Funmilade Faniyi, Peter R. Lewis, R. Bahsoon, X. Yao
Contemporary software systems are becoming increasingly large, heterogeneous, and decentralised. They operate in dynamic environments and their architectures exhibit complex trade-offs across dimensions of goals, time, and interaction, which emerges internally from the systems and externally from their environment. This gives rise to the vision of self-aware architecture, where design decisions and execution strategies for these concerns are dynamically analysed and seamlessly managed at run-time. Drawing on the concept of self-awareness from psychology, this paper extends the foundation of software architecture styles for self-adaptive systems to arrive at a new principled approach for architecting self-aware systems. We demonstrate the added value and applicability of the approach in the context of service provisioning to cloud-reliant service-based applications.
{"title":"Architecting Self-Aware Software Systems","authors":"Funmilade Faniyi, Peter R. Lewis, R. Bahsoon, X. Yao","doi":"10.1109/WICSA.2014.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WICSA.2014.18","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary software systems are becoming increasingly large, heterogeneous, and decentralised. They operate in dynamic environments and their architectures exhibit complex trade-offs across dimensions of goals, time, and interaction, which emerges internally from the systems and externally from their environment. This gives rise to the vision of self-aware architecture, where design decisions and execution strategies for these concerns are dynamically analysed and seamlessly managed at run-time. Drawing on the concept of self-awareness from psychology, this paper extends the foundation of software architecture styles for self-adaptive systems to arrive at a new principled approach for architecting self-aware systems. We demonstrate the added value and applicability of the approach in the context of service provisioning to cloud-reliant service-based applications.","PeriodicalId":346971,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131885739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organizations involve in Global Software Development (GSD) face challenges in terms of having access to appropriate set of tools for performing distributed engineering and development activities, integration between heterogeneous desktop and web-based tools, management of artifacts developed and maintained over distant locations using different kind of tools, traceability among artifacts, and access to artifacts and data of sensitive nature. These challenges pose additional constraints on specific projects and reduce the possibility to carry out their engineering and development in globally distributed environment. In this paper, we argue the need to have a cloud-enabled platform for supporting GSD and propose reference architecture of a cloud based Platform for providing support to provision ecosystem of the Tools as a Service (PTaaS).
{"title":"Towards a Reference Architecture to Provision Tools as a Service for Global Software Development","authors":"Muhammad Aufeef Chauhan, M. Babar","doi":"10.1109/WICSA.2014.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WICSA.2014.44","url":null,"abstract":"Organizations involve in Global Software Development (GSD) face challenges in terms of having access to appropriate set of tools for performing distributed engineering and development activities, integration between heterogeneous desktop and web-based tools, management of artifacts developed and maintained over distant locations using different kind of tools, traceability among artifacts, and access to artifacts and data of sensitive nature. These challenges pose additional constraints on specific projects and reduce the possibility to carry out their engineering and development in globally distributed environment. In this paper, we argue the need to have a cloud-enabled platform for supporting GSD and propose reference architecture of a cloud based Platform for providing support to provision ecosystem of the Tools as a Service (PTaaS).","PeriodicalId":346971,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132070015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The context of software architecting increasingly reflects webs of IT companies pooling resources together for software development. What results is a networked organization, populated by heterogeneous development communities connected via internet. How does this scenario change the process of software architecting? Pivoting around this research question, this paper presents architecture concerns relevant in such networked development scenarios. Supporting these concerns is critical to understand the impact of architecture on organizational change and vice versa. To this aim, we introduce a viewpoint, its supporting tool and evaluate both through a case-study.
