Pub Date : 2009-10-30DOI: 10.2174/1874829500902010104
D. Abdessemed, S. Kiamouche, G. Nezzal
As the principal objective, this present study compares the purifying performances of the membrane bioreactor (MBR) with the conventional activated sludge used from the wastewater treatment plant of Beni Messous (Algiers) with the average characteristics in the chemical oxygen demand being 586 mg/L and 188 mg/L in the biochemical oxygen de- mand and 14 NTU of turbidity. The membrane bioreactor received the domestic wastewater in side stream with an ul- trafiltration membrane under the following conditions: mixed liquor suspended solids concentration 4g/L; cross flow ve- locity U= 4m/s at constant transmembrane pressure 0.8 bar. The results obtained show a better elimination of carbona- ceous pollution and suspended solids (SS) for the MBR with COD final value equal to 10 mg/L and 2 mg/L in BOD5 and 0,3 mg/ L for SS. For the conventional activated sludge, we obtained a final value equal to 77 mg/L for the COD and 18 mg/L for BOD5 and 25 mg/L for SS.
{"title":"Comparison of the Purifying Performances of Membrane Bioreactor Lab Scale with Activated Sludge Treatment","authors":"D. Abdessemed, S. Kiamouche, G. Nezzal","doi":"10.2174/1874829500902010104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874829500902010104","url":null,"abstract":"As the principal objective, this present study compares the purifying performances of the membrane bioreactor (MBR) with the conventional activated sludge used from the wastewater treatment plant of Beni Messous (Algiers) with the average characteristics in the chemical oxygen demand being 586 mg/L and 188 mg/L in the biochemical oxygen de- mand and 14 NTU of turbidity. The membrane bioreactor received the domestic wastewater in side stream with an ul- trafiltration membrane under the following conditions: mixed liquor suspended solids concentration 4g/L; cross flow ve- locity U= 4m/s at constant transmembrane pressure 0.8 bar. The results obtained show a better elimination of carbona- ceous pollution and suspended solids (SS) for the MBR with COD final value equal to 10 mg/L and 2 mg/L in BOD5 and 0,3 mg/ L for SS. For the conventional activated sludge, we obtained a final value equal to 77 mg/L for the COD and 18 mg/L for BOD5 and 25 mg/L for SS.","PeriodicalId":344616,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Engineering Journal","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116732461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-16DOI: 10.2174/1874829500902010097
N. Diodato, M. Ceccarelli
Multiple Damaging Hydrological Events are rapidly developing into worldwide disasters with effects to the vi- able habitat for humankind and ecosystems. This research describes how data assimilation friendly models combining re- motely sensed and ground hydrological data could be used for developing a soft geovisual communication in order to re- duce the uncertainty in rainstorm hazard mapping. For this, a set of sequential GIScience rules was utilized for converting coding data of a Rainstorm Hazard Index (RHI) from point record to spatial information using TRMM-NASA satellite rain data as covariate. Examples of probability estimation for different precipitation durations, ranging from 3 to 48 hours and the quantification of hydrological hazard fields were used with probability maps of damaging rainstorms prone-areas for the test-region of Southern Italy. Results show that sub-regional rainstorm hazard modelling can provide probability maps for damaging events in Italy with a spatial variability resolution of around 20 km. Spatially finer estimates (e.g., at local-scale: < 10 km) can be ensured only with the availability of more accurate and detailed remote sensing rain data.
