At the recent SPIE meeting on Human Vision, Visual Processing and Digital Display (1989) it was clear that many display engineers are interested in the properties of the human visual system. Knowledge about human performance is being used both for improving a metric to measure image quality and also to improve data compression algorithms. It was apparent from that meeting that the languages used by the display engineers and the vision researchers have not fully meshed. The present meeting on applied vision provides an excellent forum for further discussion and cross-fertilization between the groups and the present paper is offered in that spirit. This paper is an outgrowth of our psychophysical experiments on the detection of blur and the detection of misalignment as a function of contrast. In the Discussion we will describe the relevance of this research for perceived image quality and for compression algorithms.
{"title":"Visual multipoles for quantifying raggedness and sharpness of images","authors":"S. Klein, T. Carney","doi":"10.1364/av.1989.tha5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/av.1989.tha5","url":null,"abstract":"At the recent SPIE meeting on Human Vision, Visual Processing and Digital Display (1989) it was clear that many display engineers are interested in the properties of the human visual system. Knowledge about human performance is being used both for improving a metric to measure image quality and also to improve data compression algorithms. It was apparent from that meeting that the languages used by the display engineers and the vision researchers have not fully meshed. The present meeting on applied vision provides an excellent forum for further discussion and cross-fertilization between the groups and the present paper is offered in that spirit. This paper is an outgrowth of our psychophysical experiments on the detection of blur and the detection of misalignment as a function of contrast. In the Discussion we will describe the relevance of this research for perceived image quality and for compression algorithms.","PeriodicalId":344719,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vision","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126167257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From student days to the present, the author reviews his adventures in designing optics, camouflaging airplanes, simulating the atmosphere, bypassing military procedures, going Hollywood, inventing photographic processes, making interference filters, decoding aerial photographs, building visual stimulators, and finally becoming a visual scientist. The narrative includes episodes from the University of Rochester, USC and UCLA, the wartime Navy in Washington, Mitchell Camera and Technicolor Corporations in Hollywood, Itek Corporation in Lexington and Palo Alto, and SRI International. No scientific material will be presented.
{"title":"40 Years of Image Technology and Vision Research A Personal Memoir","authors":"D. H. Kelly","doi":"10.1364/av.1989.wa1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/av.1989.wa1","url":null,"abstract":"From student days to the present, the author reviews his adventures in designing optics, camouflaging airplanes, simulating the atmosphere, bypassing military procedures, going Hollywood, inventing photographic processes, making interference filters, decoding aerial photographs, building visual stimulators, and finally becoming a visual scientist. The narrative includes episodes from the University of Rochester, USC and UCLA, the wartime Navy in Washington, Mitchell Camera and Technicolor Corporations in Hollywood, Itek Corporation in Lexington and Palo Alto, and SRI International. No scientific material will be presented.","PeriodicalId":344719,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vision","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129468372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NHK has been engaged in the development of HDTV for more than 20 years. Various kinds of equipment necessary for broadcast service have been developed and their characteristics have been improved year by year.
NHK从事高清电视的开发已有20多年。广播业务所需的各种设备不断发展，其性能也逐年提高。
{"title":"Current Status of the Development of HDTV","authors":"T. Nishizawa","doi":"10.1364/av.1989.thc3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/av.1989.thc3","url":null,"abstract":"NHK has been engaged in the development of HDTV for more than 20 years. Various kinds of equipment necessary for broadcast service have been developed and their characteristics have been improved year by year.","PeriodicalId":344719,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vision","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129788522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Color matrix display (CMD) technology has evolved to the point of viability for many information display applications. The matrix-addressed color liquid crystal display (LCD) currently appears to be the most suitable CMD technology for producing full-color images. Relative to color displays based on the shadow-mask cathode ray tube (CRT), the benchmark technology against which all other color display technologies must be evaluated, CMD panels offer potential improvements in design flexibility from the standpoint of relatively low power requirements, smaller volume, increased reliability, and better image visibility under high-ambient lighting conditions. These attributes make the CMD particularly attractive for vehicular and field-based display applications.
