Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.33736/JCEST.1434.2019
P. Shawnim, F. Mohammad
This paper examined the foamed concrete (FC) for permeability of total and capillary water absorption, at 28 days of air sealed curing. The microstructure of 15 selected FC specimens was investigated to determine permeability in relation to porosity and density using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. The FC specimens of the densities (1100, 1600, and 1800) kg/m3 were made using fine sand and brick aggregates with toner and MK inclusion as additives. The microstructural investigation of the FC revealed, porosity measure as a percentage ratio of the area under investigation to be in the range of (39.65 to 77.7) %. The pore size is in the range of (0.01 to 70) µm, depending on the type of additive, for the mixes containing toner and MK, it is in a fine range of (0.01 to 10.0) µm. For the FC specimens, the finer the pore size, the less permeable and the stronger it is. Permeability is porosity and strength dependent, whereby high porosity leads to high permeability and low compressive strength for FC mixes made with sand or brick only with no additive inclusion. Meanwhile, the FC mixes made with the inclusion of additives, such as the toner and MK20 mixes, showed an evenly spread net of independent air voids with a regular shape within their matrix, which is beneficial in decreasing permeability. Therefore, besides the porosity and strength, the fineness of the pore matrix and the shape factor of the pores are two other key factors in controlling permeability. Toner and MK20 inclusion can enhance the capillary water absorption to reach almost water tight. Besides, MK30 and MK50 inclusion displayed adverse effect on permeability. Depending on the type of filler, the additive, and the percentage ratio of the porosity of the FC matrix at (1600 and 1800) kg/m3 densities, it is possible to produce FC with compressive strength between (55.1 and 30) N/mm2.
{"title":"POROSITY, PERMEABILITY AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF FOAMED CONCRETE THROUGH SEM IMAGES","authors":"P. Shawnim, F. Mohammad","doi":"10.33736/JCEST.1434.2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/JCEST.1434.2019","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examined the foamed concrete (FC) for permeability of total and capillary water absorption, at 28 days of air sealed curing. The microstructure of 15 selected FC specimens was investigated to determine permeability in relation to porosity and density using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. The FC specimens of the densities (1100, 1600, and 1800) kg/m3 were made using fine sand and brick aggregates with toner and MK inclusion as additives. The microstructural investigation of the FC revealed, porosity measure as a percentage ratio of the area under investigation to be in the range of (39.65 to 77.7) %. The pore size is in the range of (0.01 to 70) µm, depending on the type of additive, for the mixes containing toner and MK, it is in a fine range of (0.01 to 10.0) µm. For the FC specimens, the finer the pore size, the less permeable and the stronger it is. Permeability is porosity and strength dependent, whereby high porosity leads to high permeability and low compressive strength for FC mixes made with sand or brick only with no additive inclusion. Meanwhile, the FC mixes made with the inclusion of additives, such as the toner and MK20 mixes, showed an evenly spread net of independent air voids with a regular shape within their matrix, which is beneficial in decreasing permeability. Therefore, besides the porosity and strength, the fineness of the pore matrix and the shape factor of the pores are two other key factors in controlling permeability. Toner and MK20 inclusion can enhance the capillary water absorption to reach almost water tight. Besides, MK30 and MK50 inclusion displayed adverse effect on permeability. Depending on the type of filler, the additive, and the percentage ratio of the porosity of the FC matrix at (1600 and 1800) kg/m3 densities, it is possible to produce FC with compressive strength between (55.1 and 30) N/mm2.","PeriodicalId":346729,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128418970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.33736/JCEST.1266.2019
Khlifa El Atrash, G. Assaf
