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2011 IEEE/OES 10th Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurements (CWTM)最新文献

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Wave mapping with HF radar 高频雷达测波
Pub Date : 2011-03-20 DOI: 10.1109/CWTM.2011.5759519
L. Wyatt
This paper briefly reviews the theory behind wave measurement with HF radar. Data from a number of different deployments with different radars, at different frequencies, in different oceanographic conditions are used to demonstrate the wave mapping capability and to illustrate some of the problems that have arisen and solutions that have been identified. The examples show the spatial variability in coastal wave fields and hence demonstrate the value of HF radar measurements for wave-sensitive coastal engineering applications and for wave model validation and development.
本文简要介绍了高频雷达测波的原理。在不同的海洋条件下,采用不同的雷达,不同的频率,不同的部署数据来展示波浪测绘能力,并说明已经出现的一些问题和已经确定的解决方案。这些例子显示了海岸波场的空间变异性,从而证明了高频雷达测量对波浪敏感的海岸工程应用以及波浪模型验证和开发的价值。
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引用次数: 11
Extended-range RiverSonde operation on the Hudson River 在哈德逊河上进行扩展范围的河流探空操作
Pub Date : 2011-03-20 DOI: 10.1109/CWTM.2011.5759529
C. Teague, D. Barrick, P. Lilleboe, H. Roarty, D. Holden, Dakota Goldinger
A RiverSonde was operated during June–August 2010 along the Hudson River in New Jersey at a location about 140 m from the water's edge with the antenna about 40 m above the water level. With this configuration, usable signals were obtained all the way across the river, out to a range of 1400 m from the radar. This was considerably greater than the 300 m which had been observed in previous experiments. Initial data processing shows that the along-channel velocity had the expected tidal signature with a maximum value of approximately 1 m/s and was nearly in phase with the stage measured about 5 km downstream at a NOAA gaging station.
RiverSonde于2010年6月至8月在新泽西州哈德逊河沿岸运行,距离水边约140米,天线距水位约40米。通过这种配置,可以在河对岸的1400米范围内获得可用的信号。这比在以前的实验中观察到的300米要大得多。初步数据处理表明,沿河道速度具有预期的潮汐特征,最大值约为1 m/s,与下游约5 km处NOAA测量站测得的阶段基本一致。
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引用次数: 2
Current and wave measurements in support of the Chesapeake Bay Interpretive Buoy System 支持切萨皮克湾解释浮标系统的海流和波浪测量
Pub Date : 2011-03-20 DOI: 10.1109/CWTM.2011.5759533
W. D. Wilson, E. Siegel
The Chesapeake Bay Interpretive Buoys System (CBIBS, www.buoybay.org) is - at present - a 9-buoy system of observational buoy platforms located around the Chesapeake Bay, operated bythe NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office. The buoys themselves are AXYS Watchkeeper buoys based on the Tideland Signal SB 138 P hull, moored with all chain rode with a 2.5∶1 scope. All of the buoys have downward looking NORTEK AquaDopp 1 mHz profilers mounted in the hulls; six of the buoys are equipped with AXYS TriAXYS OEM wave measurement modules. To evaluate the performance of these buoy mounted sensors, concurrent wave and current profile data were collected at one site (34 days of data at the SN ‘Six Foot Knoll’ buoy, 21 foot depth) using an adjacent bottom-mounted 1 mHz NORTEK Acoustic Wave and Current (AWAC) instrument. Using one Hz overlapping single ping current profile data, the following conclusions were reached: • Ten minute averages calculated and transmitted by the AXYS Watchman controller accurately represent internally recorded current profiler data (however the comparison revealed a correctable Watchman firmware error); • Over four 1-meter bins, absolute differences in magnitude among 10 minute means of AquaDopp and AWAC currents are less than 0.005 meters/second, with standard deviations of 0.02 – 0.03 meters/second; • Absolute differences in direction over the same bins were 7–10 degrees. By only including velocities in excess of 0.1 meters/second, direction errors were reduced by nearly one half; • AWAC and buoy currents were subjected to harmonic tidal analysis at each level. Differences in the orientation of the major axis of the tidal ellipses were 0.3 to 1.6 degrees; • Current measurement accuracy was not affected by sea state / buoy motion, at least up to the 1.5 meter waves heights experienced during this comparison; • An analysis of the ‘errors’ (assuming AWAC data as the standard) shows that accuracy does not improve after 120 pings (2 minutes) of averaging. In a power-limited environment such as a buoy, this is a significant result. Typical Chesapeake Bay wind waves - one to three feet height, two to three second period - are difficult to measure with a 1300-pound 1.75 meter diameter buoy. But accurately distinguishing between 1 and 2 foot waves is important to many of the small craft boaters using the CBIBS system. In comparing the TriAXYS (20 minute sample) and AWAC (2 Hz, 2048 samples) wave measurements, we found that for simple wave parameters of interest to us - maximum wave height and mean direction - the instruments were in good agreement. A linear fit to maximum wave heights had a slope / intercept of 1.05 / .02 (meters) . Similarly, comparison of mean wave direction from both instruments agreed well, with slope/intercept of 1.01 / –5.1 (degrees).
