A large-scale Battery Management System (BMS) used in Electric Vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems is a typical Cyber-Physical System (CPS) application in that scheduling of battery charge, discharge, and rest (i.e., cyber part) can significantly improve BMS performance under understanding and controlling battery characteristics (i.e., physical part). Therefore, the CPS community has paid attention to BMSes, e.g., ICCPS [4, 5, 3] and the CPS track in RTSS [7, 2, 6, 1].
{"title":"Charge scheduling for large-scale battery management systems","authors":"Jinkyu Lee","doi":"10.1145/2735960.2735989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2735960.2735989","url":null,"abstract":"A large-scale Battery Management System (BMS) used in Electric Vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems is a typical Cyber-Physical System (CPS) application in that scheduling of battery charge, discharge, and rest (i.e., cyber part) can significantly improve BMS performance under understanding and controlling battery characteristics (i.e., physical part). Therefore, the CPS community has paid attention to BMSes, e.g., ICCPS [4, 5, 3] and the CPS track in RTSS [7, 2, 6, 1].","PeriodicalId":344612,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130276101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we present a methodology that provides a systematic way of generating attack trees for interoperable medical devices by leveraging process modeling, hazard descriptions, and fault-trees.
{"title":"Methodology for generating attack trees for interoperable medical devices","authors":"Jian Xu, Vasiliki Sfyrla, K. Venkatasubramanian","doi":"10.1145/2735960.2735993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2735960.2735993","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present a methodology that provides a systematic way of generating attack trees for interoperable medical devices by leveraging process modeling, hazard descriptions, and fault-trees.","PeriodicalId":344612,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"320 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115457674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the passenger vehicles evolve to be "smart", electronic components, including communication and intelligent software, are continuously introduced to new models and concept vehicles. The new paradigm introduces new features and benefits, but also brings new security concerns. Smart cars are considered cyber-physical systems (CPS) because of their integration of cyber- and physical-components. In recent years, various threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks have been discovered from different models of smart cars. In the worst-case scenario, external attackers may remotely obtain full control of the vehicle by exploiting an existing vulnerability. In this poster, we examine smart car security from a CPS' perspective, and derive a taxonomy of threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks. We demonstrate a systematic model of smart car security by distinguishing between cyber, cyber-physical, and physical (C-CP-P) components and their interactions. We present our reflections on how the systematic model and taxonomy could be utilized to help the development of effective control mechanisms.
{"title":"Cyber-physical security for smart cars: taxonomy of vulnerabilities, threats, and attacks","authors":"Abdulmalik Humayed, Bo Luo","doi":"10.1145/2735960.2735992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2735960.2735992","url":null,"abstract":"As the passenger vehicles evolve to be \"smart\", electronic components, including communication and intelligent software, are continuously introduced to new models and concept vehicles. The new paradigm introduces new features and benefits, but also brings new security concerns. Smart cars are considered cyber-physical systems (CPS) because of their integration of cyber- and physical-components. In recent years, various threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks have been discovered from different models of smart cars. In the worst-case scenario, external attackers may remotely obtain full control of the vehicle by exploiting an existing vulnerability. In this poster, we examine smart car security from a CPS' perspective, and derive a taxonomy of threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks. We demonstrate a systematic model of smart car security by distinguishing between cyber, cyber-physical, and physical (C-CP-P) components and their interactions. We present our reflections on how the systematic model and taxonomy could be utilized to help the development of effective control mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":344612,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"340 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114815718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last years, several problems related to computing systems are being re-considered with a control-centric approach, leading to a system-theoretical component design and assessment, [2, 4]. Notable examples are thread scheduling [3], memory management [7], and time synchronisation [1]. When addressed as control ones, many of said problems reveal a surprisingly similar structure, where the dynamics to be controlled is very simple, and the only source of uncertainty are exogenous disturbances caused by the external environment, other components of the computing system, or any combination thereof. Whenever the quantised nature of controls and measurements is negligible, standard control structures can be devised to compensate for disturbances. However, in high-precision applications, quantisation may become so relevant to cause undesired fluctuations in the controlled variables, and the same structures may not be adequate anymore. Starting from time synchronisation in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), a general technique is proposed to solve this issue.
