimum area of 3-dimensional greenhouse farming, where the cultivation period, compared to the traditional, is faster and prolonged throughout the year. Regarding this matter, we find it reassuring, that Georgian companies are not lagging behind the current global processes and are actively involved in refining or developing the Aeroponics system. The advantages of Aeroponics over the traditional method (Geoponics) can be classified as follows: • Requires less water. • Plant fertility does not depend on soil quality, or weather conditions. moreover, soil is not required at any stage of plant vegetation. • Has the highest vegetation per square meter compared to all other existing methods (Geoponics, Hydroponics), which is due to the possibility of 3-dimensional farming in Aeroponics. • Reduces transportation cost, since greenhouses can be organized directly in the cities and in urban areas. • The plans can be planted all year round regardless of meteorological conditions and seasonality. • Since nutrients and minerals are systematically provided to the plants’ roots, the process of its growth and consequently fertility lasts longer than the traditional method. As for disadvantages of using Aeroponics can be summarize as following: • At the beginning stage, set up costs of all components for the Aeroponics are relatively high. • Aeroponics requires specialized knowledge not only regarding the needs for plants, but also of the whole electronic systems and tools, which are widely used in Aeronautics (for example: pH / EC / humidity meter, timers, high pressure atomizers, etc.) • Even minor mistakes can have negative effect. Specifically, if the plants do not get exactly as many vital minerals as needed, they will not survive. As already mentioned, soil is not used in Aeronautics which would neutralize excess minerals or nutrients. In conclusion, Aeroponics is the one of the most innovative and efficient ways of farming, which promises sustainable future production of the agricultural products. Furthermore, Aeroponics has minimal or no negative impact on the environment, while traditional farming uses water and land resources insufficiently.
{"title":"INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF AEROPONICS)","authors":"Aleksandre Vacharadze","doi":"10.52244/EP.2021.21.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/EP.2021.21.08","url":null,"abstract":"In parallel with world population growth, demand for healthy and clean agricultural products is increasing day by day. To satisfy expected increases in agricultural products within traditional methods becomes more and more difficult, considering the climate change and soil degradation. There is a need to adopt and develop innovative agricultural practices. One of the most effective and new methods that can be used is Aeroponics. Aeroponics is a process of growing plants, within a controlled environment, in the absence of soil, with a small amount of water, using a minimum area of 3-dimensional greenhouse farming, where the cultivation period, compared to the traditional, is faster and prolonged throughout the year. Regarding this matter, we find it reassuring, that Georgian companies are not lagging behind the current global processes and are actively involved in refining or developing the Aeroponics system.\u0000The advantages of Aeroponics over the traditional method (Geoponics) can be classified as follows: \u0000• Requires less water. \u0000• Plant fertility does not depend on soil quality, or weather conditions. moreover, soil is not required at any stage of plant vegetation. \u0000• Has the highest vegetation per square meter compared to all other existing methods (Geoponics, Hydroponics), which is due to the possibility of 3-dimensional farming in Aeroponics. \u0000• Reduces transportation cost, since greenhouses can be organized directly in the cities and in urban areas. \u0000• The plans can be planted all year round regardless of meteorological conditions and seasonality. \u0000• Since nutrients and minerals are systematically provided to the plants’ roots, the process of its growth and consequently fertility lasts longer than the traditional method.\u0000As for disadvantages of using Aeroponics can be summarize as following: \u0000• At the beginning stage, set up costs of all components for the Aeroponics are relatively high. \u0000• Aeroponics requires specialized knowledge not only regarding the needs for plants, but also of the whole electronic systems and tools, which are widely used in Aeronautics (for example: pH / EC / humidity meter, timers, high pressure atomizers, etc.) \u0000• Even minor mistakes can have negative effect. Specifically, if the plants do not get exactly as many vital minerals as needed, they will not survive. As already mentioned, soil is not used in Aeronautics which would neutralize excess minerals or nutrients. \u0000In conclusion, Aeroponics is the one of the most innovative and efficient ways of farming, which promises sustainable future production of the agricultural products. Furthermore, Aeroponics has minimal or no negative impact on the environment, while traditional farming uses water and land resources insufficiently.","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133939630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The complexity of the economy implies two factors operating for the same purpose. On the one hand, the more goods a country produces, the more complex its economy becomes. On the other hand, the complexity varies depending on how many other countries can produce the same goods. Georgia is as complex as expected in terms of its income level. As a result, it is planned to develop its economy moderately. Growth Lab's 2028 growth forecast for Georgia is projected at 4.2% annual growth over the next decade, making it one of the top twenty countries globally. As soon as innovation is introduced, people start striving to use it. That is, they are copying it in some way. Meanwhile, after this copying, more and more opportunities to use this particular innovation are revealed, which in turn leads to an increase in revenue. This happens every 50-60 years.