切萨皮克湾解释浮标系统(CBIBS, www.buoybay.org)目前是一个由9个浮标组成的观测浮标平台系统,位于切萨皮克湾周围,由NOAA切萨皮克湾办公室运营。浮标本身是基于tiland Signal SB 138p船体的AXYS Watchkeeper浮标,系泊时采用全锚链,瞄准镜为2.5∶1。所有浮标都有向下看的NORTEK AquaDopp 1 mHz剖面仪安装在船体上;其中6个浮标配备了AXYS TriAXYS OEM波浪测量模块。为了评估这些浮标传感器的性能,使用相邻的底部安装的1 mHz NORTEK声波和电流(AWAC)仪器,在一个地点(SN ' Six Foot Knoll '浮标,21英尺深,34天的数据)收集了同步波和电流剖面数据。使用一赫兹重叠的单ping电流配置数据,得出以下结论:•由AXYS Watchman控制器计算和传输的十分钟平均值准确地表示内部记录的电流配置数据(然而,比较显示了可纠正的Watchman固件错误);•在4个1米箱中,AquaDopp和AWAC电流10分钟平均值的绝对值差小于0.005米/秒,标准差为0.02 - 0.03米/秒;•在相同的箱子上,方向的绝对差异为7-10度。通过只包括超过0.1米/秒的速度,方向误差减少了近一半;•AWAC和浮标洋流在每个水平进行谐波潮汐分析。潮汐椭圆长轴方向差0.3 ~ 1.6度;•目前的测量精度不受海况/浮标运动的影响,至少在本次比较期间经历的1.5米海浪高度;•对“误差”的分析(假设AWAC数据为标准)表明,在平均120 ping(2分钟)后,精度并没有提高。在动力有限的环境中,如浮标,这是一个重要的结果。切萨皮克湾典型的风浪——1到3英尺高,周期2到3秒——很难用一个1300磅、直径1.75米的浮标来测量。但是,对于许多使用CBIBS系统的小型艇手来说,准确区分1英尺和2英尺的海浪非常重要。在比较TriAXYS(20分钟采样)和AWAC (2 Hz, 2048个采样)波浪测量时,我们发现对于我们感兴趣的简单波浪参数-最大波高和平均方向-仪器是很一致的。对最大波高的线性拟合斜率/截距为1.05 / 0.02(米)。同样,两种仪器的平均波向比较一致,斜率/截距为1.01 / -5.1(度)。
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引用次数: 12
Measuring currents in demanding environments with a Seaguard® RCM 使用Seaguard®RCM在苛刻的环境中测量电流
Pub Date : 2011-03-20 DOI: 10.1109/CWTM.2011.5759558
I. Victoria
As a result of joint efforts spearheaded by leading oceanographic institutions, several Seaguard® current meters have participated in a number of inter comparison studies in different parts of the world, covering areas from coastal shallow waters to deep ocean basins. From all these deployments, datasets of high quality have been obtained, despite the environmental conditions being sometimes far from ideal. The ability of the SEAGUARD® current meters (Aanderaa Data Instruments) using ZPulse™ technology to collect high quality data under difficult dynamic conditions (high tilts and mooring line vibration/rotations) as well as different backscatter levels will be discussed and illustrated with data from these deployments.