{"title":"Empirical Studies of Color Matrix Display Image Quality","authors":"L. Silverstein, F. E. Gomer, Y. Yeh, J. Krantz","doi":"10.1364/av.1989.fa6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/av.1989.fa6","url":null,"abstract":"Color matrix display (CMD) technology has evolved to the point of viability for many information display applications. The matrix-addressed color liquid crystal display (LCD) currently appears to be the most suitable CMD technology for producing full-color images. Relative to color displays based on the shadow-mask cathode ray tube (CRT), the benchmark technology against which all other color display technologies must be evaluated, CMD panels offer potential improvements in design flexibility from the standpoint of relatively low power requirements, smaller volume, increased reliability, and better image visibility under high-ambient lighting conditions. These attributes make the CMD particularly attractive for vehicular and field-based display applications.","PeriodicalId":344719,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vision","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129191302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Non-luminous objects present a stimulus to vision that depends on their optical interaction with the sources that illuminate them. "Sources" in this context means all other objects, as may be seen if the main object of interest is a plane mirror, or a mirrored sphere, for example. Such examples show that contrast in an object can depend on contrasts elsewhere in the environment. An important and highly variable feature of the optical environment is the size of the primary light source. This paper will look at light source sizes and their effect on the appearance of shiny objects. (Obviously, source size affects the appearance of matte objects also.) Table 1 shows that familiar lights vary in the bright solid angle that they present by a factor of 105 or 106.
{"title":"Light Source Size and the Stimulus to Vision","authors":"J. A. Worthey","doi":"10.1364/av.1989.fb4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/av.1989.fb4","url":null,"abstract":"Non-luminous objects present a stimulus to vision that depends on their optical interaction with the sources that illuminate them. \"Sources\" in this context means all other objects, as may be seen if the main object of interest is a plane mirror, or a mirrored sphere, for example. Such examples show that contrast in an object can depend on contrasts elsewhere in the environment. An important and highly variable feature of the optical environment is the size of the primary light source. This paper will look at light source sizes and their effect on the appearance of shiny objects. (Obviously, source size affects the appearance of matte objects also.) Table 1 shows that familiar lights vary in the bright solid angle that they present by a factor of 105 or 106.","PeriodicalId":344719,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vision","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114176205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The amount of information required to store color images is immense. For a typical 1024×1024 pixel color image, 8 bits each of R, G, and B data are usually stored (to avoid luminance or chromatic contouring artifacts), which adds up to 3 Mbytes per picture. This large size is problematic in several ways: framebuffer memory is still expensive; large framebuffers are technically more difficult to engineer (more boards, more heat); disk storage capabilities become swamped; the time required to transmit a picture from disk to terminal, or between network sites, is unacceptable.
{"title":"Chromatic Subsampling for Display of Color Images","authors":"C. Sigel, RuthAnn Abruzzi, J. Munson","doi":"10.1364/av.1989.fa7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/av.1989.fa7","url":null,"abstract":"The amount of information required to store color images is immense. For a typical 1024×1024 pixel color image, 8 bits each of R, G, and B data are usually stored (to avoid luminance or chromatic contouring artifacts), which adds up to 3 Mbytes per picture. This large size is problematic in several ways: framebuffer memory is still expensive; large framebuffers are technically more difficult to engineer (more boards, more heat); disk storage capabilities become swamped; the time required to transmit a picture from disk to terminal, or between network sites, is unacceptable.","PeriodicalId":344719,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vision","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116761991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fractals are customarily introduced with simple line replacement rules, for example the well known Koch curve. At each state of iteration single lines are replaced by combinations of lines according to a rule. Remarkable complexity can be built up this way as shown by five stages of this line replacement bush fractal1.
{"title":"Is Fractal Image Compression Related to Cortical Image Compression?","authors":"Michael D Mcguire","doi":"10.1364/av.1989.wb4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/av.1989.wb4","url":null,"abstract":"Fractals are customarily introduced with simple line replacement rules, for example the well known Koch curve. At each state of iteration single lines are replaced by combinations of lines according to a rule. Remarkable complexity can be built up this way as shown by five stages of this line replacement bush fractal1.","PeriodicalId":344719,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vision","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117173622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lunn and Banks (1986), studying the reasons for “visual fatigue” among users of video text displays, found that reading from a video display caused a tenfold elevation of the contrast threshold for a sinusoidal grating with the same spatial frequency as the lines of text. They suggested that this may contribute to “visual fatigue,” possibly by affecting accommodation, but they did not explain why printed text would not have the same effect.
