Abstract The purpose of this study is to estimate the impact of HIV and Covid19 on the efficiency of the public health system in Côte d'Ivoire. To this end, we use non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) and double bootstrap procedures to analyze the data. The analyze reveals that district hospitals are not technically efficient. These estimates show that in 2019, TB-HIV co-infection and geographic accessibility increases technical efficiency, while respiratory diseases reduce it. In contrast, in 2020, the advent of the Covid-19 pandemic blunted the positive impact of TB-HIV co-infection and geographical accessibility on the technical efficiency of the Ivorian health system observed in 2019. This result, due to the reorientation of resources allocated to the health sector to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic, is similar to the crowding out of the HIV pandemic by that of Covid-19. JEL Classification numbers: C14 - D24 - I12 - I18. Keywords: Double Bootstrap, Tuberculosis/HIV, Covid-19.
{"title":"Impact of HIV and Covid-19 pandemics on ivorian health system efficiency","authors":"T. N. Tiehi","doi":"10.47260/bae/1015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/1015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000\u0000The purpose of this study is to estimate the impact of HIV and Covid19 on the efficiency of the public health system in Côte d'Ivoire. To this end, we use non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) and double bootstrap procedures to analyze the data. The analyze reveals that district hospitals are not technically efficient. These estimates show that in 2019, TB-HIV co-infection and geographic accessibility increases technical efficiency, while respiratory diseases reduce it. In contrast, in 2020, the advent of the Covid-19 pandemic blunted the positive impact of TB-HIV co-infection and geographical accessibility on the technical efficiency of the Ivorian health system observed in 2019. This result, due to the reorientation of resources allocated to the health sector to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic, is similar to the crowding out of the HIV pandemic by that of Covid-19.\u0000\u0000JEL Classification numbers: C14 - D24 - I12 - I18.\u0000Keywords: Double Bootstrap, Tuberculosis/HIV, Covid-19.","PeriodicalId":344946,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Applied Economics","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133319555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper focused on the study and analysis of the phenomenon of tax evasion in Greek hospitality companies (hotels). Its main research objective was to investigate the degree of tax evasion of hotel companies, to examine its causes, its implications and how to deal with it. The processing of the replies given shows that a large proportion of hoteliers consider that businesses are 'over-taxed', while a common belief is that if a more favourable tax treatment were to apply it would lead to a strengthening of the overall conscience/ideological perception in favour of the institution of taxation. Finally, it is necessary to take measures to deal more rationally with tourism enterprises and to review the taxation policies of hotel companies as a tool to support them in times of crisis such as the current Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Tax evasion, Over- taxed, Hospitality companies, Taxation policies.
{"title":"Tax Evasion in Hospitality Industry: Institutional Deficit, Mentality or Necessity?","authors":"Konstantinos Marinakos, Georgia Pistikou, Alkistis Papaioanou","doi":"10.47260/bae/1013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/1013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000This paper focused on the study and analysis of the phenomenon of tax evasion in Greek hospitality companies (hotels). Its main research objective was to investigate the degree of tax evasion of hotel companies, to examine its causes, its implications and how to deal with it. The processing of the replies given shows that a large proportion of hoteliers consider that businesses are 'over-taxed', while a common belief is that if a more favourable tax treatment were to apply it would lead to a strengthening of the overall conscience/ideological perception in favour of the institution of taxation. Finally, it is necessary to take measures to deal more rationally with tourism enterprises and to review the taxation policies of hotel companies as a tool to support them in times of crisis such as the current Covid-19 pandemic.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Tax evasion, Over- taxed, Hospitality companies, Taxation policies.","PeriodicalId":344946,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Applied Economics","volume":"302 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126722100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The industry difference on patent drawings of invention publications and utility model grants over top nine non-manufacturing industry sectors in China stock market was discussed via analysis of variation (ANOVA). Regarding patent drawing count’s capability for differentiating Chinese listed company’s stock rate of return, the invention publication and the utility model grant were different. The invention publication’s drawing count showed well capability for one industry sector, fair capability for two industry sectors, partial capability for one industry sector, weak capability for two industry sectors, and ineffective capability for three industry sectors; whereas the utility model grant’s drawing count showed partial capability for four industry sectors, weak capability for three industry sectors, and ineffective capability for two industry sectors. The patent drawing count of invention publications showed superior capability to those of utility model grants and invention grants. The higher patent counts of invention publications showed fairly connection with the capability, however, the higher patent counts of utility model grants showed weak connection with the capability. The higher stock rates of return also showed weak connection with the capability for either invention publications or utility model grants. Every non-manufacturing industry sector had its particularity. The industry difference among top nine non-manufacturing industry sectors in China stock market was distinct. JEL classification number: C38, C46, G11. Keywords: Patent, Invention publications, Utility model grants, ANOVA, Stock rate of return, Drawing count, Industry difference.