{"title":"ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY INDEX (ECI) AS BEST INDICATOR FOR GROWTH PREDICTION","authors":"Tsitsino Dzotsenidze","doi":"10.52244/EP.2021.21.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/EP.2021.21.11","url":null,"abstract":"The complexity of the economy implies two factors operating for the same purpose. On the one hand, the more goods a country produces, the more complex its economy becomes. On the other hand, the complexity varies depending on how many other countries can produce the same goods.\u0000Georgia is as complex as expected in terms of its income level. As a result, it is planned to develop its economy moderately. Growth Lab's 2028 growth forecast for Georgia is projected at 4.2% annual growth over the next decade, making it one of the top twenty countries globally.\u0000As soon as innovation is introduced, people start striving to use it. That is, they are copying it in some way. Meanwhile, after this copying, more and more opportunities to use this particular innovation are revealed, which in turn leads to an increase in revenue. This happens every 50-60 years.","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133640740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Decentralization is the priority reform in the post-socialist countries of Central Europe. Slovakia’s accession to the European Union has accelerated decentralization, which is being implemented at the political, fiscal and administrative levels. Based on the example of the Trnava region, located in Western Slovakia, it was determined that administrative-territorial decentralization is prioritized in the region. Slovakia’s accession to the European Union and the political situation have little effect on decentralization, and municipal utilities improvements are still issues of concern in the region. The level of decentralization effectiveness in Slovakia is determined as 60–70%, and in the Trnava region – 70–80%.
{"title":"DECENTRALIZATION IN SLOVAKIA: PERSPECTIVES FROM THE TRNAVA REGION","authors":"Y. Haydanka","doi":"10.52244/EP.2021.21.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/EP.2021.21.12","url":null,"abstract":"Decentralization is the priority reform in the post-socialist countries of Central Europe. Slovakia’s accession to the European Union has accelerated decentralization, which is being implemented at the political, fiscal and administrative levels. Based on the example of the Trnava region, located in Western Slovakia, it was determined that administrative-territorial decentralization is prioritized in the region. Slovakia’s accession to the European Union and the political situation have little effect on decentralization, and municipal utilities improvements are still issues of concern in the region. The level of decentralization effectiveness in Slovakia is determined as 60–70%, and in the Trnava region – 70–80%.","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125119698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays in the world, public structures are just as often and fundamentally pre-evaluating investment projects using a proven methodology as private investors. This allows them to predict the results of the investment project implementation and to make final conclusions about the effectiveness of the investment project compared to the actual indicators. Moreover, there is a clear tendency to reduce the volume of projects for which pre-selection-evaluation procedures are applied, before making a decision on their implementation. On the example of Georgia, despite the fact that a normative base for pre-selection and evaluation of investment projects has been created with the involvement of donor organizations, we have not been able to find even one case of selection and evaluation of investment projects at the municipal level (except the capital). Therefore, the aim of our research is to identify the circumstances that prevent municipalities from pre-evaluating investment projects, analyze the challenges municipal authorities faces in this area, make appropriate conclusions and develop recommendations to solve the existing challenges. There was approved "Investment Project Management Guide" by the Government Resolution №191 on the management of public investment projects (22.04.2016); The management methodology of investment project was approved y the order of the Minister of Finance of Georgia N165 (22.07.2016) and according to them, public investment projects with a value of 5 million GEL or more were subject to selection and evaluation. According to the international practice, the above-mentioned guide and methodology suggests the use of CBA - Cost-Benefit Analysis and CEA - Cost-Effectiveness Analysis methods for the evaluation of alternative projects. Cost-benefit analysis in the evaluation of a public investment project is characterized by certain specific features, which is reflected in the fact that the evaluation of costs and benefits of the investment project goes beyond the narrow spectrum of financial indicators of the implementing agency and is done in a broader economic context. It is called as economic cost-benefit, which refers to the estimation of costs and benefits in the context of society as a whole, including possibly costs and benefits for which market prices are sometimes not directly observable. Therefore, in order to evaluate investment projects with this approach, it is necessary to have a number of statistical data and information in the target area of the project, depending on the specifics of the project, which in most cases are impossible to obtain at the municipal level. Therefore, they are not able to use the cost-benefit approach when evaluating alternative projects. However, as our observations have shown, this is not the only reason and there are other interceptive conditions. In that case when it is not possible to calculate the benefits of project implementation with sufficient accuracy, it is advisable to use
