The authors examine the colonized history and present of Maine to recognize that the state’s bicentennial may not mean the same thing to all who live here. They explore the impact of settler colonialism on Wabanaki people and settler descendants and recognize the ways colonization lives in our laws, structures, policies, and worldview. And yet, in Maine today, there are already examples of the holistic, indigenous-led engagement, healing, and advocacy that this history and present call for, such as the work of Maine-Wabanaki REACH. However, this moment asks for many more of us who trace our lineages to settlers to commit to these processes. Using interviews, case studies, and literature reviews, this article proposes a set of questions that researchers, policymakers, advocates, and others can ask ourselves about our roles in processes of decolonization. the domination of non-Christian people. Like colonization in general, this may seem to some like ancient history; however, the 1823 US Supreme Court ruling Johnson v. M’Intosh codified the Doctrine of Discovery, laid the foundation for federal Indian Law, and forms the basis of court rulings to the present day (Newcomb 2008: xii). The tribal nations of the Northeast felt the most destructive blows of the Doctrine of Discovery in the seventeenth century. This phase of colonization was preceded by more piecemeal contact, mostly with traders and mariners, and turned out to be unimaginably devastating. These earlier encounters were responsible for the introduction of European diseases, which wiped out entire peoples such as the Penacooks of the region around what is now York, Maine (Rolde 2004: 83). The epidemics reached their apex between 1616 and 1619. So while the Native nations of the Northeast resisted the forces of war and colonization mightily, they were doing so on the heels of what would come to be known as the Great Dying, a pandemic across tribal nations that killed as much as 90 percent of the population of coastal New England (Mann 2006: 90). A horrific, world-altering, and disorienting loss to the Wabanaki and Wampanoag peoples was understood and even celebrated by English settlers as further proof that their mission was ordained by God. Settlers capitalized on the opportunity provided to them by this devastation and in many instances carried out what can only be called a campaign of genocide against Indigenous peoples. The next two centuries were woven with betrayals, broken treaties, violence, and the usurping of tribal lands. As France and England competed for control of the territories of the Northeast, Wabanaki peoples navigated the ongoing wars and struggled to maintain their homelands as colonization increasingly threatened their ways of life. In 1644, the Massachusetts Bay Colony passed legislation that outlawed Native spiritual practices. As the settler population grew and resource extraction intensified, leaders like Chief Polin of the Presumpscot River recognized the grave thr
作者考察了缅因州的殖民历史和现状，以认识到该州的200周年纪念对所有居住在这里的人来说可能并不意味着同样的事情。他们探讨了定居者殖民主义对瓦巴纳基人及其后代的影响，并认识到殖民主义在我们的法律、结构、政策和世界观中存在的方式。然而，在今天的缅因州，已经有了这样的例子，即这段历史和现在所需要的全面的、由土著主导的参与、治疗和倡导，比如缅因州-瓦巴纳基REACH的工作。然而，这一时刻要求我们当中更多的人将我们的血统追溯到定居者，致力于这些进程。通过访谈、案例研究和文献综述，本文提出了一系列问题，供研究人员、政策制定者、倡导者和其他人询问我们在非殖民化过程中的角色。非基督徒的统治就像殖民一般，这看起来像是古代的历史;然而，1823年美国最高法院对Johnson v. M 'Intosh的裁决将发现原则编纂成法律，为联邦印第安法律奠定了基础，并形成了至今法院裁决的基础(Newcomb 2008: xii)。东北部的部落国家在17世纪受到了发现原则最具破坏性的打击。在这一阶段的殖民之前，有更多零碎的接触，主要是与商人和水手接触，结果是难以想象的破坏性。这些早期的接触导致了欧洲疾病的传入，这些疾病消灭了整个民族，例如现在缅因州约克周围地区的佩纳库克人(Rolde 2004: 83)。瘟疫在1616年至1619年间达到顶峰。因此，当东北部的土著民族强烈抵制战争和殖民势力时，他们是在后来被称为“大死亡”的流行病之后这样做的，这场流行病在部落国家之间蔓延，导致新英格兰沿海地区90%的人口死亡(Mann 2006: 90)。