{"title":"Industry Difference on Patent Drawing’s Capability for Differentiating Stock Rates of Return of Chinese Listed Companies in Non-Manufacturing Industry Sectors -- An Explore into Invention Publication Patents and Utility Model Grant Patents","authors":"Hong-Wen Tsai, Hui-Chung Che","doi":"10.47260/bae/1012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/1012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The industry difference on patent drawings of invention publications and utility model grants over top nine non-manufacturing industry sectors in China stock market was discussed via analysis of variation (ANOVA). Regarding patent drawing count’s capability for differentiating Chinese listed company’s stock rate of return, the invention publication and the utility model grant were different. The invention publication’s drawing count showed well capability for one industry sector, fair capability for two industry sectors, partial capability for one industry sector, weak capability for two industry sectors, and ineffective capability for three industry sectors; whereas the utility model grant’s drawing count showed partial capability for four industry sectors, weak capability for three industry sectors, and ineffective capability for two industry sectors. The patent drawing count of invention publications showed superior capability to those of utility model grants and invention grants. The higher patent counts of invention publications showed fairly connection with the capability, however, the higher patent counts of utility model grants showed weak connection with the capability. The higher stock rates of return also showed weak connection with the capability for either invention publications or utility model grants. Every non-manufacturing industry sector had its particularity. The industry difference among top nine non-manufacturing industry sectors in China stock market was distinct.\u0000\u0000JEL classification number: C38, C46, G11.\u0000Keywords: Patent, Invention publications, Utility model grants, ANOVA, Stock rate of return, Drawing count, Industry difference.","PeriodicalId":344946,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Applied Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115613300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Recent reviews of the sociological and economic-based ecological studies of suicide find cyclical unemployment to be a key suicide risk factor, though the evidence presented is mixed at best. The ambiguity of the ecological associations appear to stem from faulty statistical methodologies. Panel treatments offer advantages over conventional time-series methods by exploiting cross-section variation. However, if the added cross-section units are cointegrating (dependent) and independence is presumed, incorrect statistical inference and inconsistent coefficient estimation can result. Herein, we fully address the import of cross-sectional dependence on the ecological relationship between U.S. unemployment rates and suicide rates using an 81-year panel of the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia. When proper allowances are made for cross-section dependence at each step of the examination, we find no significant statistical association, short-run or long-run, running from unemployment to suicide rates in the U.S. Results of this sequential analysis highlight potential sources of the ambiguity found in the literature. JEL classification number: B55, C31, C49. Keywords: Suicide rates, Cointegration, Cross-section dependence.