{"title":"Combining satellite and geospatial technologies for rainstorms hazard soft mapping.","authors":"N. Diodato, M. Ceccarelli","doi":"10.2174/1874829500902010097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874829500902010097","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple Damaging Hydrological Events are rapidly developing into worldwide disasters with effects to the vi- able habitat for humankind and ecosystems. This research describes how data assimilation friendly models combining re- motely sensed and ground hydrological data could be used for developing a soft geovisual communication in order to re- duce the uncertainty in rainstorm hazard mapping. For this, a set of sequential GIScience rules was utilized for converting coding data of a Rainstorm Hazard Index (RHI) from point record to spatial information using TRMM-NASA satellite rain data as covariate. Examples of probability estimation for different precipitation durations, ranging from 3 to 48 hours and the quantification of hydrological hazard fields were used with probability maps of damaging rainstorms prone-areas for the test-region of Southern Italy. Results show that sub-regional rainstorm hazard modelling can provide probability maps for damaging events in Italy with a spatial variability resolution of around 20 km. Spatially finer estimates (e.g., at local-scale: < 10 km) can be ensured only with the availability of more accurate and detailed remote sensing rain data.","PeriodicalId":344616,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Engineering Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133493789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-01DOI: 10.2174/1874829500902010081
Ashok Kumar, V. Nerella
This paper presents a real life data set that incorporates results from a Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority (TARTA) biodiesel project. The research is carried out to study the effect of biodiesel on the exhaust emissions from the public transport buses. A comprehensive exhaust emission testing protocol is developed to identify the emission variations of transit buses fuelled with blends of biodiesel under different operating modes. The study is divided into two groups: real-world on-road emission and idle-engine emission testing. Exhaust emissions of oxygen (O2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2) have been reported in this study. The effects of biodiesel on vehicular emissions vary from pollutant to pollutant and are primarily dependent on engine characteristics and the concentration of biodiesel in the base fuel. The lower emissions are observed during the on-road test mode of CO, CO2, and SO2, with the increase in percentage of biodiesel in the base fuel. On the contrast, idle-engine emissions, except CO2, increase with the increase in percentage of biodiesel in the fuel. The emissions of NOx, SO2, and CO2 during cold-start are observed to be higher than that of the hot-start conditions.
{"title":"Experimental analysis of exhaust emissions from transit buses fuelled with biodiesel.","authors":"Ashok Kumar, V. Nerella","doi":"10.2174/1874829500902010081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874829500902010081","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a real life data set that incorporates results from a Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority (TARTA) biodiesel project. The research is carried out to study the effect of biodiesel on the exhaust emissions from the public transport buses. A comprehensive exhaust emission testing protocol is developed to identify the emission variations of transit buses fuelled with blends of biodiesel under different operating modes. The study is divided into two groups: real-world on-road emission and idle-engine emission testing. Exhaust emissions of oxygen (O2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2) have been reported in this study. The effects of biodiesel on vehicular emissions vary from pollutant to pollutant and are primarily dependent on engine characteristics and the concentration of biodiesel in the base fuel. The lower emissions are observed during the on-road test mode of CO, CO2, and SO2, with the increase in percentage of biodiesel in the base fuel. On the contrast, idle-engine emissions, except CO2, increase with the increase in percentage of biodiesel in the fuel. The emissions of NOx, SO2, and CO2 during cold-start are observed to be higher than that of the hot-start conditions.","PeriodicalId":344616,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Engineering Journal","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124602938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-08-25DOI: 10.2174/1874829500902010068
Ambika Arkatkar, J. Arutchelvi, M. Sudhakar, S. Bhaduri, P. Uppara, M. Doble
Accumulation of non-biodegradable plastics leads to increase in land and water pollution. Polyolefins includ- ing polyethylene and polypropylene are the major plastics to be dumped in the environment and due to their recalcitrant nature persist in the environment. The hydrophobicity, high molecular weight, chemical and structural composition of these polymers hinders their biodegradation. In this review current research that have been performed to understand the abiotic mechanism of the degradation process, and various physical, chemical and biochemical approaches that can be adopted to enhance their biodegradation are discussed. Genetic engineering approaches to enhance the performance of the microorganism or computational techniques to simulate the degradation pathways could be the future to speed up the deg- radation of these polymers.