{"title":"PROBLEMS OF ASSESSING THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS OF MUNICIPAL \u0000INVESTMENT PROJECTS IN GEORGIA","authors":"Paata Kldiashvili, Robert Kamladze","doi":"10.52244/EP.2021.21.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/EP.2021.21.13","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays in the world, public structures are just as often and fundamentally pre-evaluating investment projects using a proven methodology as private investors. This allows them to predict the results of the investment project implementation and to make final conclusions about the effectiveness of the investment project compared to the actual indicators. Moreover, there is a clear tendency to reduce the volume of projects for which pre-selection-evaluation procedures are applied, before making a decision on their implementation.\u0000On the example of Georgia, despite the fact that a normative base for pre-selection and evaluation of investment projects has been created with the involvement of donor organizations, we have not been able to find even one case of selection and evaluation of investment projects at the municipal level (except the capital).\u0000Therefore, the aim of our research is to identify the circumstances that prevent municipalities from pre-evaluating investment projects, analyze the challenges municipal authorities faces in this area, make appropriate conclusions and develop recommendations to solve the existing challenges.\u0000There was approved \"Investment Project Management Guide\" by the Government Resolution №191 on the management of public investment projects (22.04.2016); The management methodology of investment project was approved y the order of the Minister of Finance of Georgia N165 (22.07.2016) and according to them, public investment projects with a value of 5 million GEL or more were subject to selection and evaluation.\u0000According to the international practice, the above-mentioned guide and methodology suggests the use of CBA - Cost-Benefit Analysis and CEA - Cost-Effectiveness Analysis methods for the evaluation of alternative projects.\u0000Cost-benefit analysis in the evaluation of a public investment project is characterized by certain specific features, which is reflected in the fact that the evaluation of costs and benefits of the investment project goes beyond the narrow spectrum of financial indicators of the implementing agency and is done in a broader economic context. It is called as economic cost-benefit, which refers to the estimation of costs and benefits in the context of society as a whole, including possibly costs and benefits for which market prices are sometimes not directly observable.\u0000Therefore, in order to evaluate investment projects with this approach, it is necessary to have a number of statistical data and information in the target area of the project, depending on the specifics of the project, which in most cases are impossible to obtain at the municipal level. Therefore, they are not able to use the cost-benefit approach when evaluating alternative projects. However, as our observations have shown, this is not the only reason and there are other interceptive conditions. \u0000In that case when it is not possible to calculate the benefits of project implementation with sufficient accuracy, it is advisable to use","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130711018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
If Pandemic has had an impact on any business it’s primarily a tourism business. Other businesses have a very close relation with this business and therefore they have been affected as well. As you know, the world travel and tourism market is expected to have lost more than 75.2 million jobs by 2020. According to the UNWTO, small and medium-sized enterprises were most affected. Their share in the tourism sector is 80%. Coronavirus will have a special impact on the countries whose economy accounts for a large share of tourism and whose economic growth is largely due to the tourism sector, and Georgia is also among them. According to the Georgian government, Georgia will develop the tourism sector in the near future, of course, in compliance with the safety standard and taking into account the recommendations. Tourism is the sector that has received the hardest and first blow due to the crisis and which, in addition to being one of the most important driving forces of the country's economy in recent years, the sector has a competitive advantage that can contribute to the economic development of Georgia in the post-crisis pandemic economy. Tourism is one of the largest spheres in the world, and its development is conditioned by the safe environment of the country, economic and political stability. It creates jobs and helps increase incomes for the population. International tourism contributes to the inflow of foreign currency into the country and affects the social and cultural environment of the country. That is why it is important to bring the tourism business out of the crisis.