在领先的海洋学机构的共同努力下,几台Seaguard®海流仪参与了世界不同地区的一些相互比较研究,覆盖了从沿海浅水到深海盆地的区域。尽管环境条件有时远非理想,但从所有这些部署中获得了高质量的数据集。SEAGUARD®电流仪(Aanderaa Data Instruments)使用ZPulse™技术在困难的动态条件下(高倾斜度和系泊线振动/旋转)以及不同的后向散射水平下收集高质量数据的能力将通过这些部署的数据进行讨论和说明。
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引用次数: 3
Using micro-bubbles as acoustic targets for large scale fluid flow experiments 利用微气泡作为大尺度流体流动实验的声学目标
Pub Date : 2011-03-20 DOI: 10.1109/CWTM.2011.5759556
L. Zedel, Spence Butt
There are many times when it is useful to operate or test acoustic profiling and velocity sensors in laboratory facilities. Unfortunately, the often clean, clear water in such facilities provides little or no backscatter for these instruments to operate. Additional scatterers may be introduced in some cases but this can be unpractical in large facilities or may introduce volumes of particulate matter that are unacceptable. In this note, we describe the use of the Dissolved Air Floatation (DAF) method for creating large quantities of microscopic bubbles to serve as acoustic targets. The advantage of the approach is that it is comparatively inexpensive and does not contaminate the water in any way. A limitation of the approach is that bubbles rise through the water and therefore must be continuously produced. The method is demonstrated in the Institute of Ocean Technology — Ice Tank facility which is 12 m wide, 3 m deep, and 90 m long. In this tank, a large plume of bubbles could be injected at mid-depth and would collectively rise to the surface at a speed of 5 to 10 cm s−1. The rise speed for individual 100 µm bubbles expected from a DAF system is about 1 cm s−1 so it is likely that bubble residence time could be increased by dispersing the bubbles through the water column.
很多时候,在实验室设备中操作或测试声学剖面和速度传感器是有用的。不幸的是,这些设施中通常干净、清澈的水很少或根本没有为这些仪器的操作提供反向散射。在某些情况下可能会引入额外的散射体,但这在大型设施中可能是不切实际的,或者可能会引入大量不可接受的颗粒物质。在本文中,我们描述了使用溶解空气浮法(DAF)方法来产生大量的微观气泡作为声学目标。这种方法的优点是相对便宜,而且不会以任何方式污染水。这种方法的一个限制是气泡在水中上升,因此必须连续产生。该方法在海洋技术研究所的冰槽设施中进行了演示,该设施宽12米,深3米,长90米。在这个容器中,可以在中深度注入大量气泡,并以5至10 cm s−1的速度共同上升到表面。DAF系统中单个100 μ m气泡的上升速度预计约为1 cm s - 1,因此很可能通过将气泡分散到水柱中来增加气泡停留时间。
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引用次数: 2
Observations of wave breaking and surf zone width from a real-time cross-shore array of wave and current sensors at Duck, NC 在北卡罗莱纳州达克市,海浪和电流传感器的实时跨岸阵列对波浪破碎和冲浪带宽度的观测
Pub Date : 2011-03-20 DOI: 10.1109/CWTM.2011.5759540
R. Mulligan, J. Hanson, K. Hathaway
Data from a cross-shore array of acoustic sensors at the US Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility is examined for evidence of wave transformation and longshore currents across the surf zone by comparing several events in 2009–10 with different wave statistics. Hurricane Bill (Hs = 3+ m, Tp = 18 s) was a long-period wave event with strong evidence of non-linear wave transformations, and a track that was offshore such that the coast received very little wind. A strong depth-uniform longshore current was observed at the 5 and 6 m sites (up to 1.8 m/s) that was in-phase with the wave energy. Weak currents were measured at the 8 and 11 m depth sites, indicating that the limit of the surf zone extended to between 6 and 8 m depth. Hurricane/Nor'easter Ida (Hs = 5+ m, Tp = 12 s) was a typical large wave event in the fall, with strong winds (wind-sea a major wave component) and rotating wind direction. Hurricane Earl (Hs = 4+ m, Tp = 15 s) was the first major wave event with all sensors in place, since the sensors at the 2 and 3 m depths were added in August 2010. For the selected events we present the observations of wave evolution across the surf zone. The offshore extent of wave breaking was determined from Argus Station imagery by analyzing pixel intensity for time exposure images along cross-shore transect. Surf zone widths are compared to the estimated extent of breaking by comparing wave energy across the array and the magnitude of the longshore current. The alongshore momentum balance was estimated to determine the contribution of radiation stress gradients to observed longshore current. The results provide a comparison of the seaward limit of the surf zone and width of the wave-driven current for different wave forcing conditions.