{"title":"Approaches to Enhance the Biodegradation of Polyolefins","authors":"Ambika Arkatkar, J. Arutchelvi, M. Sudhakar, S. Bhaduri, P. Uppara, M. Doble","doi":"10.2174/1874829500902010068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874829500902010068","url":null,"abstract":"Accumulation of non-biodegradable plastics leads to increase in land and water pollution. Polyolefins includ- ing polyethylene and polypropylene are the major plastics to be dumped in the environment and due to their recalcitrant nature persist in the environment. The hydrophobicity, high molecular weight, chemical and structural composition of these polymers hinders their biodegradation. In this review current research that have been performed to understand the abiotic mechanism of the degradation process, and various physical, chemical and biochemical approaches that can be adopted to enhance their biodegradation are discussed. Genetic engineering approaches to enhance the performance of the microorganism or computational techniques to simulate the degradation pathways could be the future to speed up the deg- radation of these polymers.","PeriodicalId":344616,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Engineering Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115620317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-31DOI: 10.2174/1874829500902010050
N. Abdel-Gawad
The increase of power demand has increased the need for transmitting huge amount of power over long dis- tances. Large transmission lines configurations with high voltage and current levels generate large values of electric and magnetic fields stresses which affect the humanbeing and the nearby objects located at ground surfaces. This has in turn prompted increased activity in the documentation of calculation techniques to accurately predict field strengths in isolated conducting bodies coupled to lines of all voltages and design configurations. Overhead transmission systems required strips of land to be designed as right-of-ways (R.O.W.). These strips of land are usually evaluated according to some aspects; the most important one is the operating effects of the energized line includ- ing magnetic and electric field effects. Therefore determination of the maximum value of the magnetic and electric field stress at ground surface is very necessary and important. It is always required to minimize the amount of land set for high voltage (or current) transmission facilities. This can be achieved by the reduction of the field stress at ground level which is also considered as the most object of efforts to minimize the field effects of such high voltage AC transmission lines. This paper investigates the effects of the transmission line towers configurations, on the mitigation of the induced mag- netic fields, around and near the transmission lines, of the 500 kV systems. The magnetic fields of the conventional 500 kV normal horizontal (flat) power transmission line configuration are compared with that of the normal delta, inverted delta, compact normal delta and compact inverted delta configurations, and in turn its effects on the right of way (R.O.W) distance around the transmission line. The obtained results show that, for compact normal delta, and full compact inverted delta configurations, the resultant magnetic fields produced are lower than that produced from the conventional flat line configuration.
{"title":"An Investigation into Magnetic Field Management under Power Transmission Lines using Delta Configurations","authors":"N. Abdel-Gawad","doi":"10.2174/1874829500902010050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874829500902010050","url":null,"abstract":"The increase of power demand has increased the need for transmitting huge amount of power over long dis- tances. Large transmission lines configurations with high voltage and current levels generate large values of electric and magnetic fields stresses which affect the humanbeing and the nearby objects located at ground surfaces. This has in turn prompted increased activity in the documentation of calculation techniques to accurately predict field strengths in isolated conducting bodies coupled to lines of all voltages and design configurations. Overhead transmission systems required strips of land to be designed as right-of-ways (R.O.W.). These strips of land are usually evaluated according to some aspects; the most important one is the operating effects of the energized line includ- ing magnetic and electric field effects. Therefore determination of the maximum value of the magnetic and electric field stress at ground surface is very necessary and important. It is always required to minimize the amount of land set for high voltage (or current) transmission facilities. This can be achieved by the reduction of the field stress at ground level which is also considered as the most object of efforts to minimize the field effects of such high voltage AC transmission lines. This paper investigates the effects of the transmission line towers configurations, on the mitigation of the induced mag- netic fields, around and near the transmission lines, of the 500 kV systems. The magnetic fields of the conventional 500 kV normal horizontal (flat) power transmission line configuration are compared with that of the normal delta, inverted delta, compact normal delta and compact inverted delta configurations, and in turn its effects on the right of way (R.O.W) distance around the transmission line. The obtained results show that, for compact normal delta, and full compact inverted delta configurations, the resultant magnetic fields produced are lower than that produced from the conventional flat line configuration.","PeriodicalId":344616,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Engineering Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115821649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-26DOI: 10.2174/1874829500902010037