对瓦巴纳基人和万帕诺亚格人来说，这一可怕的、改变世界的、迷失方向的损失，被英国定居者理解，甚至庆祝为他们的使命是上帝命定的进一步证据。定居者利用这种破坏给他们提供的机会，在许多情况下对土著人民进行了只能称为种族灭绝的运动。接下来的两个世纪充满了背叛、破坏条约、暴力和对部落土地的篡夺。当法国和英国争夺对东北地区的控制权时，瓦巴纳基人在持续不断的战争中航行，并在殖民日益威胁他们生活方式的情况下努力维护他们的家园。1644年，马萨诸塞湾殖民地通过了一项立法，宣布土著宗教活动为非法。随着移民人口的增长和资源开采的加剧，像普斯考特河的波林酋长这样的领导人认识到，对土地和水的殖民关系对他的人民和非人类关系造成了严重威胁。例如，在整个后来成为缅因州的河流上筑坝对印第安人的捕鱼行为造成了毁灭性的影响，这种捕鱼行为是基于人们属于河流的信念，而不是相反(Brooks and Brooks 2010)。1755年，殖民政府发布了一份公告，提供金钱以换取佩诺布斯科特男人、女人和儿童的头皮(罗尔德2004)。该公告可以被解读为杀害和残酷对待佩诺布斯科特人的命令，以便为英国控制该地区的土地和资源扫清道路。在此期间，定居者政府和瓦巴纳基人签署了许多条约。它们几乎无一例外地被忽视或置之不理。到1803年，Penawahpskewi印第安民族(Penawahpskewi Indian Nation)的人口从欧洲人到来之前的10,000人减少到仅剩347人三十年后，就在缅因州刚刚成为一个州的时候，缅因州出售了10万英亩的佩诺布斯科特土地，将他们的土地基地减少到不到5000英亩。发现学说呈现出美国的形式，即天定命运。除了掠夺土地，掠夺儿童也是殖民主义的一种手段，对印度社区造成了毁灭性的影响。这种做法以一种特别阴险的形式出现在印第安人寄宿学校中，这些学校于19世纪末首次开办，并在20世纪中期履行其“杀死印第安人，拯救人类”的使命。Wabanaki的孩子被送往美国和加拿大的这类学校。Passamaquoddy老师、讲故事者和语言学者罗杰·保罗(Roger Paul)回忆说，小时候，他的母亲去世后，为了避免被送到新斯科舍省的舒本纳卡迪(Shubenacadie)这样的学校，他的哥哥姐姐们在那里遭受了苦难，他就从一个家庭成员转移到另一个家庭成员。 成千上万的儿童被带离自己的部落社区，被迫放弃自己的身份、文化习俗和语言，并在情感、身体和性方面受到虐待。许多孩子死在寄宿学校里。那些幸存下来的人经历了今天在他们之后的几代人中回响的创伤. ...当东北的土著民族抵抗战争和殖民势力时……他们是在后来被称为“大灭绝....”的事件之后做的《缅因政策评论》，第29卷，第2期
{"title":"A Call for Repairing the Harms of Colonization: Maine’s Bicentennial as an Opportunity for Truth, Acknowledgment, Resistance, and Healing","authors":"Erika Arthur, Penthea Burns","doi":"10.53558/boln3651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53558/boln3651","url":null,"abstract":"The authors examine the colonized history and present of Maine to recognize that the state’s bicentennial may not mean the same thing to all who live here. They explore the impact of settler colonialism on Wabanaki people and settler descendants and recognize the ways colonization lives in our laws, structures, policies, and worldview. And yet, in Maine today, there are already examples of the holistic, indigenous-led engagement, healing, and advocacy that this history and present call for, such as the work of Maine-Wabanaki REACH. However, this moment asks for many more of us who trace our lineages to settlers to commit to these processes. Using interviews, case studies, and literature reviews, this article proposes a set of questions that researchers, policymakers, advocates, and others can ask ourselves about our roles in processes of decolonization. the domination of non-Christian people. Like colonization in general, this may seem to some like ancient history; however, the 1823 US Supreme Court ruling Johnson v. M’Intosh codified the Doctrine of Discovery, laid the foundation for federal Indian Law, and forms the basis of court rulings to the present day (Newcomb 2008: xii). The tribal nations of the Northeast felt the most destructive blows of the Doctrine of Discovery in the seventeenth century. This phase of colonization was preceded by more piecemeal contact, mostly with traders and mariners, and turned out to be unimaginably devastating. These earlier encounters were responsible for the introduction of European diseases, which wiped out entire peoples such as the Penacooks of the region around what is now York, Maine (Rolde 2004: 83). The epidemics reached their apex between 1616 and 1619. So while the Native nations of the Northeast resisted the forces of war and colonization mightily, they were doing so on the heels of what would come to be known as the Great Dying, a pandemic across tribal nations that killed as much as 90 percent of the population of coastal New England (Mann 2006: 90). A horrific, world-altering, and disorienting loss to the Wabanaki and Wampanoag peoples was understood and even celebrated by English settlers as further proof