{"title":"Unemployment and Suicide in the United States: The Import of Addressing Cross-Sectional Dependence","authors":"Mitch Kunce","doi":"10.47260/bae/101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Recent reviews of the sociological and economic-based ecological studies of suicide find cyclical unemployment to be a key suicide risk factor, though the evidence presented is mixed at best. The ambiguity of the ecological associations appear to stem from faulty statistical methodologies. Panel treatments offer advantages over conventional time-series methods by exploiting cross-section variation. However, if the added cross-section units are cointegrating (dependent) and independence is presumed, incorrect statistical inference and inconsistent coefficient estimation can result. Herein, we fully address the import of cross-sectional dependence on the ecological relationship between U.S. unemployment rates and suicide rates using an 81-year panel of the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia. When proper allowances are made for cross-section dependence at each step of the examination, we find no significant statistical association, short-run or long-run, running from unemployment to suicide rates in the U.S. Results of this sequential analysis highlight potential sources of the ambiguity found in the literature.\u0000\u0000JEL classification number: B55, C31, C49.\u0000Keywords: Suicide rates, Cointegration, Cross-section dependence.","PeriodicalId":344946,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Applied Economics","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125657000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We analyze the effect of a country’s defaults and restructuring its’ official and private external debt on its ability to attract foreign direct investment. We use different types of foreign direct investments: FDI Flows, Horizontal FDI, vertical FDI, cross-border mergers & acquisitions, and greenfield FDI. Using the Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimation method, which has never been used in the literature to do a similar analysis, we find that external debt default decreases all types of FDIs. Furthermore, we also conduct a more granular sensitivity analysis by analyzing the effect of political risk ratings, effect on non-advanced economies, and effect on highly indebted poor countries (HIPC). We find that cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) decrease as corruption risk decreases and increases as law and order improve. For HIPC countries, official external debt restructuring increases greenfield FDI. JEL classification number: C1, C33, D72, F21, H63, O57. Keywords: Debt Default, Restructuring, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), External Debt, ICRG, Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML), Political Risk.
{"title":"External Debt Default and Foreign Direct Investments","authors":"N. Thakkar, Kiran Ambreen Ayub","doi":"10.47260/bae/9213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/9213","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 We analyze the effect of a country’s defaults and restructuring its’ official and private external debt on its ability to attract foreign direct investment. We use different types of foreign direct investments: FDI Flows, Horizontal FDI, vertical FDI, cross-border mergers & acquisitions, and greenfield FDI. Using the Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimation method, which has never been used in the literature to do a similar analysis, we find that external debt default decreases all types of FDIs. Furthermore, we also conduct a more granular sensitivity analysis by analyzing the effect of political risk ratings, effect on non-advanced economies, and effect on highly indebted poor countries (HIPC). We find that cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) decrease as corruption risk decreases and increases as law and order improve. For HIPC countries, official external debt restructuring increases greenfield FDI.\u0000\u0000\u0000JEL classification number: C1, C33, D72, F21, H63, O57.\u0000Keywords: Debt Default, Restructuring, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), External Debt, ICRG, Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML), Political Risk.","PeriodicalId":344946,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Applied Economics","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127530429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Addressing urgent global climate change and inequality issues has been a major challenge for the ten AMS (ASEAN Member countries) given the diversity and local agendas with divergent political, economic, and social objectives. While regional policy frameworks prioritise harmonisation and inter-regional integration outcomes over national inequality and climate change policy goals, governments typically address the latter through discretionary policy add-ons that lead to policy fragmentation and competing fiscal goals that interfere with intermediate development plans. To achieve the aspired inequality outcomes (Regional Framework and Action Plan, ASEAN Declaration, 2013) and the ratified global climate targets (Paris Treaty 2015) simultaneously, such policy outcomes and commitments to collaborative policy action will need to be aligned within an integrated policy framework at the regional or global level, and externalities of economic activity internalised into a sustainable and inclusive fiscal model. Focusing on policy design, integration and evaluation aspects, this paper tests the hypothesis that, given the urgency of these issues, the ASEAN governments devised corrective and preventive measures to systematically mitigate these externalities through intervention at the policy level and multilateral coordination at the regional and global levels to achieve pro-green and pro-equity policy outcomes with a net social surplus. Adopting a qualitative methodology, this study conducts a structured literature search and subsequent document analysis, using advanced text mining techniques to extract, contextualise and map policy-relevant themes by geopolitical scope, policy intent and outcomes. Literature evidence confirmed that the ASEAN Member States have recognised and acknowledged the urgency of climate change and inequality challenges, and that these governments intervene at the local policy level and also engage in multilateral discussions, which lack formal commitment and transparency. This study could not produce literature evidence of a systematic approach by these governments internalising mitigation mechanisms into the fiscal policy frameworks to achieve the aspired inclusive and sustainable outcomes - by design, rather than discretionary policy add-ons - and thus, the hypothesis was rejected. Keywords: Sustainable fiscal policy, inclusive growth, climate change mitigation, policy integration, multilateral intervention, document analysis.