M. Ammar
On a global scale, the value of the total economic goods and services provided by coral reefs have been esti- mated to be US$375 billion per year with most of this coming from recreation, sea defence services and food production, this equates to an average value of around US$6,075 per hectare of coral reef per year. Degradation of reefs means the loss of these economic goods and services, and the loss of food security and employment for coastal peoples, many of them in developing countries and many of them living in poverty. In a healthy reef system which has not been physically damaged, an impacted area might be expected to recover naturally to its pre-disturbance state along a successional trajec- tory. If degradation is sufficiently severe or spatially extensive, then active restoration e.g. transplantation, in combination with management actions to reduce anthropogenic stress are necessary. Recoverability depends on the stressor, the im- pacted species/community and the temporal and spatial intensities of the stressor. Artificial reef is any structure built or placed on the sea bed, water column or floating on its surface, with the purpose of creating a new attraction to scuba di- vers or to concentrate or attract plants or animals for fishing purposes. These artificial reefs can be designed for different purposes like: (1) Tourism {SCUBA diving, recreational angling, surfing and beach enhancement} (2) Fisheries (3) Na- ture conservation (4) Science. This paper reviews conditions driving the need for restoration, and the questions that must be considered to identify the type of restoration necessary or possible. Artificial reefs around the world, their uses, social and economic impacts, liability, the use of novel technology approaches in artificial reefs and future applications were also reviewed. Artificial reefs can have positive economic impacts which are significant and may be several hundreds of million dollars per year. For future application, need is urgent for: 1- Link biological, physical and economic issues within reef development 2- Continue biological and engineering research to refine reef design and modeling.
{"title":"Coral reef restoration and artificial reef management, future and economic.","authors":"M. Ammar","doi":"10.2174/1874829500902010037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874829500902010037","url":null,"abstract":"On a global scale, the value of the total economic goods and services provided by coral reefs have been esti- mated to be US$375 billion per year with most of this coming from recreation, sea defence services and food production, this equates to an average value of around US$6,075 per hectare of coral reef per year. Degradation of reefs means the loss of these economic goods and services, and the loss of food security and employment for coastal peoples, many of them in developing countries and many of them living in poverty. In a healthy reef system which has not been physically damaged, an impacted area might be expected to recover naturally to its pre-disturbance state along a successional trajec- tory. If degradation is sufficiently severe or spatially extensive, then active restoration e.g. transplantation, in combination with management actions to reduce anthropogenic stress are necessary. Recoverability depends on the stressor, the im- pacted species/community and the temporal and spatial intensities of the stressor. Artificial reef is any structure built or placed on the sea bed, water column or floating on its surface, with the purpose of creating a new attraction to scuba di- vers or to concentrate or attract plants or animals for fishing purposes. These artificial reefs can be designed for different purposes like: (1) Tourism {SCUBA diving, recreational angling, surfing and beach enhancement} (2) Fisheries (3) Na- ture conservation (4) Science. This paper reviews conditions driving the need for restoration, and the questions that must be considered to identify the type of restoration necessary or possible. Artificial reefs around the world, their uses, social and economic impacts, liability, the use of novel technology approaches in artificial reefs and future applications were also reviewed. Artificial reefs can have positive economic impacts which are significant and may be several hundreds of million dollars per year. For future application, need is urgent for: 1- Link biological, physical and economic issues within reef development 2- Continue biological and engineering research to refine reef design and modeling.","PeriodicalId":344616,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Engineering Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125257422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-28DOI: 10.2174/1874829500902010030
R. Singh, V. Singh, P. N. Tiwari, U. Singh, Y. Sharma
Carbon slurry, dried in open air, has been used as an adsorbent material for the removal of nickel(II) from aqueous solutions at different experimental conditions in batch adsorption technique. The time required to attain equilib- rium was found to be 50 minutes. The effects of initial concentration of Ni(II), particle size of adsorbent, adsorbent dose, temperature and pH on removal of nickel(II) have been studied. The removal was favored at higher pH, the pH value for maximum adsorption being 10.00. Batch adsorption kinetics has been described by the Lagergren equation. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were applied and both isotherms were seen to be applicable over the concentration range studied. Thermodynamic parameters indicate the endothermic nature of Ni(II) adsorption on carbon slurry.