{"title":"Architecting in Networked Organizations","authors":"D. Tamburri, P. Lago, C. Dorn, R. Hilliard","doi":"10.1109/WICSA.2014.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WICSA.2014.17","url":null,"abstract":"The context of software architecting increasingly reflects webs of IT companies pooling resources together for software development. What results is a networked organization, populated by heterogeneous development communities connected via internet. How does this scenario change the process of software architecting? Pivoting around this research question, this paper presents architecture concerns relevant in such networked development scenarios. Supporting these concerns is critical to understand the impact of architecture on organizational change and vice versa. To this aim, we introduce a viewpoint, its supporting tool and evaluate both through a case-study.","PeriodicalId":346971,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125215409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Gonzalez-Herrera, Johann Bourcier, Erwan Daubert, Walter Rudametkin, Olivier Barais, François Fouquet, J. Jézéquel
Modern component frameworks support continuous deployment and simultaneous execution of multiple software components on top of the same virtual machine. However, isolation between the various components is limited. A faulty version of any one of the software components can compromise the whole system by consuming all available resources. In this paper, we address the problem of efficiently identifying faulty software components running simultaneously in a single virtual machine. Current solutions that perform permanent and extensive monitoring to detect anomalies induce high overhead on the system, and can, by themselves, make the system unstable. In this paper we present an optimistic adaptive monitoring system to determine the faulty components of an application. Suspected components are finely instrumented for deeper analysis by the monitoring system, but only when required. Unsuspected components are left untouched and execute normally. Thus, we perform localized just-in-time monitoring that decreases the accumulated overhead of the monitoring system. We evaluate our approach against a state-of-the-art monitoring system and show that our technique correctly detects faulty components, while reducing overhead by an average of 80%.
{"title":"Scapegoat: An Adaptive Monitoring Framework for Component-Based Systems","authors":"I. Gonzalez-Herrera, Johann Bourcier, Erwan Daubert, Walter Rudametkin, Olivier Barais, François Fouquet, J. Jézéquel","doi":"10.1109/WICSA.2014.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WICSA.2014.49","url":null,"abstract":"Modern component frameworks support continuous deployment and simultaneous execution of multiple software components on top of the same virtual machine. However, isolation between the various components is limited. A faulty version of any one of the software components can compromise the whole system by consuming all available resources. In this paper, we address the problem of efficiently identifying faulty software components running simultaneously in a single virtual machine. Current solutions that perform permanent and extensive monitoring to detect anomalies induce high overhead on the system, and can, by themselves, make the system unstable. In this paper we present an optimistic adaptive monitoring system to determine the faulty components of an application. Suspected components are finely instrumented for deeper analysis by the monitoring system, but only when required. Unsuspected components are left untouched and execute normally. Thus, we perform localized just-in-time monitoring that decreases the accumulated overhead of the monitoring system. We evaluate our approach against a state-of-the-art monitoring system and show that our technique correctly detects faulty components, while reducing overhead by an average of 80%.","PeriodicalId":346971,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129734328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Company-wide reference architectures are an important means for standardization and reuse. Standardization is enforced through reference architecture conformance checking. Manual conformance checking is too time- and resource-intensive to be performed continuously for the various systems that are part of a SOA. We present an approach for automatic reference architecture conformance checking of SOA-based software systems. Reference architectures are defined based on rules consisting of roles and of constraints on roles and role relationships. By mapping the roles to the elements of a software architecture representation, reference architecture specifications are reusable for different software systems. Through automating the whole checking process, including architecture extraction, role mapping, and rule evaluation, the approach can be applied continuously for the different systems that are part of a SOA. The approach has been developed and refined by applying it to a SOA in the banking domain. During its evolution from semi-automatic to a fully automatic approach it has also changed the way of how architecture information is provided as part of the system implementation in this domain.
{"title":"Automatic Reference Architecture Conformance Checking for SOA-Based Software Systems","authors":"R. Weinreich, Georg Buchgeher","doi":"10.1109/WICSA.2014.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WICSA.2014.22","url":null,"abstract":"Company-wide reference architectures are an important means for standardization and reuse. Standardization is enforced through reference architecture conformance checking. Manual conformance checking is too time- and resource-intensive to be performed continuously for the various systems that are part of a SOA. We present an approach for automatic reference architecture conformance checking of SOA-based software systems. Reference architectures are defined based on rules consisting of roles and of constraints on roles and role relationships. By mapping the roles to the elements of a software architecture representation, reference architecture specifications are reusable for different software systems. Through automating the whole checking process, including architecture extraction, role mapping, and rule evaluation, the approach can be applied continuously for the different systems that are part of a SOA. The approach has been developed and refined by applying it to a SOA in the banking domain. During its evolution from semi-automatic to a fully automatic approach it has also changed the way of how architecture information is provided as part of the system implementation in this domain.","PeriodicalId":346971,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114293803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Vierhauser, Rick Rabiser, P. Grünbacher, Christian Danner, Stefan Wallner, H. Zeisel
Many software systems today have system-of systems (SoS) architectures comprising interrelated and heterogeneous systems, which are developed by multiple teams and companies. Such systems emerge gradually and it is hard to analyze or predict their behavior due to their scale and complexity. In particular, certain behavior only emerges at runtime due to complex interactions between the involved systems and their environment. Monitoring the behavior of SoS at runtime is thus essential during development and evolution. However, existing monitoring approaches are often limited to particular architectural styles or technologies and are thus hard to apply in SoS architectures. In this paper we first analyze the challenges for monitoring SoS based on an industrial SoS for the automation of metallurgical plants. We then propose a flexible framework for monitoring heterogeneous systems within a SoS. We demonstrate its feasibility by applying it to two systems of an industrial SoS. We also report results of an evaluation assessing the framework's performance and scalability.