{"title":"THE IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC ON THE TOURISM BUSINESS","authors":"G. Shanidze","doi":"10.52244/EP.2021.21.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/EP.2021.21.02","url":null,"abstract":"If Pandemic has had an impact on any business it’s primarily a tourism business. Other businesses have a very close relation with this business and therefore they have been affected as well. As you know, the world travel and tourism market is expected to have lost more than 75.2 million jobs by 2020. According to the UNWTO, small and medium-sized enterprises were most affected. Their share in the tourism sector is 80%. Coronavirus will have a special impact on the countries whose economy accounts for a large share of tourism and whose economic growth is largely due to the tourism sector, and Georgia is also among them.\u0000 According to the Georgian government, Georgia will develop the tourism sector in the near future, of course, in compliance with the safety standard and taking into account the recommendations. Tourism is the sector that has received the hardest and first blow due to the crisis and which, in addition to being one of the most important driving forces of the country's economy in recent years, the sector has a competitive advantage that can contribute to the economic development of Georgia in the post-crisis pandemic economy.\u0000 Tourism is one of the largest spheres in the world, and its development is conditioned by the safe environment of the country, economic and political stability. It creates jobs and helps increase incomes for the population. International tourism contributes to the inflow of foreign currency into the country and affects the social and cultural environment of the country. That is why it is important to bring the tourism business out of the crisis.","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123906118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Baratashvili, I. Baratashvili, Leila Mamulashvili
Information clarity and order are essential for the successful functioning of an organization. The more information an organization has about the internal and external environment, the higher is the likelihood of its operation, self-survival and development. Optimal management with minimal resources in private and public organizations can be achieved by reducing the entropy of the system. In economics, the term entropy is associated with the extent of uncertainty. Practice shows that the understanding and application of the theory of entropy for the correct handling of the organization management is manifested as an important source of a high level of organization and increasing the efficiency of activities. Entropy factors must be taken into account to run an organization flawlessly.
{"title":"ENTROPY IN MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS PROCESSES","authors":"E. Baratashvili, I. Baratashvili, Leila Mamulashvili","doi":"10.52244/EP.2021.21.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/EP.2021.21.10","url":null,"abstract":"Information clarity and order are essential for the successful functioning of an organization. The more information an organization has about the internal and external environment, the higher is the likelihood of its operation, self-survival and development. Optimal management with minimal resources in private and public organizations can be achieved by reducing the entropy of the system. In economics, the term entropy is associated with the extent of uncertainty. Practice shows that the understanding and application of the theory of entropy for the correct handling of the organization management is manifested as an important source of a high level of organization and increasing the efficiency of activities. Entropy factors must be taken into account to run an organization flawlessly.","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131522264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The new Corona-virus and the contagious disease which it causes, the so called COVID 19, put forward the serious challenges for many countries all over the world and for Georgia among them. Almost the whole world is facing very serious obstacles on the international and national levels. Too many problems emerged in the world countries. To resist against the new disease has become the main priority for each country. The global processes caused by the pandemics have influenced the audit service as well. The uncertainty and unpredictability caused the new risks of deficiencies and activated already existed ones in the new environment. The situation became more complicated due to the fact that it can happen that the auditors do not consider the mentioned risks in the process of planning for audits or the risks may be considered mistakenly. The firms and other economical institutions in which the audit is carried out are obliged to adopt the new rules and changing environments in which their businesses function; they should change the rules of fulfilling the operation, preparing the financial accounts, the processes of their representing the information processes, safety of information shown in the financial accounts, the rules of their preparing; they also evaluate the possibilities of keeping on their activities in the nearest future. The qualified performing of the audit implies the basical elemenst which helps to create such environment where the possibility of the high level audit will be at the maximum. Implementing the quality control implies that such system will include two stages; each