{"title":"Inclusive Growth and Climate Change Mitigation Programs and Policies in the ASEAN: Fiscal Implications","authors":"Maximillan Weber, Taha Chaiechi, R. Beg","doi":"10.47260/bae/9212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/9212","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000Addressing urgent global climate change and inequality issues has been a major challenge for the ten AMS (ASEAN Member countries) given the diversity and local agendas with divergent political, economic, and social objectives. While regional policy frameworks prioritise harmonisation and inter-regional integration outcomes over national inequality and climate change policy goals, governments typically address the latter through discretionary policy add-ons that lead to policy fragmentation and competing fiscal goals that interfere with intermediate development plans.\u0000To achieve the aspired inequality outcomes (Regional Framework and Action Plan, ASEAN Declaration, 2013) and the ratified global climate targets (Paris Treaty 2015) simultaneously, such policy outcomes and commitments to collaborative policy action will need to be aligned within an integrated policy framework at the regional or global level, and externalities of economic activity internalised into a sustainable and inclusive fiscal model. Focusing on policy design, integration and evaluation aspects, this paper tests the hypothesis that, given the urgency of these issues, the ASEAN governments devised corrective and preventive measures to systematically mitigate these externalities through intervention at the policy level and multilateral coordination at the regional and global levels to achieve pro-green and pro-equity policy outcomes with a net social surplus. \u0000Adopting a qualitative methodology, this study conducts a structured literature search and subsequent document analysis, using advanced text mining techniques to extract, contextualise and map policy-relevant themes by geopolitical scope, policy intent and outcomes. Literature evidence confirmed that the ASEAN Member States have recognised and acknowledged the urgency of climate change and inequality challenges, and that these governments intervene at the local policy level and also engage in multilateral discussions, which lack formal commitment and transparency. This study could not produce literature evidence of a systematic approach by these governments internalising mitigation mechanisms into the fiscal policy frameworks to achieve the aspired inclusive and sustainable outcomes - by design, rather than discretionary policy add-ons - and thus, the hypothesis was rejected.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Sustainable fiscal policy, inclusive growth, climate change mitigation, policy integration, multilateral intervention, document analysis.","PeriodicalId":344946,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Applied Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131388125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The goal of this research was to measure income inequality and the distribution of the tax burden in Greece, by using open tax data released by the Greek Independent Authority of Public Revenues. The findings reveal multiple distortions in the disperse of tax burden among taxpayers’ income groups, along with very high income inequality among the population. The calculated Gini coefficient and S80/S20 ratio were found to be considerably higher than any previous measurements performed by international organizations and European statistical authorities through household surveys. The findings indicate an urgent need for an income and tax policy overhaul in the country, while the methodology that was used in the research can be replicated in other countries. JEL classification number: D63, H2, O2. Keywords: Tax, Income inequality, Greece, Gini coefficient.
{"title":"Income Inequality Measurements through Tax Data: the case of Greece","authors":"Panagiotis Kotsios","doi":"10.47260/bae/9211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/9211","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000\u0000The goal of this research was to measure income inequality and the distribution of the tax burden in Greece, by using open tax data released by the Greek Independent Authority of Public Revenues. The findings reveal multiple distortions in the disperse of tax burden among taxpayers’ income groups, along with very high income inequality among the population. The calculated Gini coefficient and S80/S20 ratio were found to be considerably higher than any previous measurements performed by international organizations and European statistical authorities through household surveys. The findings indicate an urgent need for an income and tax policy overhaul in the country, while the methodology that was used in the research can be replicated in other countries.\u0000\u0000JEL classification number: D63, H2, O2.\u0000Keywords: Tax, Income inequality, Greece, Gini coefficient.","PeriodicalId":344946,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Applied Economics","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123306382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study provides a theoretic framework for price promotions on seasonal events and popular events, such as anniversary, Christmas, and World Soccer Cup. Firms engage in collective price promotions seems to contradict economic wisdom because promotions are less likely to stand out among competitors in popular events. In a rational expectations model, this study shows all players’ performance improve in the equilibrium. Furthermore, even less-famous goods benefit from collective price promotions in which the theoretic framework can provide a guideline to manufacturers and retailers. JEL classification number: D21, M21. Keywords: Event Promotions, Price-Quality Relationship, Advertising.