that their mission was ordained by God. Settlers capitalized on the opportunity provided to them by this devastation and in many instances carried out what can only be called a campaign of genocide against Indigenous peoples. The next two centuries were woven with betrayals, broken treaties, violence, and the usurping of tribal lands. As France and England competed for control of the territories of the Northeast, Wabanaki peoples navigated the ongoing wars and struggled to maintain their homelands as colonization increasingly threatened their ways of life. In 1644, the Massachusetts Bay Colony passed legislation that outlawed Native spiritual practices. As the settler population grew and resource extraction intensified, leaders like Chief Polin of the Presumpscot River recognized the grave thr","PeriodicalId":34576,"journal":{"name":"Maine Policy Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42741390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maine’s bicentennial year is an appropriate moment to reflect on the historical legacy of public policy in Maine. In particular, the impact of historic policy decisions on people of color in the state is widely overlooked, perhaps because of Maine’s historical whiteness. This piece will show that, like the rest of the United States, Maine has a history of state-sanctioned discrimination, the consequenc-es of which resonate today. Policymakers need to understand the harmful legacy of racist public policy in Maine if they are to avoid perpetuating those inequali-ties. Further, this piece will argue that it is not enough for lawmakers to avoid explicit or intentional racism in public policy, but that the state needs to be actively antiracist, with policies that intentionally work to improve the lives of people of color and correct historic wrongs.
{"title":"Race and Public Policy in Maine: Past, Present, and Future","authors":"James Myall","doi":"10.53558/NJYP4779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53558/NJYP4779","url":null,"abstract":"Maine’s bicentennial year is an appropriate moment to reflect on the historical legacy of public policy in Maine. In particular, the impact of historic policy decisions on people of color in the state is widely overlooked, perhaps because of Maine’s historical whiteness. This piece will show that, like the rest of the United States, Maine has a history of state-sanctioned discrimination, the consequenc-es of which resonate today. Policymakers need to understand the harmful legacy of racist public policy in Maine if they are to avoid perpetuating those inequali-ties. Further, this piece will argue that it is not enough for lawmakers to avoid explicit or intentional racism in public policy, but that the state needs to be actively antiracist, with policies that intentionally work to improve the lives of people of color and correct historic wrongs.","PeriodicalId":34576,"journal":{"name":"Maine Policy Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47618856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Structural Inequalities in the Opportunity Maine Tax Credit","authors":"Daniel S. Soucier","doi":"10.53558/SCPQ9928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53558/SCPQ9928","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34576,"journal":{"name":"Maine Policy Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70613783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The One Constant? Things Change","authors":"L. Silka","doi":"10.53558/XVXB6546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53558/XVXB6546","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34576,"journal":{"name":"Maine