来自美国陆军工程兵团野外研究设施的跨海岸声学传感器阵列的数据通过比较2009-10年不同波浪统计数据的几个事件来检查波浪转换和跨冲浪区的海岸流的证据。飓风比尔(Hs = 3+ m, Tp = 18 s)是一个长周期的波浪事件,有力地证明了波浪的非线性变换,其路径位于近海,因此海岸受到的风很少。在5米和6米的位置(高达1.8米/秒)观察到与波浪能量相一致的强深度均匀的岸流。在8 m和11 m深度处测得弱电流,表明冲浪带的极限延伸到6 ~ 8 m深度之间。飓风/东北风Ida (Hs = 5+ m, Tp = 12 s)是秋季典型的大浪事件,风强(风-海为主要浪分量),风向旋转。厄尔飓风(Hs = 4+ m, Tp = 15 s)是自2010年8月在2米和3米深度增加传感器以来,第一个安装了所有传感器的主要海浪事件。对于选定的事件,我们提出了波浪在冲浪带上的演变观测。通过分析沿海岸样带的时间曝光图像的像素强度,确定了阿格斯站图像的近海破碎程度。通过比较横贯阵列的波浪能量和沿岸洋流的大小,将冲浪带宽度与估计的破裂程度进行比较。估计沿岸动量平衡,以确定辐射应力梯度对观测到的沿岸流的贡献。结果比较了在不同的波浪强迫条件下,海浪带的向海边界和波浪驱动流的宽度。
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引用次数: 4
Studies of spatial and temporal surface current turbulence outside Golden Gate 金门外时空面流湍流研究
Pub Date : 2011-03-20 DOI: 10.1109/CWTM.2011.5759542
D. Barrick, W. Rector
This contribution examines the zero-mean random variability of surface currents seen by drifters and HF radar outside of Golden Gate in the Pacific. Seeding multiple drifters within cells of radar spatial and temporal scale sizes allows an understanding of this natural variability. Using the drifter velocity standard deviations to establish these turbulent motions is important in assessing radar errors, as it allows apportioning the differences between natural surface motions (that may not be of interest in studying mean flows) and radar noise. Numbers obtained in this study are about 4.1 cm/s for spatial and 1.2 cm/s for temporal drifter standard deviations, respectively. Similar numbers for radar standard deviations are 8.2 and 3.2 cm/s. RMS differences between radar and drifter radial velocities here are typically 8–9 cm/s.