of them is directed towards providing the audit processes according the international standards There are several types of the quality improvement system. In all of them the main variable value represents the amount of costs for the proper system. All countries choose the system which provides benefits taking the costs into consideration. There are four main stages in the process of implementation the system which will ensure the high quality audit. Here are four main stages shown in the process of implementation: The first stage: to carry out diagnostic observation; The second stage: stating the view; The third sage: working out the system; The fourth stage: implementation of the system. The firms and other economical institutions where the audit is carried out are obliged to be reliable with their activities in the changing situation in which their businesses function. The subjects change the rules of carrying out the usual operations, change the open information given in the financial accounts, and estimate the possibilities of maintaining the existing possibilities for the nearest future. It is important to revise some standards out of Audit International Standards and to make them fit for revealing and assessing the risks of essential mistakes and discrepencies. The controlled variation of the standard regulates such issues as the newly
{"title":"THE COVID-19 FINANCIAL PROBLEMS AND ASPECTS OF AUDIT QUALITY ASSURANCE IN GEORGIA","authors":"David Bidzinashvili","doi":"10.52244/EP.2021.21.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/EP.2021.21.03","url":null,"abstract":"The new Corona-virus and the contagious disease which it causes, the so called COVID 19, put forward the serious challenges for many countries all over the world and for Georgia among them. Almost the whole world is facing very serious obstacles on the international and national levels. Too many problems emerged in the world countries. To resist against the new disease has become the main priority for each country. \u0000The global processes caused by the pandemics have influenced the audit service as well. The uncertainty and unpredictability caused the new risks of deficiencies and activated already existed ones in the new environment. The situation became more complicated due to the fact that it can happen that the auditors do not consider the mentioned risks in the process of planning for audits or the risks may be considered mistakenly. \u0000The firms and other economical institutions in which the audit is carried out are obliged to adopt the new rules and changing environments in which their businesses function; they should change the rules of fulfilling the operation, preparing the financial accounts, the processes of their representing the information processes, safety of information shown in the financial accounts, the rules of their preparing; they also evaluate the possibilities of keeping on their activities in the nearest future. \u0000The qualified performing of the audit implies the basical elemenst which helps to create such environment where the possibility of the high level audit will be at the maximum. \u0000Implementing the quality control implies that such system will include two stages; each of them is directed towards providing the audit processes according the international standards \u0000There are several types of the quality improvement system. In all of them the main variable value represents the amount of costs for the proper system. All countries choose the system which provides benefits taking the costs into consideration. \u0000There are four main stages in the process of implementation the system which will ensure the high quality audit. Here are four main stages shown in the process of implementation: \u0000 The first stage: to carry out diagnostic observation;\u0000 The second stage: stating the view; \u0000 The third sage: working out the system; \u0000 The fourth stage: implementation of the system.\u0000The firms and other economical institutions where the audit is carried out are obliged to be reliable with their activities in the changing situation in which their businesses function. The subjects change the rules of carrying out the usual operations, change the open information given in the financial accounts, and estimate the possibilities of maintaining the existing possibilities for the nearest future. \u0000It is important to revise some standards out of Audit International Standards and to make them fit for revealing and assessing the risks of essential mistakes and discrepencies. The controlled variation of the standard regulates such issues as the newly ","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117104955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article focuses on the application of mathematical methods in economics, in particular discussing economic problems that are easily solved using derivatives. The purpose of the article is to show students the way and opportunity to use mathematical methods to solve economic problems. To this end, the article discusses and analyzes several economic tasks in detail, which will be interesting and easy for students to master. I considered the derivative of a function as the rate of change and introduced the definition: The instantaneous rate of change of the function f with respect to x at a point is called the derivative if it exists. With the help of this definition I have discussed and explained Task 1: Suppose that the increase in production of a certain product over a period of time is described by a function And population