{"title":"A switched control scheme to handle quantisation in the design of high-precision computing system components","authors":"F. Terraneo, A. Leva, M. Prandini","doi":"10.1145/2735960.2735991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2735960.2735991","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last years, several problems related to computing systems are being re-considered with a control-centric approach, leading to a system-theoretical component design and assessment, [2, 4]. Notable examples are thread scheduling [3], memory management [7], and time synchronisation [1]. When addressed as control ones, many of said problems reveal a surprisingly similar structure, where the dynamics to be controlled is very simple, and the only source of uncertainty are exogenous disturbances caused by the external environment, other components of the computing system, or any combination thereof. Whenever the quantised nature of controls and measurements is negligible, standard control structures can be devised to compensate for disturbances. However, in high-precision applications, quantisation may become so relevant to cause undesired fluctuations in the controlled variables, and the same structures may not be adequate anymore. Starting from time synchronisation in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), a general technique is proposed to solve this issue.","PeriodicalId":344612,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123470382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huihua Zhao, Jake Reher, J. Horn, V. Paredes, A. Ames
Lower-limb prosthesis provide a prime example of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) that interact with humans in a safety critical fashion, and therefore require the synergistic development of sensing, algorithms and controllers. With a view towards better understanding CPSs of this form, this paper presents a methodology for successfully translating nonlinear real-time optimization based controllers from bipedal robots to a novel custom built self-contained powered transfemoral prosthesis: AMPRO. To achieve this goal, we begin by collecting reference human locomotion data via Inertial measurement Units (IMUs). This data forms the basis for an optimization problem that generates virtual constraints, i.e., parametrized trajectories, for the prosthesis that provably yields walking in simulation. Leveraging methods that have proven successful in generating stable robotic locomotion, control Lyapunov function (CLF) based Quadratic Programs (QPs) are utilized to optimally track the resulting desired trajectories. The parameterization of the trajectories is determined through a combination of on-board sensing on the prosthesis together with IMU data, thereby coupling the actions of the user with the controller. Finally, impedance control is integrated into the QP yielding an optimization based control law that displays remarkable tracking and robustness, outperforming traditional PD and impedance control strategies. This is demonstrated experimentally on AMPRO through the implementation of the holistic sensing, algorithm and control framework, with the end result being stable and human-like walking.
{"title":"Realization of nonlinear real-time optimization based controllers on self-contained transfemoral prosthesis","authors":"Huihua Zhao, Jake Reher, J. Horn, V. Paredes, A. Ames","doi":"10.1145/2735960.2735964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2735960.2735964","url":null,"abstract":"Lower-limb prosthesis provide a prime example of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) that interact with humans in a safety critical fashion, and therefore require the synergistic development of sensing, algorithms and controllers. With a view towards better understanding CPSs of this form, this paper presents a methodology for successfully translating nonlinear real-time optimization based controllers from bipedal robots to a novel custom built self-contained powered transfemoral prosthesis: AMPRO. To achieve this goal, we begin by collecting reference human locomotion data via Inertial measurement Units (IMUs). This data forms the basis for an optimization problem that generates virtual constraints, i.e., parametrized trajectories, for the prosthesis that provably yields walking in simulation. Leveraging methods that have proven successful in generating stable robotic locomotion, control Lyapunov function (CLF) based Quadratic Programs (QPs) are utilized to optimally track the resulting desired trajectories. The parameterization of the trajectories is determined through a combination of on-board sensing on the prosthesis together with IMU data, thereby coupling the actions of the user with the controller. Finally, impedance control is integrated into the QP yielding an optimization based control law that displays remarkable tracking and robustness, outperforming traditional PD and impedance control strategies. This is demonstrated experimentally on AMPRO through the implementation of the holistic sensing, algorithm and control framework, with the end result being stable and human-like walking.","PeriodicalId":344612,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124996382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of nonlinear model-predictive methods for path planning and following has the advantage of concurrently solving problems of obstacle avoidance, feasible trajectory selection, and trajectory following, while obeying constraints on control inputs and state values. However, such approaches are computationally intensive, and may not be guaranteed to return a result in bounded time when performing a non-convex optimization. This problem is an interesting application to cyber-physical systems due to their reliance on computation to carry out complex control. The computational burden can be addressed through model reduction, at a cost of potential (bounded) model error over the prediction horizon. In this paper we introduce a metric called uncontrollable divergence, and discuss how the selection of the model to use for the predictive controller can be addressed by evaluating this metric, which reveals the divergence between predicted and true states caused by return time and model mismatch. A map of uncontrollable divergence plotted over the state space gives the criterion to judge where reduced models can be tolerated when high update rate is preferred (e.g. at high speed and small steering angles), and where high-fidelity models are required to avoid obstacles or make tighter curves (e.g. at large steering angles). With this metric, we design a hybrid controller that switches at runtime between predictive controllers in which respective models are deployed.