The complex modulus test is dependent on temperature and loading frequency. Thus, the results produced from this test will give a more accurate representation of traffic load effects on asphalt pavement. Laboratory experiments were conducted on two different asphalt mixtures for road research projects (Libya/Roads). All specimens had the same mixtures of aggregate gradation GB-20 incorporated with two different asphalt binders PG70-10 and B (60/70). To obtain the master curve, there were some errors at low temperatures (-25, -10 ºC) and high temperature (54 ºC), so these values were discarded. In addition, 2-complex modulus (CM) and phase angles (Phi) in the test were measured at temperatures of -25, -10, -5, 10, 25, 35, and 54ºC, as well as frequencies of 25, 10, 5, 1, 0.5 and 0.1 Hz. The results displayed the influence of the type of binder on the rheology of the mixtures and gradation on the intensity. Hence, using binder PG 70-10 in Libyan asphalt roads may reduce the binder content, increase the mixture workability, and decrease the thermal cracking. The intrinsic characteristics related to binder properties and weather temperature exhibited the most significant impact on the predicted dynamic modulus. Keywords: complex modulus, frequencies, temperatures, sinusoidal, phase angles
{"title":"COMPARISON OF TWO ASPHALT MIXTURES USING COMPLEX MODULUS TEST IN LIBYAN WEATHER","authors":"Khlifa El Atrash, G. Assaf","doi":"10.33736/JCEST.1266.2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/JCEST.1266.2019","url":null,"abstract":"The complex modulus test is dependent on temperature and loading frequency. Thus, the results produced from this test will give a more accurate representation of traffic load effects on asphalt pavement. Laboratory experiments were conducted on two different asphalt mixtures for road research projects (Libya/Roads). All specimens had the same mixtures of aggregate gradation GB-20 incorporated with two different asphalt binders PG70-10 and B (60/70). To obtain the master curve, there were some errors at low temperatures (-25, -10 ºC) and high temperature (54 ºC), so these values were discarded. In addition, 2-complex modulus (CM) and phase angles (Phi) in the test were measured at temperatures of -25, -10, -5, 10, 25, 35, and 54ºC, as well as frequencies of 25, 10, 5, 1, 0.5 and 0.1 Hz. The results displayed the influence of the type of binder on the rheology of the mixtures and gradation on the intensity. Hence, using binder PG 70-10 in Libyan asphalt roads may reduce the binder content, increase the mixture workability, and decrease the thermal cracking. The intrinsic characteristics related to binder properties and weather temperature exhibited the most significant impact on the predicted dynamic modulus. \u0000Keywords: complex modulus, frequencies, temperatures, sinusoidal, phase angles","PeriodicalId":346729,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127124752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.33736/JCEST.1067.2019
M. Hanifehzadeh, M. R. Mousavi
The safety of the civil structures could be significantly improved against shock waves and blast loads by using steel concrete steel (SCS) protective walls. A numerical study has been performed to simulate the response of SCS wall subjected to a near-field blast load. A conventional SCS panel subjected to near-field blast load and its structural performance is evaluated in terms of maximum damage and deformation. The simulations performed using ABAQUSEXPLICIT finite element package and built-in concrete damage plasticity concrete constitutive formulation. The maximum deformation, plastic strain, and failure mode under different loading scenarios have been investigated. The aim of this study is predicting the structural response of the SCS panel with different blast charge and identification of optimum configuration in terms of concrete strength and plate thickness. In the second part of the study, two novel sandwich configurations consisting of a corrugated metal sheet and the concrete core are proposed and compared with the conventional protective walls. The optimum parameters for each structural component are identified using an optimization procedure. Based on this study, using the proposed wall configuration will results in superior performance compared to the conventional walls while the extra cost of fabrication is insignificant.