growth is described by the following function: Where is the number of years from the initial period, then the production of these products per capita is given by the function: Find the growth rate of product production. By solving this task I came to the conclusion that after a year the production of products per capita increases. In the following tasks I used the method of finding the extremum values of a function using a derivative, namely I equated the first-order derivative to 0, found the critical points, and with the help of the second-order derivative I determined the extremes of the function. I discussed task 2: For the production of X volume of products, the firm plans a cost that is calculated by the formulan . For what volume of production will the average cost be the smallest? Find the numerical value of this small expense. Solving this problem, I came to the conclusion that the given function of the average cost takes on the least value when the output volume is a unit , and this value is equal to: which is the marginal cost when producing the volume output. I discussed Task 3: How many products should be sold in order for a firm to profit maximally if the derivative cost function is known: And return function: Here I came to the conclusion: if 600 units of the product are sold, then the firm's profit will be maximum and it will be numerically equal At the end of the article I discussed such a task 4 of applied optimization. What is the minimum amount of material needed to make a 2 liter cylindrical jar? Where I came to the conclusion: the smallest amount of material will be spent to get a cylindrical vessel if we take the height 2 times the radius of the base.
{"title":"USING A FUNCTION DERIVATIVE IN ECONOMIC TASKS","authors":"Maka Lomtadze","doi":"10.52244/EP.2021.21.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/EP.2021.21.09","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on the application of mathematical methods in economics, in particular discussing economic problems that are easily solved using derivatives.\u0000 The purpose of the article is to show students the way and opportunity to use mathematical methods to solve economic problems. To this end, the article discusses and analyzes several economic tasks in detail, which will be interesting and easy for students to master.\u0000I considered the derivative of a function as the rate of change and introduced the definition: The instantaneous rate of change of the function f with respect to x at a point is called the derivative if it exists. With the help of this definition I have discussed and explained\u0000Task 1: Suppose that the increase in production of a certain product over a period of time is described by a function\u0000 \u0000And population growth is described by the following function:\u0000 \u0000Where is the number of years from the initial period, then the production of these products per capita is given by the function:\u0000 \u0000 Find the growth rate of product production.\u0000By solving this task I came to the conclusion that after a year the production of products per capita increases.\u0000In the following tasks I used the method of finding the extremum values of a function using a derivative, namely I equated the first-order derivative to 0, found the critical points, and with the help of the second-order derivative I determined the extremes of the function.\u0000I discussed task 2: For the production of X volume of products, the firm plans a cost that is calculated by the formulan . For what volume of production will the average cost be the smallest? Find the numerical value of this small expense.\u0000Solving this problem, I came to the conclusion that the given function of the average cost takes on the least value when the output volume is a unit , and this value is equal to: which is the marginal cost when producing the volume output.\u0000I discussed Task 3: How many products should be sold in order for a firm to profit maximally if the derivative cost function is known:\u0000 \u0000And return function: \u0000Here I came to the conclusion: if 600 units of the product are sold, then the firm's profit will be maximum and it will be numerically equal\u0000At the end of the article I discussed such a task 4 of applied optimization. What is the minimum amount of material needed to make a 2 liter cylindrical jar?\u0000Where I came to the conclusion: the smallest amount of material will be spent to get a cylindrical vessel if we take the height 2 times the radius of the base.","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121642841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The modern world is facing very serious challenges. Our society has once again strongly felt all the challenges of a pandemic. Mankind is going through this ordeal and the economic crisis provoked by it. We have a need for global, fundamental macroeconomic change. The world is changing before our eyes and in these conditions there is a chance for the country to correctly assess the current situation. Despite the rich resource potential of the country, the share of food exports in the country's total exports is 7-9%, and imports - 10-12%. At the same time, according to the results of 2019, food imports exceeded exports by 3 times. Many factors need to be considered when formulating a state support policy, however, the strategy for action should be based on several important principles: 1. Information-analytical support of the state agrarian policy and management of the forecasting system; 2. Access to government support; 3. The