Policy Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70615540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Maine Policy Review and the Culture of Engagement","authors":"L. Silka","doi":"10.53558/dufq5295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53558/dufq5295","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34576,"journal":{"name":"Maine Policy Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70605651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eileen S. Johnson, E. Stancioff, T. Johnson, Sarena Sabine, Haley Maurice, Claire Reboussin
{"title":"Preparing for a Changing Climate: The State of Adaptation Planning in Maine’s Coastal Communities","authors":"Eileen S. Johnson, E. Stancioff, T. Johnson, Sarena Sabine, Haley Maurice, Claire Reboussin","doi":"10.53558/laka2905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53558/laka2905","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34576,"journal":{"name":"Maine Policy Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42667945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"At the Confluence of Public Policy and History: The Value of Historical Thinking in Public Policy Development","authors":"Daniel S. Soucier","doi":"10.53558/XNOZ4436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53558/XNOZ4436","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34576,"journal":{"name":"Maine Policy Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42699492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial intelligence will improve productivity, expand the economy, and significantly alter many jobs. To accommodate these changes, Maine will have to upgrade workforce skills in a rapidly changing economy. This article recommends policy proposals in response to the rise of artificial intelligence, including (1) training programs for current and displaced workers; (2) revamped postsecondary education programs to provide a wider group of students with the skills necessary in a postindustrial society; and (3) a much closer relationship between government, employers, and educational institutions to develop the future workforce for Maine. The paper also looks at the deliberations about workforce development in the early twentieth century as the United States transitioned from a largely agricultural economy to an industrial one for insights from the past in arriving at educational programs suitable for a postindustrial society. I her inaugural address, Governor Janet Mills pledged to develop a first-class workforce in Maine to address the frustration of employers who cannot find workers and the dissatisfaction of workers stuck in dead-end jobs without the skills for advancement. The governor recognized the complexity of this challenge by noting that technological innovation will radically alter the way Maine people live, learn, and work, which is why she announced the formation of an Office of Innovation and the Future (Mills 2019). Over the next decade, the acceleration of the adoption of automation, including artificial intelligence and robotics, will likely exacerbate the mismatch the governor identified between workers and employers. While new technologies will increase productivity and economic growth, they will inevitably result in many jobs requiring new skills and some workers requiring new occupations. This article explores the policy implications for Maine’s workforce from the rise of artificial intelligence and discusses (1) effective transition programs that train employed and displaced workers in new job skills; (2) postsecondary education