{"title":"PREDICTING THE STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF SANDWICH CONCRETE PANELS SUBJECTED TO BLAST LOAD CONSIDERING DYNAMIC INCREASE FACTOR","authors":"M. Hanifehzadeh, M. R. Mousavi","doi":"10.33736/JCEST.1067.2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/JCEST.1067.2019","url":null,"abstract":"The safety of the civil structures could be significantly improved against shock waves and blast loads by using steel concrete steel (SCS) protective walls. A numerical study has been performed to simulate the response of SCS wall subjected to a near-field blast load. A conventional SCS panel subjected to near-field blast load and its structural performance is evaluated in terms of maximum damage and deformation. The simulations performed using ABAQUSEXPLICIT finite element package and built-in concrete damage plasticity concrete constitutive formulation. The maximum deformation, plastic strain, and failure mode under different loading scenarios have been investigated. The aim of this study is predicting the structural response of the SCS panel with different blast charge and identification of optimum configuration in terms of concrete strength and plate thickness. In the second part of the study, two novel sandwich configurations consisting of a corrugated metal sheet and the concrete core are proposed and compared with the conventional protective walls. The optimum parameters for each structural component are identified using an optimization procedure. Based on this study, using the proposed wall configuration will results in superior performance compared to the conventional walls while the extra cost of fabrication is insignificant.","PeriodicalId":346729,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125290394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.33736/JCEST.1203.2019
Khlifa Saad El atrash, G. Assaf
Libya use a volumetric analysis in designing asphalt mixtures, which can also be upgraded in hot weather. However, the condition of some roads was further down than the required level. Rutting is one of the major defects that occur in asphalt pavements in the southern desert of Libya and severely influence the drive-ability. A questionnaire surveys and laboratory experiments were performed for a few mixes under representative temperature and traffic load. In laboratory, rutting test conducted on two different asphalt mixtures. The first mix used an asphalt binder B (60/70) at optimum bitumen content, another mixture developed using the Superpave design procedure with the same materials and performance asphalt binder grade PG (70-10). The questionnaire survey was distributed to 55 engineers and specialists in the field. The interview was conducted to a few others and the factors that leading to poor performance of asphalt roads were listed. Considering and improving of these factors will play an important role to improve the pavement performances, longer service life and lower maintenance costs. Asphalt concrete pavements (ACP) should use asphalt binder which is less affected by pavement temperature change and traffic load. The properties of the mixture, in turn, affect the pavement performance. Keywords - asphalt mixtures, consistency, performance, (PG), construction.
{"title":"EVALUATING FACTORS INFLUENCING ASPHALT ROAD CONSTRUCTION QUALITY IN HIGH TEMPERATURE CONDITION (CASE STUDY)","authors":"Khlifa Saad El atrash, G. Assaf","doi":"10.33736/JCEST.1203.2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/JCEST.1203.2019","url":null,"abstract":"Libya use a volumetric analysis in designing asphalt mixtures, which can also be upgraded in hot weather. However, the condition of some roads was further down than the required level. Rutting is one of the major defects that occur in asphalt pavements in the southern desert of Libya and severely influence the drive-ability. A questionnaire surveys and laboratory experiments were performed for a few mixes under representative temperature and traffic load. In laboratory, rutting test conducted on two different asphalt mixtures. The first mix used an asphalt binder B (60/70) at optimum bitumen content, another mixture developed using the Superpave design procedure with the same materials and performance asphalt binder grade PG (70-10). The questionnaire survey was distributed to 55 engineers and specialists in the field. The interview was conducted to a few others and the factors that leading to poor performance of asphalt roads were listed. Considering and improving of these factors will play an important role to improve the pavement performances, longer service life and lower maintenance costs. Asphalt concrete pavements (ACP) should use asphalt binder which is less affected by pavement temperature change and traffic load. The properties of the mixture, in turn, affect the pavement performance. \u0000 \u0000Keywords - asphalt mixtures, consistency, performance, (PG), construction.","PeriodicalId":346729,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126245288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khaled Ghaedi, Z. Ibrahim, A. Javanmardi, M. Jameel, Usman Hanif, Sardar Kashif Ur Rehman, M. Gordan
Using appropriate material properties for analyzing different models in academic and commercially availablefinite element software is one of the main concerns for design engineers and researchers. This paper demonstrates theimportance of using appropriate material properties for the models to be considered by engineers during finite elementmodelling. Two reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strips areinvestigated, considering the CFRP elements as elastically isotropic and orthotropic materials. To show the significance ofthe selective material properties, all properties of the models are chosen to be exactly the same for the two beams except forthe CFRP strip. To validate the study, an RC beam is tested experimentally and the numerical results are compared to theexperimental test. The results show that CFRP with isotropic or orthotropic properties has no significant influence on beamresponses such as stresses, displacements and damage response under applied loadings.