{"title":"A Flexible Framework for Runtime Monitoring of System-of-Systems Architectures","authors":"Michael Vierhauser, Rick Rabiser, P. Grünbacher, Christian Danner, Stefan Wallner, H. Zeisel","doi":"10.1109/WICSA.2014.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WICSA.2014.12","url":null,"abstract":"Many software systems today have system-of systems (SoS) architectures comprising interrelated and heterogeneous systems, which are developed by multiple teams and companies. Such systems emerge gradually and it is hard to analyze or predict their behavior due to their scale and complexity. In particular, certain behavior only emerges at runtime due to complex interactions between the involved systems and their environment. Monitoring the behavior of SoS at runtime is thus essential during development and evolution. However, existing monitoring approaches are often limited to particular architectural styles or technologies and are thus hard to apply in SoS architectures. In this paper we first analyze the challenges for monitoring SoS based on an industrial SoS for the automation of metallurgical plants. We then propose a flexible framework for monitoring heterogeneous systems within a SoS. We demonstrate its feasibility by applying it to two systems of an industrial SoS. We also report results of an evaluation assessing the framework's performance and scalability.","PeriodicalId":346971,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114105843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Service-based business processes must evolve to remain aligned with their goals, with zero downtime to guarantee business continuity. A new version of a service should be adopted as soon as it becomes available to let clients benefit from the updated functionality and/or improved quality of service. In practice, however, existing services may be involved in distributed computations that cannot immediately adopt the new versions without suffering inconsistencies. The paper proposes a solution for the consistent runtime evolution of service-based business processes: new service versions can be adopted safely and in a timely fashion, and old versions can be consistently decommissioned. The proposal has been evaluated in the context of an online bank wire transfer example. Our experiments show that the approach is timely in activating service updates, and that the overhead it introduces is negligible.
{"title":"Consistent Runtime Evolution of Service-Based Business Processes","authors":"L. Baresi, Sam Guinea, V. Manna","doi":"10.1109/WICSA.2014.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WICSA.2014.24","url":null,"abstract":"Service-based business processes must evolve to remain aligned with their goals, with zero downtime to guarantee business continuity. A new version of a service should be adopted as soon as it becomes available to let clients benefit from the updated functionality and/or improved quality of service. In practice, however, existing services may be involved in distributed computations that cannot immediately adopt the new versions without suffering inconsistencies. The paper proposes a solution for the consistent runtime evolution of service-based business processes: new service versions can be adopted safely and in a timely fashion, and old versions can be consistently decommissioned. The proposal has been evaluated in the context of an online bank wire transfer example. Our experiments show that the approach is timely in activating service updates, and that the overhead it introduces is negligible.","PeriodicalId":346971,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115824818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eero J. Uusitalo, M. Raatikainen, Mika Koskela, Varvana Myllärniemi, T. Männistö
Engineering large software-based systems in safety-critical domains is a challenging task despite extensive research on the topic. The software technologies and development processes are established, and basic safety principles are well known. However, demonstrating the safety of a software-based automation system remains a key challenge, particularly in the nuclear domain. In this paper, we describe our experiences from current nuclear projects featuring software-based automation. We observed a number of assumptions in regulation and standards related to safety principles, such as separation and diversity, which do not apply to software systems. The assumptions result in unrealistic expectations for software-based systems, making both design and safety demonstration challenging.