{"title":"An economic removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions using an indigenous adsorbent.","authors":"R. Singh, V. Singh, P. N. Tiwari, U. Singh, Y. Sharma","doi":"10.2174/1874829500902010030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874829500902010030","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon slurry, dried in open air, has been used as an adsorbent material for the removal of nickel(II) from aqueous solutions at different experimental conditions in batch adsorption technique. The time required to attain equilib- rium was found to be 50 minutes. The effects of initial concentration of Ni(II), particle size of adsorbent, adsorbent dose, temperature and pH on removal of nickel(II) have been studied. The removal was favored at higher pH, the pH value for maximum adsorption being 10.00. Batch adsorption kinetics has been described by the Lagergren equation. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were applied and both isotherms were seen to be applicable over the concentration range studied. Thermodynamic parameters indicate the endothermic nature of Ni(II) adsorption on carbon slurry.","PeriodicalId":344616,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Engineering Journal","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132947381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-15DOI: 10.2174/1874829500902010021
J. Matos, J. Chovelon, T. Cordero, C. Ferronato
This work shows the influence of specific surface area (BET) and surface pH of different activated carbons on the photocatalytic activity of UV-irradiated TiO2 in the 4-chlorophenol (4CP) photodegradation. Carbons were prepared from sawdust of Tabebuia Pentaphyla wood by physical activation with CO2 and by pyrolysis under N2 flow at tempera- tures from 450 up to 1000oC during 1h Chemical activation was also performed by the impregnation of precursor with ZnCl2, H3PO4 and KOH at different concentrations, followed by activation under N2 flow at 450oC by 1h. Comparison of apparent first-order rate constants between TiO2 against TiO2-AC indicate that TiO2 photoactivity is enhanced or inhibited as a function of AC properties and correlations with surface area and pHPZC were found suggesting that surface pH of car- bons is the most important parameter that influences TiO2 activity in the 4CP photodegradation.
{"title":"Influence of surface properties of activated carbon on photocatalytic activity of TiO2 in 4-chlorophenol degradation.","authors":"J. Matos, J. Chovelon, T. Cordero, C. Ferronato","doi":"10.2174/1874829500902010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874829500902010021","url":null,"abstract":"This work shows the influence of specific surface area (BET) and surface pH of different activated carbons on the photocatalytic activity of UV-irradiated TiO2 in the 4-chlorophenol (4CP) photodegradation. Carbons were prepared from sawdust of Tabebuia Pentaphyla wood by physical activation with CO2 and by pyrolysis under N2 flow at tempera- tures from 450 up to 1000oC during 1h Chemical activation was also performed by the impregnation of precursor with ZnCl2, H3PO4 and KOH at different concentrations, followed by activation under N2 flow at 450oC by 1h. Comparison of apparent first-order rate constants between TiO2 against TiO2-AC indicate that TiO2 photoactivity is enhanced or inhibited as a function of AC properties and correlations with surface area and pHPZC were found suggesting that surface pH of car- bons is the most important parameter that influences TiO2 activity in the 4CP photodegradation.","PeriodicalId":344616,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Engineering Journal","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127717059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-30DOI: 10.2174/1874829500902010009
A. Benedetto
In the last decade, Low Cost Carriers (LCCs) have increased greatly, both in terms of number of flights and the number of passengers. This growth has occurred mainly in secondary airports, where air-transport was previously gener- ally private and/or military. The large increase in LCCs coupled with the consolidated urbanization around the secondary airports has caused a substantial problem with environmental noise pollution. Currently, noise levels can be predicted us- ing advanced numerical models that require many inputs to give reliable results, substantial computational resources, and high level know-how. For local communities and institutions, the implementation of such prediction models is often not possible, and, at the same time, air-transport companies are not always required by law to predict noise impact induced by changing flight operations. Here, an effective low cost model for predicting noise levels around airports is presented. It is an advanced segmentation model that is easily implemented. The model has been calibrated using a case study referring to field noise measurements and predictions using consolidated models, such as INM (Integrated Noise Model, USA) and TNIP (Transparent Noise In- formation Package, Australia). The results demonstrate good reliability, both in single event simulations and noise contour predictions. Finally, the model has been applied to the planning of the third airport in Rome.