programs that provide a wider group of students with skills necessary to work productively in a postindustrial society; and (3) a much closer relationship between government, employers, and educational institutions to develop Maine’ future workforce. The article also examines the deliberations over workforce development in the early twentieth century when US society transitioned from a largely agricultural economy to an industrial one, as a way to highlight what we can learn from that experience as we transition to a postindustrial society. THE SHIFTING NATURE OF WORK T globalization, digitization, and automation of the US economy has increased productivity, held down inflation, opened up new markets, created moreefficient supply chains, expanded the economy, and given consumers quality products at lower cost. But these advantages came at the expense of thousands of American jobs, particularly good
人工智能将提高生产力，扩大经济，并显著改变许多工作岗位。为了适应这些变化，缅因州将不得不在快速变化的经济中提升劳动力技能。本文提出了应对人工智能兴起的政策建议，包括:(1)现有和失业工人的培训计划;(2)改进高等教育课程，为更广泛的学生群体提供后工业社会所需的技能;(3)政府、雇主和教育机构之间建立更紧密的关系，为缅因州培养未来的劳动力。本文还考察了20世纪初美国从农业经济向工业经济过渡时对劳动力发展的思考，以期从过去获得适合后工业社会的教育计划的见解。在她的就职演说中，州长珍妮特·米尔斯承诺要在缅因州发展一流的劳动力队伍，以解决雇主找不到工人的沮丧情绪，以及那些被困在没有晋升技能的没有出路的工作中的工人的不满情绪。州长认识到这一挑战的复杂性，她指出，技术创新将从根本上改变缅因州人的生活、学习和工作方式，这就是为什么她宣布成立创新与未来办公室(Mills 2019)。在接下来的十年里，包括人工智能和机器人在内的自动化的加速采用，可能会加剧州长所指出的工人和雇主之间的不匹配。虽然新技术将提高生产力和经济增长，但它们将不可避免地导致许多工作需要新技能，一些工人需要新的职业。本文探讨了人工智能的兴起对缅因州劳动力的政策影响，并讨论了:(1)有效的过渡计划，培训在职和失业工人的新工作技能;(2)为更广泛的学生群体提供在后工业社会中有效工作所需技能的高等教育项目;(3)政府、雇主和教育机构之间建立更密切的关系，以培养缅因州未来的劳动力。本文还考察了20世纪初美国社会从农业经济向工业经济过渡时对劳动力发展的思考，以强调我们在向后工业社会过渡的过程中可以从这一经验中学到什么。美国经济的全球化、数字化和自动化提高了生产率，抑制了通货膨胀，开辟了新市场，创造了更高效的供应链，扩大了经济，并以更低的成本为消费者提供了高质量的产品。但这些优势是以牺牲美国成千上万的工作岗位为代价的，尤其是制造业的好工作岗位。在20世纪80年代，制造业是缅因州最大的就业部门，但从那时起，缅因州的制造业工作岗位减少了一半(缅因州劳工部2013)。在过去的半个世纪里，美国已经从一个工业制造业经济转变为一个以金融、教育、医疗保健和信息技术为重点的技术服务业经济。这些服务领域比旧工业经济中的工作需要更高的技能。现在，三分之二的工作需要高中以上的培训，通常是两年制或四年制学位(Carnevale 2016)。贸易造成的大部分失业发生在本世纪头十年;最近的损失来自自动化。2016年总统竞选期间的许多政治言论都集中在贸易和移民问题上，称其是颠覆行业和就业的罪魁祸首。但贸易造成的就业损失被远远超过了缅因州的劳动力挑战缅因州政策评论·第28卷，第1期·2019年自动化和人工智能造成的更多就业损失-这些非个人力量更难成为替罪羊，谈判或扭转。麦肯锡的一项研究发现，45%的工作活动可以通过现有技术实现自动化(Chui, Manyiku, and Mirenadi 2015)。越来越多的常规工作正成为自动化的牺牲品:机器人取代了工厂工人，自动柜员机淘汰了银行柜员，售货亭和扫描仪淘汰了职员。在未来，随着计算机算法增强甚至取代法律、医学和金融领域的一些专业人士，高技能工作将不再幸免于自动化。具有讽刺意味的是，今天的劳动力短缺很可能加速自动化的采用。 自动化降低了劳动力成本，不仅在美国这样的高成本地区，而且在中国和墨西哥这样的低成本地区，工厂都采用了自动化，确保了自动化和低成本劳动力的结合，将使这些地区与任何高劳动力成本地区相比都具有竞争力。在经济的许多领域，未来的雇员将是那些管理自动化技术的人。人工智能有能力改变许多人的工作性质，但采用的速度和破坏的程度仍然是争论的主题。例如，自动驾驶汽车的迅速普及可能会大大取代数百万工人，但更渐进和部分的普及，尤其是在一个不断增长的经济体中，对司机的影响要小得多。作为一个极端的例子，历史学家尤瓦尔·诺亚·哈拉里(Yuval Noah Harari)提出了一个反乌托邦的愿景，想象人工智能对工人的影响，就像汽车对马和马车的影响一样。在他的类比中，今天的许多工人可能会成为失去工作的马，在机动化经济中再也找不到其他有用的功能(Harari 2016)。赫拉利的理由是，人工智能的力量不同于过去节省工作的创新，后者取代了手工任务，将人类工作推向了概念阶梯。赫拉利认为，人工智能带来的创新与过去的创新截然不同。他认为，由于人类只能执行手动和概念性任务，当人工智能在手动和概念性任务上都超过人类时，我们将无处可去。人工智能中的算法已经主导了股票市场、社交媒体和搜索引擎。他们在做出瞬间决定时考虑数以百万计变量的能力，可能会扩展到经济的其他领域。赫拉利认为，人工智能最终有可能接管数百万人的工作，创造出他所谓的“无用”阶层。当我们通过自动化生产的产品比他们用低成本劳动力生产的产品更便宜时，像孟加拉国这样的社会会怎么做?硅谷的人已经在设想基本全民收入的必要性，因为在一个由人工智能主导的经济中，许多人将无法找到工作。赫拉利明确表示，他不是在做预测或设定时间表，而是在戏剧性地展示人工智能的力量。关于人工智能影响的更温和的观点也预测了巨大的变化，尽管没有大规模的工人被取代。麦肯锡全球研究所(McKinsey Global Institute)的一份报告预测，到2030年，60%的当前职业至少有30%的工作可能被自动化取代，多达33%的工作活动可能被取代(Manyika et al. 2017)。该报告预测，高达14%的工人将不得不过渡到新的职业。然而，这些中断的时间表将取决于采用的速度以及经济中的多个部门是否同时采用该技术。但即使采用了人工智能，该报告也描绘了一种可能的积极情景，即如果经济扩张、收入增加、医疗保健的使用随着老龄化社会的增加而增加，以及其他经济刺激措施(如基础设施、能源和减缓气候变化的支出)到位，就业机会可能会增长。与赫拉利的观点相反，支持更适度颠覆的观点采用了传统观点，即虽然创新会破坏经济，导致一些工作和行业过时，但新技术带来了新的机会和就业机会。然而，这两种情况都认为，技术将扰乱经济，雇主、雇员、政府和教育机构将不得不对这种变化做出反应。麦肯锡全球研究所预测，与体力和体力技能以及基本认知功能相关的工作岗位将继续下降，并向更高的认知和技术技能转变，以及缅因州的劳动力挑战缅因州政策评论•第28卷，第1期•2019。13 .社交和情商的重要性增加(Manyika et al. 2017)。人工智能将在技术丰富的环境中增加创业和解决问题的重要性(Bughin et al. 2018)。布鲁金斯学会关于自动化和人工智能的报告预测，在未来几十年里，美国25%的就业岗位将面临自动化的高度影响，超过70%的当前工作将面临被替代的风险。另外36%的劳动力将经历适度的暴露，这意味着超过六成的工作岗位将看到与该工作相关的部分甚至全部任务被自动化取代。 技能最低的工人将是最脆弱的，但他们不会是唯一受到影响的人。新技术将迫切需要不断提高工人技能的教育项目，否则我们将面临很大一部分人口无法胜任未来工作的风险(穆罗、马克西姆和惠托)