{"title":"Reading and Contrast Adaptation","authors":"D. Pelli","doi":"10.1364/av.1989.thb4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/av.1989.thb4","url":null,"abstract":"Lunn and Banks (1986), studying the reasons for “visual fatigue” among users of video text displays, found that reading from a video display caused a tenfold elevation of the contrast threshold for a sinusoidal grating with the same spatial frequency as the lines of text. They suggested that this may contribute to “visual fatigue,” possibly by affecting accommodation, but they did not explain why printed text would not have the same effect.","PeriodicalId":344719,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vision","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121943096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spatio-temporal contrast-sensivity functions have been measured by many psycho-pysicists /1,2/ and the published data have been used by TV engineers for various applications. The most attractive property of these functions is the apparent exchangebility between spatial and temporal resolution, which is utilized by many signal compression schemes (e.g. MUSE and HD-MAC). But it is mostly overlooked that this mechanism is only effective under certain viewing conditions and that there is no reduction in the ability to resolve spatial detail, if the eye can follow the movement. The only mechanism which can really be exploited in this situation is motion blur, which is generated by integration and lag of the camera target /3/. Nevertheless we investigated three different topics related to the spatio-temporal behaviour of human vision which will be discussed in the following.
{"title":"On the Application of Spatio-Temporal Contrast-Sensitivity Functions to HDTV","authors":"R. Schäfer, P. Kauff, U. Gölz","doi":"10.1364/av.1989.thc4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/av.1989.thc4","url":null,"abstract":"Spatio-temporal contrast-sensivity functions have been measured by many psycho-pysicists /1,2/ and the published data have been used by TV engineers for various applications. The most attractive property of these functions is the apparent exchangebility between spatial and temporal resolution, which is utilized by many signal compression schemes (e.g. MUSE and HD-MAC). But it is mostly overlooked that this mechanism is only effective under certain viewing conditions and that there is no reduction in the ability to resolve spatial detail, if the eye can follow the movement. The only mechanism which can really be exploited in this situation is motion blur, which is generated by integration and lag of the camera target /3/. Nevertheless we investigated three different topics related to the spatio-temporal behaviour of human vision which will be discussed in the following.","PeriodicalId":344719,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vision","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131956370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent work on the psychophysics of reading has concentrated primarily on achromatic (or luminance) contrast factors (Legge et al, 1985, 1986, 1987). In general, reading is fastest with text of high contrast defined by luminance contours. In the real world, however, chromatic as well as luminance edges abound. While several studies have examined the interaction of chromatic and luminance contrasts on stimuli near threshold (e.g., Mullen, 1987; Knoblauch et al, 1984; Jameson, 1985; Switkes et al, 1988), only a few have investigated suprathreshold levels. Legge et al, (1986) demonstrated that for observers with normal vision, the luminance contrast and not the color of text on a dark background determines reading rate. This finding is consistent with threshold studies that show that the color of a grating does not affect luminance contrast sensitivity either (Nelson and Halberg, 1979), provided that one avoids frequencies near the diffraction limit (Pokorny et al, 1968; Van Nes and Bouman, 1967).
最近关于阅读心理物理学的研究主要集中在消色差(或亮度)对比因素上(Legge et al .， 1985, 1986, 1987)。一般来说，阅读由亮度轮廓定义的高对比度文本是最快的。然而，在现实世界中，色度边缘和亮度边缘比比皆是。虽然有几项研究已经检查了阈值附近刺激的色度和亮度对比的相互作用(例如，Mullen, 1987;Knoblauch et al, 1984;詹姆逊,1985;Switkes等人，1988)，只有少数人研究过超阈值水平。Legge et al .(1986)证明，对于视力正常的观察者来说，决定阅读速率的是暗背景下文本的亮度对比，而不是颜色。这一发现与阈值研究一致，该研究表明，光栅的颜色也不影响亮度对比灵敏度(Nelson和Halberg, 1979)，只要避免接近衍射极限的频率(Pokorny等人，1968;Van Nes and Bouman, 1967)。
{"title":"Effects of character size and chromatic contrast on reading performance","authors":"K. Knoblauch, A. Arditi","doi":"10.1364/av.1989.thb3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/av.1989.thb3","url":null,"abstract":"Recent work on the psychophysics of reading has concentrated primarily on achromatic (or luminance) contrast factors (Legge et al, 1985, 1986, 1987). In general, reading is fastest with text of high contrast defined by luminance contours. In the real world, however, chromatic as well as luminance edges abound. While several studies have examined the interaction of chromatic and luminance contrasts on stimuli near threshold (e.g., Mullen, 1987; Knoblauch et al, 1984; Jameson, 1985; Switkes et al, 1988), only a few have investigated suprathreshold levels. Legge et al, (1986) demonstrated that for observers with normal vision, the luminance contrast and not the color of text on a dark background determines reading rate. This finding is consistent with threshold studies that show that the color of a grating does not affect luminance contrast sensitivity either (Nelson and Halberg, 1979), provided that one avoids frequencies near the diffraction limit (Pokorny et al, 1968; Van Nes and Bouman, 1967).","PeriodicalId":344719,"journal":{"name":"Applied Vision","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128234759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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