{"title":"Lessons Learned from Safety-Critical Software-Based Automation Architectures of Nuclear Power Plants","authors":"Eero J. Uusitalo, M. Raatikainen, Mika Koskela, Varvana Myllärniemi, T. Männistö","doi":"10.1109/WICSA.2014.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WICSA.2014.33","url":null,"abstract":"Engineering large software-based systems in safety-critical domains is a challenging task despite extensive research on the topic. The software technologies and development processes are established, and basic safety principles are well known. However, demonstrating the safety of a software-based automation system remains a key challenge, particularly in the nuclear domain. In this paper, we describe our experiences from current nuclear projects featuring software-based automation. We observed a number of assumptions in regulation and standards related to safety principles, such as separation and diversity, which do not apply to software systems. The assumptions result in unrealistic expectations for software-based systems, making both design and safety demonstration challenging.","PeriodicalId":346971,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115105811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rima Al Ali, T. Bures, I. Gerostathopoulos, Jaroslav Keznikl, F. Plášil
Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are systems of cooperating autonomous components which closely interact with and control the physical environment. Being distributed and typically based on periodic activities, CPS have to cope with the problem that data capturing a distributed state of the system and its environment are inherently inaccurate (they represent belief on the state). In particular, this poses a problem when dependability is being pursued. In this paper we address this issue by modeling belief at the architecture level. In particular, we enhance the architecture by models describing belief inaccuracy over time. We exploit these models to quantify at runtime the impact of belief staleness on its inaccuracy. We then use this quantification to drive architectural adaptation with the aim to increase dependability of the running CPS system.
{"title":"Architecture Adaptation Based on Belief Inaccuracy Estimation","authors":"Rima Al Ali, T. Bures, I. Gerostathopoulos, Jaroslav Keznikl, F. Plášil","doi":"10.1109/WICSA.2014.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WICSA.2014.20","url":null,"abstract":"Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are systems of cooperating autonomous components which closely interact with and control the physical environment. Being distributed and typically based on periodic activities, CPS have to cope with the problem that data capturing a distributed state of the system and its environment are inherently inaccurate (they represent belief on the state). In particular, this poses a problem when dependability is being pursued. In this paper we address this issue by modeling belief at the architecture level. In particular, we enhance the architecture by models describing belief inaccuracy over time. We exploit these models to quantify at runtime the impact of belief staleness on its inaccuracy. We then use this quantification to drive architectural adaptation with the aim to increase dependability of the running CPS system.","PeriodicalId":346971,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121205028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Currently Web services remain one of the leading technologies for implementing components of distributed service oriented software architectures. One of the most frequent form of compositions of these entities is Web service orchestration. As any other software artifact, such service compositions are subject to an unescapable evolution (Lehman's first law of software evolution). Either for answering new user requirements, for adapting, for correcting or for enhancing the provided functionality or quality, an architect has to conduct some evolutions on the design of these artifacts. In this paper, we present a method which aims at helping software architects of Web service orchestrations in processing an evolution of quality requirements. This method introduces a template for describing quality evolution "intents". It then analyzes these intents and assists the architects in answering them by proposing some patterns. We consider in our work the postulate stating that quality can be implemented through patterns, which are specified with checkable/process able languages. Besides this, the method that we propose simulates the application of these patterns and notifies the architect with its consequences on the other implemented qualities.
{"title":"Processing the Evolution of Quality Requirements of Web Service Orchestrations: A Pattern-Based Approach","authors":"Tarek Zernadji, Chouki Tibermacine, Cherif Foudil","doi":"10.1109/WICSA.2014.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WICSA.2014.35","url":null,"abstract":"Currently Web services remain one of the leading technologies for implementing components of distributed service oriented software architectures. One of the most frequent form of compositions of these entities is Web service orchestration. As any other software artifact, such service compositions are subject to an unescapable evolution (Lehman's first law of software evolution). Either for answering new user requirements, for adapting, for correcting or for enhancing the provided functionality or quality, an architect has to conduct some evolutions on the design of these artifacts. In this paper, we present a method which aims at helping software architects of Web service orchestrations in processing an evolution of quality requirements. This method introduces a template for describing quality evolution \"intents\". It then analyzes these intents and assists the architects in answering them by proposing some patterns. We consider in our work the postulate stating that quality can be implemented through patterns, which are specified with checkable/process able languages. Besides this, the method that we propose simulates the application of these patterns and notifies the architect with its consequences on the other implemented qualities.","PeriodicalId":346971,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121371444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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