consistency of the policy of the Ministry and its sustainable nature, because the long-term goals and objectives facing the field can not be questioned; 4. Competitive products and conditions of its production; 5. Public involvement and participation of industry associations in defining strategic tasks. We get a picture where all five principles are completely violated in both business practice and thought theory. Programs are fragmentary and less result-oriented, the information-analytical part is weak and vague, there is no forecasting system, unequal conditions are maintained in the market and there are no conditions for its protection and regulation, government actions are mostly inconsistent and inflexible, sectorial associations are virtually mixed. They not only dominate the formation of policies implemented by the state, but it also acts on their orders and often seriously damages the process. We believe that the current strategy of agriculture and rural development in Georgia, with its content, goals and objectives, does not meet the challenges facing the country and the sector. The agenda highlights the need to create a new strategic document with more involvement of scientists, experts, practitioners and farmers, which will be the subject of public discussion before adoption. The need for a "big push policy" is suggested by the authors in the paper. The proposed vision, where the territorial and sectoral principles complement each other, moreover their synergy creates a precondition for development, requires more attention from the state. At the modern stage, reasonable, scientifically substantiated and at the same time adapted in practice target-program action models are gaining special importance. They are part of a complex macroeconomic government vision in which all agencies, entities and individuals have explicit rights and responsibilities. All the above problems can be overcome if there is political will and we will replace evolutionary inertia with a policy of revolutionary big push, where the state will
{"title":"FOR THE ISSUE OF IMPROVING THE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY","authors":"P. Koguashvili, N. Chikhladze","doi":"10.52244/EP.2021.21.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52244/EP.2021.21.06","url":null,"abstract":"The modern world is facing very serious challenges. Our society has once again strongly felt all the challenges of a pandemic. Mankind is going through this ordeal and the economic crisis provoked by it. We have a need for global, fundamental macroeconomic change. The world is changing before our eyes and in these conditions there is a chance for the country to correctly assess the current situation.\u0000Despite the rich resource potential of the country, the share of food exports in the country's total exports is 7-9%, and imports - 10-12%. At the same time, according to the results of 2019, food imports exceeded exports by 3 times.\u0000Many factors need to be considered when formulating a state support policy, however, the strategy for action should be based on several important principles:\u00001. Information-analytical support of the state agrarian policy and management of the forecasting system;\u00002. Access to government support;\u00003. The consistency of the policy of the Ministry and its sustainable nature, because the long-term goals and objectives facing the field can not be questioned;\u00004. Competitive products and conditions of its production;\u00005. Public involvement and participation of industry associations in defining strategic tasks.\u0000We get a picture where all five principles are completely violated in both business practice and thought theory. Programs are fragmentary and less result-oriented, the information-analytical part is weak and vague, there is no forecasting system, unequal conditions are maintained in the market and there are no conditions for its protection and regulation, government actions are mostly inconsistent and inflexible, sectorial associations are virtually mixed. They not only dominate the formation of policies implemented by the state, but it also acts on their orders and often seriously damages the process.\u0000We believe that the current strategy of agriculture and rural development in Georgia, with its content, goals and objectives, does not meet the challenges facing the country and the sector. The agenda highlights the need to create a new strategic document with more involvement of scientists, experts, practitioners and farmers, which will be the subject of public discussion before adoption. The need for a \"big push policy\" is suggested by the authors in the paper.\u0000The proposed vision, where the territorial and sectoral principles complement each other, moreover their synergy creates a precondition for development, requires more attention from the state.\u0000At the modern stage, reasonable, scientifically substantiated and at the same time adapted in practice target-program action models are gaining special importance. They are part of a complex macroeconomic government vision in which all agencies, entities and individuals have explicit rights and responsibilities. All the above problems can be overcome if there is political will and we will replace evolutionary inertia with a policy of revolutionary big push, where the state will ","PeriodicalId":344544,"journal":{"name":"Economic Profile","volume":"07 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130162297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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