{"title":"Finite Element Analysis of A Strengthened Beam Deliberating Elastically Isotropic And Orthotropic Cfrp Material","authors":"Khaled Ghaedi, Z. Ibrahim, A. Javanmardi, M. Jameel, Usman Hanif, Sardar Kashif Ur Rehman, M. Gordan","doi":"10.33736/JCEST.991.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/JCEST.991.2018","url":null,"abstract":"Using appropriate material properties for analyzing different models in academic and commercially availablefinite element software is one of the main concerns for design engineers and researchers. This paper demonstrates theimportance of using appropriate material properties for the models to be considered by engineers during finite elementmodelling. Two reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strips areinvestigated, considering the CFRP elements as elastically isotropic and orthotropic materials. To show the significance ofthe selective material properties, all properties of the models are chosen to be exactly the same for the two beams except forthe CFRP strip. To validate the study, an RC beam is tested experimentally and the numerical results are compared to theexperimental test. The results show that CFRP with isotropic or orthotropic properties has no significant influence on beamresponses such as stresses, displacements and damage response under applied loadings.","PeriodicalId":346729,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124005208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evidence from literature has shown the absence of the use of Artificial Neural Network techniques in formulating trip generation forecasts in Nigeria, rather the practice has consisted more on use of regression techniques. Therefore, in this study, the accuracy of Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and Multiple Linear Regression model (MLR) in formulating home-based trips generation forecasts was assessed. Datasets for the study were acquired from a household travel survey in the high density zones of Akure, Nigeria and were analysed using SPSS 22 statistical software. Results of data analysis showed that the RBFNN model with higher Coefficient of Determination (R2) value of 0.913 and lower Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 0.421 performed better than the MLR with lower R2 value of 0.552 and higher MAPE of 0.810 in predicting the number of home-based trips generated in the study area. The study demonstrated the higher accuracy of the RBFNN in producing trip generation forecasts in the study area and is consequently recommended for researchers in executing such forecasts.
{"title":"Forecasting Trip Generation For High Density Residential Zones of Akure, Nigeria: Comparability of Artificial Neural Network And Regression Models","authors":"J. Etu, O. Oyedepo","doi":"10.33736/jcest.988.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/jcest.988.2018","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence from literature has shown the absence of the use of Artificial Neural Network techniques in formulating trip generation forecasts in Nigeria, rather the practice has consisted more on use of regression techniques. Therefore, in this study, the accuracy of Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and Multiple Linear Regression model (MLR) in formulating home-based trips generation forecasts was assessed. Datasets for the study were acquired from a household travel survey in the high density zones of Akure, Nigeria and were analysed using SPSS 22 statistical software. Results of data analysis showed that the RBFNN model with higher Coefficient of Determination (R2) value of 0.913 and lower Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 0.421 performed better than the MLR with lower R2 value of 0.552 and higher MAPE of 0.810 in predicting the number of home-based trips generated in the study area. The study demonstrated the higher accuracy of the RBFNN in producing trip generation forecasts in the study area and is consequently recommended for researchers in executing such forecasts.","PeriodicalId":346729,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126018226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. A. Rahim, Omi Yanti Pohan, M. B. H. A. Manaf, A. Ahmad, S. Shahidan, Z. Ghazaly, N. Bawadi, S. Anuar, Z. Hassan, Z. Ismail, T. Hong
Steel is one of the fibers used in fiber reinforced concrete technology. Steel fibers in concrete help to improve flexural strength and crack resistance. Today, there are critical shortages of natural resources. In this research, waste concrete is being used to produce recycled aggregate. The Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA) is partially replaced with the natural coarse aggregate (NCA) in concrete to analyze the mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Several tests were conducted, such as compression and flexural tests. Five batches (A, B, C, D and E) of concrete cube and prism samples with different proportions of RCA (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100%) and 1.5% volume fraction of steel fiber were tested, together with one control sample which used 100% NCA and 0% volume fraction of steel fiber. As a result, the control sample achieved 27.32 MPa in compression strength and 0.90 MPa for flexural strength while batch A managed to achieve 48.60 MPa and 1.10 MPa respectively. The cube and prism samples of all batches (A, B, C, D, E) showed decreasing compressive and flexural strength with increasing proportion of RCA in the concrete. Four samples fully achieved more than 20 MPa of compression strength and optimum flexural strength.