{"title":"A hybrid model predictive controller for path planning and path following","authors":"Kun Zhang, J. Sprinkle, R. Sanfelice","doi":"10.1145/2735960.2735966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2735960.2735966","url":null,"abstract":"The use of nonlinear model-predictive methods for path planning and following has the advantage of concurrently solving problems of obstacle avoidance, feasible trajectory selection, and trajectory following, while obeying constraints on control inputs and state values. However, such approaches are computationally intensive, and may not be guaranteed to return a result in bounded time when performing a non-convex optimization. This problem is an interesting application to cyber-physical systems due to their reliance on computation to carry out complex control. The computational burden can be addressed through model reduction, at a cost of potential (bounded) model error over the prediction horizon. In this paper we introduce a metric called uncontrollable divergence, and discuss how the selection of the model to use for the predictive controller can be addressed by evaluating this metric, which reveals the divergence between predicted and true states caused by return time and model mismatch. A map of uncontrollable divergence plotted over the state space gives the criterion to judge where reduced models can be tolerated when high update rate is preferred (e.g. at high speed and small steering angles), and where high-fidelity models are required to avoid obstacles or make tighter curves (e.g. at large steering angles). With this metric, we design a hybrid controller that switches at runtime between predictive controllers in which respective models are deployed.","PeriodicalId":344612,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130815869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jackeline Abad Torres, D. Sahabandu, R. Dhal, Sandip Roy
We explore the manipulation of networked cyber-physical devices via external actuation or feedback control at a single location, in the context of a canonical multi-agent system model known as the double integrator network. One main focus is to understand whether or not, and how easily, a stakeholder can manipulate network's full dynamics by designing the actuation signal for one agent (in an open-loop sense). Additionally, we investigate the ability of the stakeholder to manipulate the multi-agent system, and achieve control objectives, via local feedback control. For both problems, we find that manipulation of the dynamics is crucially dependent on the network's graph and associated spectrum.
{"title":"Local open- and closed-loop manipulation of multi-agent networks","authors":"Jackeline Abad Torres, D. Sahabandu, R. Dhal, Sandip Roy","doi":"10.1145/2735960.2735982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2735960.2735982","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the manipulation of networked cyber-physical devices via external actuation or feedback control at a single location, in the context of a canonical multi-agent system model known as the double integrator network. One main focus is to understand whether or not, and how easily, a stakeholder can manipulate network's full dynamics by designing the actuation signal for one agent (in an open-loop sense). Additionally, we investigate the ability of the stakeholder to manipulate the multi-agent system, and achieve control objectives, via local feedback control. For both problems, we find that manipulation of the dynamics is crucially dependent on the network's graph and associated spectrum.","PeriodicalId":344612,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":" 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113953267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radoslav Ivanov, James Weimer, Allan F. Simpao, M. Rehman, Insup Lee
This paper aims to improve the design of modern Medical Cyber Physical Systems through the addition of supplemental noninvasive monitors. Specifically, we focus on monitoring the arterial blood oxygen content (CaO2), one of the most closely observed vital signs in operating rooms, currently measured by a proxy -- peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2). While SpO2 is a good estimate of O2 content in the finger where it is measured, it is a delayed measure of its content in the arteries. In addition, it does not incorporate system dynamics and is a poor predictor of future CaO2 values. Therefore, as a first step towards supplementing the usage of SpO2, this work introduces a predictive monitor designed to provide early detection of critical drops in CaO2 caused by a pulmonary shunt in infants. To this end, we develop a formal model of the circulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body, characterized by unknown patient-unique parameters. Employing the model, we design a matched subspace detector to provide a near constant false alarm rate invariant to these parameters and modeling uncertainties. Finally, we validate our approach on real-patient data from lung lobectomy surgeries performed at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Given 198 infants, the detector predicted 81% of the critical drops in CaO2 at an average of about 65 seconds earlier than the SpO2-based monitor, while achieving a 0.9% false alarm rate (representing about 2 false alarms per hour).