{"title":"An Economic Model for Popular Event Promotions","authors":"Sheng-Yeh Wu, Guan-Ru Chen, Ilia Tetin","doi":"10.47260/bae/9210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/9210","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000\u0000This study provides a theoretic framework for price promotions on seasonal events and popular events, such as anniversary, Christmas, and World Soccer Cup. Firms engage in collective price promotions seems to contradict economic wisdom because promotions are less likely to stand out among competitors in popular events. In a rational expectations model, this study shows all players’ performance improve in the equilibrium. Furthermore, even less-famous goods benefit from collective price promotions in which the theoretic framework can provide a guideline to manufacturers and retailers.\u0000\u0000JEL classification number: D21, M21.\u0000Keywords: Event Promotions, Price-Quality Relationship, Advertising.","PeriodicalId":344946,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Applied Economics","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116220088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study examines whether foreign aid from 1986 to 2019 caused the Dutch disease effect in Vietnam using a VAR model and Granger causality test. In this context, “Dutch disease” refers to the weakening of manufacturing processes as a consequence of the appreciation of a local currency due to capital inflow. Since foreign aid is considered a type of capital inflow, it is among the reasons for the appreciation of a local currency, which may offset the impact of foreign aid on economic growth. Although Vietnam experienced rapid economic growth, along with a large amount of foreign aid and appreciation in the real exchange rate, after Doi Moi (economic reform) in 1986, few studies have yet been conducted. The estimation results show that foreign aid does not cause an appreciation of the local currency in Vietnam. Based on this result, the Dutch disease did not occur due to foreign aid in Vietnam. JEL classification numbers: F35, O53. Keywords: Foreign Aid, Dutch Disease, Vietnam.
{"title":"Foreign Aid and Dutch Disease: The Case of Vietnam","authors":"Hiroaki Sakurai","doi":"10.47260/bae/929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/929","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000\u0000This study examines whether foreign aid from 1986 to 2019 caused the Dutch disease effect in Vietnam using a VAR model and Granger causality test. In this context, “Dutch disease” refers to the weakening of manufacturing processes as a consequence of the appreciation of a local currency due to capital inflow. Since foreign aid is considered a type of capital inflow, it is among the reasons for the appreciation of a local currency, which may offset the impact of foreign aid on economic growth. Although Vietnam experienced rapid economic growth, along with a large amount of foreign aid and appreciation in the real exchange rate, after Doi Moi (economic reform) in 1986, few studies have yet been conducted. The estimation results show that foreign aid does not cause an appreciation of the local currency in Vietnam. Based on this result, the Dutch disease did not occur due to foreign aid in Vietnam.\u0000\u0000JEL classification numbers: F35, O53.\u0000Keywords: Foreign Aid, Dutch Disease, Vietnam.","PeriodicalId":344946,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Applied Economics","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115416962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study provides evidence that under the Japanese local individual income tax system, individuals smooth their after-tax income by choosing the timing of their tax payments. We construct a monthly data set of Japanese local taxes with sample periods for over 26 years. The results show that though the tax amounts are pre-determined in one-year units by the system, individuals pay more taxes during months when their incomes are high, such as in “bonus” periods, than other months in a year. The t-statistics for means indicates that there exist significant upward deviations during these months. JEL classification numbers: H31; H24; E62. Keywords: Consumption smoothing; Local income tax; Inter-temporal decision making; Mean test; Levene test.
{"title":"Do People Smooth their After-Tax Income? Evidence from Japanese Local Tax","authors":"Yasue Hakata","doi":"10.47260/bae/928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47260/bae/928","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000This study provides evidence that under the Japanese local individual income tax system, individuals smooth their after-tax income by choosing the timing of their tax payments. We construct a monthly data set of Japanese local taxes with sample periods for over 26 years. The results show that though the tax amounts are pre-determined in one-year units by the system, individuals pay more taxes during months when their incomes are high, such as in “bonus” periods, than other months in a year. The t-statistics for means indicates that there exist significant upward deviations during these months.\u0000\u0000JEL classification numbers: H31; H24; E62.\u0000Keywords: Consumption smoothing; Local income tax; Inter-temporal decision making; Mean test; Levene test.","PeriodicalId":344946,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Applied Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131100579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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