{"title":"Characteristics of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete With Recycled Coarse Aggregate","authors":"M. A. Rahim, Omi Yanti Pohan, M. B. H. A. Manaf, A. Ahmad, S. Shahidan, Z. Ghazaly, N. Bawadi, S. Anuar, Z. Hassan, Z. Ismail, T. Hong","doi":"10.33736/JCEST.987.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/JCEST.987.2018","url":null,"abstract":"Steel is one of the fibers used in fiber reinforced concrete technology. Steel fibers in concrete help to improve flexural strength and crack resistance. Today, there are critical shortages of natural resources. In this research, waste concrete is being used to produce recycled aggregate. The Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA) is partially replaced with the natural coarse aggregate (NCA) in concrete to analyze the mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Several tests were conducted, such as compression and flexural tests. Five batches (A, B, C, D and E) of concrete cube and prism samples with different proportions of RCA (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100%) and 1.5% volume fraction of steel fiber were tested, together with one control sample which used 100% NCA and 0% volume fraction of steel fiber. As a result, the control sample achieved 27.32 MPa in compression strength and 0.90 MPa for flexural strength while batch A managed to achieve 48.60 MPa and 1.10 MPa respectively. The cube and prism samples of all batches (A, B, C, D, E) showed decreasing compressive and flexural strength with increasing proportion of RCA in the concrete. Four samples fully achieved more than 20 MPa of compression strength and optimum flexural strength.","PeriodicalId":346729,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115685466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For years cities in Indonesia have experienced massive urban and economic developments which involvedconversion of land to economic areas and human settlements. These cause some cities in Indonesia to face critical condition isproviding clean waters and services of urban sanitation. As a consequence of clean water demand, industries and householdexplore ground water as a source of clean water. Over abstraction of ground water has impacted declining of groundwater tableand land subsidence. Due to the problems that have been created by aspects above, it is necessary to acquire a frameworkdealing with the complexity of urban water problems in Indonesian cities that could explain the urban water security, and tobe used to monitor and evaluate the progress of the cities in improving their urban water services. This paper is describing thedimensions that give affects to urban water security with their phenomena and problems in Indonesian cities and build thetheoretical framework of urban water security. The result of this research is a theoretical framework of urban water security,consists of five key dimensions of urban water security, such as: Water Supply Management, Stormwater Management,Wastewater Management, Groundwater Management and Solid Waste Management.
{"title":"Theoretical Framework of Urban Water Security In Indonesia","authors":"J. E. Wuysang, R. W. Triweko, D. Yudianto","doi":"10.33736/jcest.993.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/jcest.993.2018","url":null,"abstract":"For years cities in Indonesia have experienced massive urban and economic developments which involvedconversion of land to economic areas and human settlements. These cause some cities in Indonesia to face critical condition isproviding clean waters and services of urban sanitation. As a consequence of clean water demand, industries and householdexplore ground water as a source of clean water. Over abstraction of ground water has impacted declining of groundwater tableand land subsidence. Due to the problems that have been created by aspects above, it is necessary to acquire a frameworkdealing with the complexity of urban water problems in Indonesian cities that could explain the urban water security, and tobe used to monitor and evaluate the progress of the cities in improving their urban water services. This paper is describing thedimensions that give affects to urban water security with their phenomena and problems in Indonesian cities and build thetheoretical framework of urban water security. The result of this research is a theoretical framework of urban water security,consists of five key dimensions of urban water security, such as: Water Supply Management, Stormwater Management,Wastewater Management, Groundwater Management and Solid Waste Management.","PeriodicalId":346729,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125506857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Design of retaining walls under seismic conditions is based on the calculation of seismic earth pressurebehind the wall. To calculate the seismic active earth pressure behind the vertical retaining wall, many researchers reportanalytical solutions using the pseudo-static approach for both cohesionless and cohesive soil backfill. Design charts havebeen presented for the calculation of seismic active earth pressure behind vertical retaining walls in the non-dimensionalform. For inclined retaining walls, the analytical solutions for the calculation of seismic active earth pressure as well as thedesign charts (in non-dimensional form) have been reported in few studies for c-ϕ soil backfill. One analytical solution forthe calculation of seismic active earth pressure behind inclined retaining walls by Shukla (2015) is used in the present studyto obtain the design charts in non-dimensional form. Different field parameters related with wall geometry, seismic loadings,tension cracks, soil backfill properties, surcharge and wall friction are used in the present analysis. The present study hasquantified the effect of negative and positive wall inclination as well as the effect of soil cohesion (c), angle of shearingresistance (ϕ), surcharge loading (q) and the horizontal and vertical seismic coefficient (kh and kv) on seismic active earthpressure with the help of design charts for c-ϕ soil backfill. The design charts presented here in non-dimensional form aresimple to use and can be implemented by field engineers for design of inclined retaining walls under seismic conditions. Theactive earth pressure coefficients for cohesionless soil backfill achieved from the present study are validated with studiesreported in the literature.