{"title":"Environmental Impact of the Deregulation of Air-Transport: Evaluation of the Noise Level Around Secondary Airports","authors":"A. Benedetto","doi":"10.2174/1874829500902010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874829500902010009","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade, Low Cost Carriers (LCCs) have increased greatly, both in terms of number of flights and the number of passengers. This growth has occurred mainly in secondary airports, where air-transport was previously gener- ally private and/or military. The large increase in LCCs coupled with the consolidated urbanization around the secondary airports has caused a substantial problem with environmental noise pollution. Currently, noise levels can be predicted us- ing advanced numerical models that require many inputs to give reliable results, substantial computational resources, and high level know-how. For local communities and institutions, the implementation of such prediction models is often not possible, and, at the same time, air-transport companies are not always required by law to predict noise impact induced by changing flight operations. Here, an effective low cost model for predicting noise levels around airports is presented. It is an advanced segmentation model that is easily implemented. The model has been calibrated using a case study referring to field noise measurements and predictions using consolidated models, such as INM (Integrated Noise Model, USA) and TNIP (Transparent Noise In- formation Package, Australia). The results demonstrate good reliability, both in single event simulations and noise contour predictions. Finally, the model has been applied to the planning of the third airport in Rome.","PeriodicalId":344616,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Engineering Journal","volume":"51 4 Suppl 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126055976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-12DOI: 10.2174/1874829500902010001
Curtis J. Varnell, S. Thawaba, J. Brahana
Greenwood, Arkansas, a city of about 7,700 people in west-central Arkansas, has experienced tremendous growth in population during the past decade. The city has the current capacity to produce 4.55x10 6 L of water daily. De- mand for city water use is expected to exceed 6.82 x10 6 L within the next five years. An additional 2.27x10 6 L per day is needed to augment the current supply. Two abandoned, flooded coal mines located near the city have estimated water storage in excess of 1.97x 10 9 L of water. The water has high concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfate, and iron. If a decision is made to use the water, it will require treatment to reduce these constituents to acceptable levels. Designing and constructing a viable wetland for pretreatment of mine water would offer Greenwood an inexpensive, pas- sive method to utilize the water from the coal mines. If the city can use water from the coal mines to augment the present reservoir, the expected savings would exceed twenty million dollars. Integrating this system into the current city park sys- tem and green-space will provide a multi-purpose facility that can be used for recreation, education, and wildlife en- hancement. Terms: Phytoremediation, RAPS System, Iron hydroxide, Anoxic limestone drain, Acid mine drainage.
{"title":"Constructed Wetlands for the Pre-Treatment of Drinking Water Obtained from Coal Mines","authors":"Curtis J. Varnell, S. Thawaba, J. Brahana","doi":"10.2174/1874829500902010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874829500902010001","url":null,"abstract":"Greenwood, Arkansas, a city of about 7,700 people in west-central Arkansas, has experienced tremendous growth in population during the past decade. The city has the current capacity to produce 4.55x10 6 L of water daily. De- mand for city water use is expected to exceed 6.82 x10 6 L within the next five years. An additional 2.27x10 6 L per day is needed to augment the current supply. Two abandoned, flooded coal mines located near the city have estimated water storage in excess of 1.97x 10 9 L of water. The water has high concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfate, and iron. If a decision is made to use the water, it will require treatment to reduce these constituents to acceptable levels. Designing and constructing a viable wetland for pretreatment of mine water would offer Greenwood an inexpensive, pas- sive method to utilize the water from the coal mines. If the city can use water from the coal mines to augment the present reservoir, the expected savings would exceed twenty million dollars. Integrating this system into the current city park sys- tem and green-space will provide a multi-purpose facility that can be used for recreation, education, and wildlife en- hancement. Terms: Phytoremediation, RAPS System, Iron hydroxide, Anoxic limestone drain, Acid mine drainage.","PeriodicalId":344616,"journal":{"name":"The Open Environmental Engineering Journal","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122819499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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