{"title":"Early detection of critical pulmonary shunts in infants","authors":"Radoslav Ivanov, James Weimer, Allan F. Simpao, M. Rehman, Insup Lee","doi":"10.1145/2735960.2735962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2735960.2735962","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to improve the design of modern Medical Cyber Physical Systems through the addition of supplemental noninvasive monitors. Specifically, we focus on monitoring the arterial blood oxygen content (CaO2), one of the most closely observed vital signs in operating rooms, currently measured by a proxy -- peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2). While SpO2 is a good estimate of O2 content in the finger where it is measured, it is a delayed measure of its content in the arteries. In addition, it does not incorporate system dynamics and is a poor predictor of future CaO2 values. Therefore, as a first step towards supplementing the usage of SpO2, this work introduces a predictive monitor designed to provide early detection of critical drops in CaO2 caused by a pulmonary shunt in infants. To this end, we develop a formal model of the circulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body, characterized by unknown patient-unique parameters. Employing the model, we design a matched subspace detector to provide a near constant false alarm rate invariant to these parameters and modeling uncertainties. Finally, we validate our approach on real-patient data from lung lobectomy surgeries performed at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Given 198 infants, the detector predicted 81% of the critical drops in CaO2 at an average of about 65 seconds earlier than the SpO2-based monitor, while achieving a 0.9% false alarm rate (representing about 2 false alarms per hour).","PeriodicalId":344612,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123216864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Supervisory control for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operated by a single operator has been studied [1], The operator decides a plan by which he/she completes a mission such as surveillance and rescue. A supporting system for the operator is needed to select an optimal plan using a large number of data such as sensing data from the UAVs and a map from a cloud. On the other hand, in cloud computing, potentially unlimited computing and database resources can be utilized. In this paper, we apply a cyber-physical system approach to the design of a system for a Cloud-Assisted Sensing and Supervisory control (CLASS) of the multiple UAVs operated by a single operator. The cloud provides a list of plans from which the operator selects an optimal one, a user interface suitable for mission accomplishment, information such as the UAVs' data and a map to the operator, and commands to each UAV for an automatic navigation. Moreover, the cloud retrieves data used to complete the mission from other clouds.
{"title":"Cloud-assisted sensing and supervision of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles by a single operator","authors":"Takashi Shigekuni, T. Ushio, Takuya Azumi","doi":"10.1145/2735960.2735987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2735960.2735987","url":null,"abstract":"Supervisory control for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operated by a single operator has been studied [1], The operator decides a plan by which he/she completes a mission such as surveillance and rescue. A supporting system for the operator is needed to select an optimal plan using a large number of data such as sensing data from the UAVs and a map from a cloud. On the other hand, in cloud computing, potentially unlimited computing and database resources can be utilized. In this paper, we apply a cyber-physical system approach to the design of a system for a Cloud-Assisted Sensing and Supervisory control (CLASS) of the multiple UAVs operated by a single operator. The cloud provides a list of plans from which the operator selects an optimal one, a user interface suitable for mission accomplishment, information such as the UAVs' data and a map to the operator, and commands to each UAV for an automatic navigation. Moreover, the cloud retrieves data used to complete the mission from other clouds.","PeriodicalId":344612,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122705679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yunlong Gao, Shaohan Hu, R. Mancuso, Hongwei Wang, Minje Kim, Po-Liang Wu, Lu Su, L. Sha, T. Abdelzaher
In this paper, we describe a general methodology for enhancing measurement accuracy in cyber-physical systems that involve structured human interactions with a noisy physical environment. We define structured human interactions as those that follow a domain-specific workflow. The idea of the paper is simple: we exploit knowledge of the workflow to correct unreliable sensor data. The intellectual contribution lies in an algorithm for joint estimation of the current state of the workflow together with correction of noisy sensor measurements, given only the noisy measurements and an overall workflow description. We demonstrate through simulations and a physical implementation the degree to which knowledge of workflow can increase sensing accuracy. As a specific instantiation of this idea, we present a novel situation-awareness tool called the Emergency Transcriber designed to automatically document operational procedures followed by teams of first responders in emergency-response scenarios. Evaluation shows that our system provides a significant fidelity enhancement over the state of the art, effectively coping with the noisy environment of emergency teams.
{"title":"Exploiting structured human interactions to enhance estimation accuracy in cyber-physical systems","authors":"Yunlong Gao, Shaohan Hu, R. Mancuso, Hongwei Wang, Minje Kim, Po-Liang Wu, Lu Su, L. Sha, T. Abdelzaher","doi":"10.1145/2735960.2735965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2735960.2735965","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we describe a general methodology for enhancing measurement accuracy in cyber-physical systems that involve structured human interactions with a noisy physical environment. We define structured human interactions as those that follow a domain-specific workflow. The idea of the paper is simple: we exploit knowledge of the workflow to correct unreliable sensor data. The intellectual contribution lies in an algorithm for joint estimation of the current state of the workflow together with correction of noisy sensor measurements, given only the noisy measurements and an overall workflow description. We demonstrate through simulations and a physical implementation the degree to which knowledge of workflow can increase sensing accuracy. As a specific instantiation of this idea, we present a novel situation-awareness tool called the Emergency Transcriber designed to automatically document operational procedures followed by teams of first responders in emergency-response scenarios. Evaluation shows that our system provides a significant fidelity enhancement over the state of the art, effectively coping with the noisy environment of emergency teams.","PeriodicalId":344612,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Sixth International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129985955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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