{"title":"Maine’s Workforce Challenges in an Age of Artificial Intelligence","authors":"J. McDonnell","doi":"10.53558/reua8661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53558/reua8661","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence will improve productivity, expand the economy, and significantly alter many jobs. To accommodate these changes, Maine will have to upgrade workforce skills in a rapidly changing economy. This article recommends policy proposals in response to the rise of artificial intelligence, including (1) training programs for current and displaced workers; (2) revamped postsecondary education programs to provide a wider group of students with the skills necessary in a postindustrial society; and (3) a much closer relationship between government, employers, and educational institutions to develop the future workforce for Maine. The paper also looks at the deliberations about workforce development in the early twentieth century as the United States transitioned from a largely agricultural economy to an industrial one for insights from the past in arriving at educational programs suitable for a postindustrial society. I her inaugural address, Governor Janet Mills pledged to develop a first-class workforce in Maine to address the frustration of employers who cannot find workers and the dissatisfaction of workers stuck in dead-end jobs without the skills for advancement. The governor recognized the complexity of this challenge by noting that technological innovation will radically alter the way Maine people live, learn, and work, which is why she announced the formation of an Office of Innovation and the Future (Mills 2019). Over the next decade, the acceleration of the adoption of automation, including artificial intelligence and robotics, will likely exacerbate the mismatch the governor identified between workers and employers. While new technologies will increase productivity and economic growth, they will inevitably result in many jobs requiring new skills and some workers requiring new occupations. This article explores the policy implications for Maine’s workforce from the rise of artificial intelligence and discusses (1) effective transition programs that train employed and displaced workers in new job skills; (2) postsecondary education programs that provide a wider group of students with skills necessary to work productively in a postindustrial society; and (3) a much closer relationship between government, employers, and educational institutions to develop Maine’ future workforce. The article also examines the deliberations over workforce development in the early twentieth century when US society transitioned from a largely agricultural economy to an industrial one, as a way to highlight what we can learn from that experience as we transition to a postindustrial society. THE SHIFTING NATURE OF WORK T globalization, digitization, and automation of the US economy has increased productivity, held down inflation, opened up new markets, created moreefficient supply chains, expanded the economy, and given consumers quality products at lower cost. But these advantages came at the expense of thousands of American jobs, particularly good ","PeriodicalId":34576,"journal":{"name":"Maine Policy Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70614067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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