这篇论文研究了太平洋金门外的漂流者和高频雷达所看到的表面海流的零平均随机变率。在雷达空间和时间尺度的单元内播撒多个漂移点,可以了解这种自然变异性。使用漂移速度标准偏差来建立这些湍流运动对于评估雷达误差很重要,因为它允许分配自然地表运动(在研究平均流时可能不感兴趣)和雷达噪声之间的差异。本研究得到的空间漂移标准差约为4.1 cm/s,时间漂移标准差约为1.2 cm/s。雷达标准偏差的类似数字为8.2和3.2厘米/秒。雷达和漂移器径向速度之间的RMS差异通常为8-9厘米/秒。
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引用次数: 2
Analysis and utilization of long-term data from a nearshore ADCP 近岸ADCP长期数据的分析与利用
Pub Date : 2011-03-20 DOI: 10.1109/CWTM.2011.5759530
W. Dally
More than nine years of ADCP data have been collected in the nearshore at a field station at Spessard Holland North Beach Park, located in Melbourne Beach on the central Atlantic coast of Florida1. The nearly continuous record includes high-resolution directional wave spectra, current profiles, and tide elevations, and the data are being used to 1) study the characteristics of Florida's nearshore waves, particularly their directional distribution, 2) test the assumptions and methods commonly used by coastal practitioners, 3) test the ability of hindcast-driven transformation models to replicate nearshore waves, and 4) test the ability of storm surge models to replicate surge measured during hurricanes and other storms.
在Spessard Holland北海滩公园(位于佛罗里达州大西洋中部海岸的墨尔本海滩)的近岸现场站,收集了9年多的ADCP数据。这些几乎连续的记录包括高分辨率的定向波谱、洋流剖面和潮汐高程,这些数据被用于1)研究佛罗里达近岸波的特征,特别是它们的定向分布;2)测试沿海从业者常用的假设和方法;3)测试后发驱动转换模型复制近岸波的能力。4)测试风暴潮模型复制飓风和其他风暴期间测量的风暴潮的能力。
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引用次数: 1
Measuring ship induced waves and currents on a tidal flat in the Western Scheldt estuary 在西舍尔德河口的一个潮滩上测量船引起的波浪和水流
Pub Date : 2011-03-20 DOI: 10.1109/CWTM.2011.5759539
M. Schroevers, B. Huisman, M. Van der Wal, J. Terwindt
In the Western Scheldt estuary a 45-day campaign took place to measure ship induced waves and currents on a tidal flat. It was established that the hydraulic loads due to the passing ships were large enough to play a major part in the erosion process of the tidal flat.
在西斯海尔德河口进行了一项为期45天的活动,以测量船只在潮滩上引起的波浪和水流。结果表明,过往船只所产生的水力荷载在潮滩侵蚀过程中起主要作用。
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引用次数: 16
Historical developments of current, wave, and turbulence measurements including those by MAVS 包括MAVS在内的海流、波浪和湍流测量的历史发展
Pub Date : 2011-03-20 DOI: 10.1109/CWTM.2011.5759515
A. Williams
Personal knowledge of the author stretches from the Geodyne 850 current meter, predecessor of the VACM in 1969 to his own development of MAVS and its recent innovations. Housings, recording media, velocity sensors, and compasses have changed most noticeably. Applications of current measurements are next most striking about the developments in our field over the last 40 years. Where and how current meters are deployed have migrated from ship lowered or fixed moorings to bottom tripods, profilers on a mooring, and even to shore-based HF Radar antennas. Present developments address power to operate autonomous instrumentation, data communication in real time, and novel adaptations of current measurement techniques to non-traditional current measurement problems like horizontal profiles, turbulent mixing, and wave monitoring. New applications will be presented at this workshop, with perhaps greater emphasis than new developments in sensing.
作者的个人知识从1969年VACM的前身Geodyne 850电流表延伸到他自己开发的MAVS及其最近的创新。外壳、记录介质、速度传感器和罗盘的变化最为显著。在过去的40年里,当前测量的应用是我们领域发展的下一个最引人注目的方面。目前,海流计的部署位置和方式已经从船底或固定系泊转移到底部三脚架、系泊上的剖面仪,甚至转移到岸基高频雷达天线。目前的发展解决了自主仪器的操作能力,实时数据通信,以及当前测量技术对非传统电流测量问题(如水平剖面,湍流混合和波浪监测)的新适应。这次研讨会将提出新的应用,可能比传感方面的新发展更受重视。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
2011 IEEE/OES 10th Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurements (CWTM)
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