{"title":"Effect of Wall Inclination on Dynamic Active Thrust for Cohesive Soil Backfill","authors":"Ashish Gupta, Vikas Yadav, V. Sawant, R. Agarwal","doi":"10.33736/JCEST.992.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/JCEST.992.2018","url":null,"abstract":"Design of retaining walls under seismic conditions is based on the calculation of seismic earth pressurebehind the wall. To calculate the seismic active earth pressure behind the vertical retaining wall, many researchers reportanalytical solutions using the pseudo-static approach for both cohesionless and cohesive soil backfill. Design charts havebeen presented for the calculation of seismic active earth pressure behind vertical retaining walls in the non-dimensionalform. For inclined retaining walls, the analytical solutions for the calculation of seismic active earth pressure as well as thedesign charts (in non-dimensional form) have been reported in few studies for c-ϕ soil backfill. One analytical solution forthe calculation of seismic active earth pressure behind inclined retaining walls by Shukla (2015) is used in the present studyto obtain the design charts in non-dimensional form. Different field parameters related with wall geometry, seismic loadings,tension cracks, soil backfill properties, surcharge and wall friction are used in the present analysis. The present study hasquantified the effect of negative and positive wall inclination as well as the effect of soil cohesion (c), angle of shearingresistance (ϕ), surcharge loading (q) and the horizontal and vertical seismic coefficient (kh and kv) on seismic active earthpressure with the help of design charts for c-ϕ soil backfill. The design charts presented here in non-dimensional form aresimple to use and can be implemented by field engineers for design of inclined retaining walls under seismic conditions. Theactive earth pressure coefficients for cohesionless soil backfill achieved from the present study are validated with studiesreported in the literature.","PeriodicalId":346729,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133750398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to improve the Topographical Factor for estimation soil loss and sediment yield in Equatorial region. In the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), Topographical factor (LS) is derived as soil loss amount related to gently-inclined plane surface of 72.6ft (22.13m) slope length and 9% slope gradient in United States of America (USA). The terrains in equatorial region (especially at construction sites) comprise of more cone-shaped and pyramid- shaped characterized with steeper slopes and shorter slope lengths as compared to agricultural lands in USA. Topographical Factors (TT, TC & TP) in equatorial region were found as function of sediment yield (SY), surface runoff velocity (RV), and silt and clay compositions (SC). Triangular prism-shaped slope could be used as reference or indicator due to the shape is comparable or almost similar to that of the RUSLE’s gently-inclined plane surface. Cone-shaped and pyramid-shaped showed approximately 80% and 77%, respectively similar to triangular prism-shaped. Therefore, the Topographical Factors for triangular prism-shaped, cone-shaped and pyramid-shaped landscapes in equatorial region: Error! Reference source not found. (Triangular Prism), Error! Reference source not found. (Cone) andError! Reference source not found. (Pyramid).
{"title":"Refinement of Topographical Factor For Estimating Soil Loss and Sediment Yield in Equatorial Regions","authors":"L. K. Yong, P. L. Law, S. Taib, D. Mah, A. Johari","doi":"10.33736/JCEST.990.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33736/JCEST.990.2018","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to improve the Topographical Factor for estimation soil loss and sediment yield in Equatorial region. In the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), Topographical factor (LS) is derived as soil loss amount related to gently-inclined plane surface of 72.6ft (22.13m) slope length and 9% slope gradient in United States of America (USA). The terrains in equatorial region (especially at construction sites) comprise of more cone-shaped and pyramid- shaped characterized with steeper slopes and shorter slope lengths as compared to agricultural lands in USA. Topographical Factors (TT, TC & TP) in equatorial region were found as function of sediment yield (SY), surface runoff velocity (RV), and silt and clay compositions (SC). Triangular prism-shaped slope could be used as reference or indicator due to the shape is comparable or almost similar to that of the RUSLE’s gently-inclined plane surface. Cone-shaped and pyramid-shaped showed approximately 80% and 77%, respectively similar to triangular prism-shaped. Therefore, the Topographical Factors for triangular prism-shaped, cone-shaped and pyramid-shaped landscapes in equatorial region: Error! Reference source not found. (Triangular Prism), Error! Reference source not found. (Cone) andError! Reference source not found. (Pyramid).","PeriodicalId":346729,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131065478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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