Americans with disabilities represent a significant proportion of the population. Despite their numbers and the economic hardships they face, disability is often excluded from general sociological studies of stratification and inequality. To address some of these omissions, this paper focuses on employment and earnings inequality by disability status in the United States since the enactment of the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a policy that affects many Americans. After using Current Population Survey data from 1988-2014 to describe these continuing disparities, we review research that incorporates multiple theories to explain continuing gaps in employment and earnings by disability status. In addition to theories pointing to the so-called failures of the ADA, explanations also include general criticisms of the capitalist system and economic downturns, dependence on social welfare and disability benefits, the nature of work, and employer attitudes. We conclude with a call for additional research on disability and discrimination that helps to better situate disability within the American stratification system.
{"title":"Twenty-Five Years after the ADA: Situating Disability in America's System of Stratification","authors":"M. Maroto, D. Pettinicchio","doi":"10.18061/DSQ.V35I3.4927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18061/DSQ.V35I3.4927","url":null,"abstract":"Americans with disabilities represent a significant proportion of the population. Despite their numbers and the economic hardships they face, disability is often excluded from general sociological studies of stratification and inequality. To address some of these omissions, this paper focuses on employment and earnings inequality by disability status in the United States since the enactment of the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a policy that affects many Americans. After using Current Population Survey data from 1988-2014 to describe these continuing disparities, we review research that incorporates multiple theories to explain continuing gaps in employment and earnings by disability status. In addition to theories pointing to the so-called failures of the ADA, explanations also include general criticisms of the capitalist system and economic downturns, dependence on social welfare and disability benefits, the nature of work, and employer attitudes. We conclude with a call for additional research on disability and discrimination that helps to better situate disability within the American stratification system.","PeriodicalId":347116,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Social Welfare Policy (Topic)","volume":"49 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116529164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper examines theoretical basis of labor market and social policy in connection to their development in conditions of the transition period in Bulgaria as a model containing common and specific features. The main characteristics and concepts of the labor market are discussed reflecting specific trends and explanations of the states of labor market. Labor market is scrutinized as a dynamic system and analyses and comparisons to other markets are made. Labor market policies on employment and unemployment are considered too as well as their importance in periods of economic and/or financial crises .
{"title":"Theoretical Basis of Development of Labor Market and Social Policy in the Republic of Bulgaria","authors":"V. Terziev","doi":"10.18769/IJASOS.531491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18769/IJASOS.531491","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines theoretical basis of labor market and social policy in connection to their development in conditions of the transition period in Bulgaria as a model containing common and specific features. The main characteristics and concepts of the labor market are discussed reflecting specific trends and explanations of the states of labor market. Labor market is scrutinized as a dynamic system and analyses and comparisons to other markets are made. Labor market policies on employment and unemployment are considered too as well as their importance in periods of economic and/or financial crises .","PeriodicalId":347116,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Social Welfare Policy (Topic)","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133258454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Until recently, social assistance has received relatively little attention in the comparative welfare state literature, which is remarkable given its central function in combating poverty and pursuing social inclusion. This paper explores the developments of social assistance and minimum income benefits across 14 Western European countries, 12 Central and Eastern European countries and 7 non-European countries over the period 1990-2009. First, an institutional analysis shows that eligibility conditions, work requirements and benefit sanctions vary considerably across countries. Second, relying on new indicators, our analysis shows that real benefit levels increased in most countries, whilst the net income replacement rates declined on average. This development seems to fit with a ‘making work pay’ agenda. A subsequent qualitative analysis of the policies underlying the quantitative measures indicates that the declining replacement rates do not result from benefit cuts but from relatively larger wage increases. In addition, our policy analysis indicates that work requirements and benefit sanctions have become more activating in many countries. Third, the data indicate that social assistance benefits diverged across EU and other OECD countries between 1990 and 2009. Finally, this paper seeks to make a methodological contribution to the ongoing debate on the ‘dependent variable problem’ in the welfare state literature by analysing to what extent changes in quantitative indicators reflect actual policy changes.
{"title":"Social Assistance and Minimum Income Benefits: Benefit Levels, Replacement Rates and Policies Across 33 Countries, 1990-2009","authors":"Jinxian Wang, Olaf van Vliet","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2535232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2535232","url":null,"abstract":"Until recently, social assistance has received relatively little attention in the comparative welfare state literature, which is remarkable given its central function in combating poverty and pursuing social inclusion. This paper explores the developments of social assistance and minimum income benefits across 14 Western European countries, 12 Central and Eastern European countries and 7 non-European countries over the period 1990-2009. First, an institutional analysis shows that eligibility conditions, work requirements and benefit sanctions vary considerably across countries. Second, relying on new indicators, our analysis shows that real benefit levels increased in most countries, whilst the net income replacement rates declined on average. This development seems to fit with a ‘making work pay’ agenda. A subsequent qualitative analysis of the policies underlying the quantitative measures indicates that the declining replacement rates do not result from benefit cuts but from relatively larger wage increases. In addition, our policy analysis indicates that work requirements and benefit sanctions have become more activating in many countries. Third, the data indicate that social assistance benefits diverged across EU and other OECD countries between 1990 and 2009. Finally, this paper seeks to make a methodological contribution to the ongoing debate on the ‘dependent variable problem’ in the welfare state literature by analysing to what extent changes in quantitative indicators reflect actual policy changes.","PeriodicalId":347116,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Social Welfare Policy (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124995531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter discusses the nature of external capabilities and how they bear upon social policy. Alternative definitions of external capabilities are compared and a simplified version suggested. It is argued that the issues surrounding external capabilities can be resolved only if the capability approach loses its individualistic slant by according higher status to social context. A layered, non-reductionist social theory would be helpful here, and a layered scheme for the capability approach is suggested. Such a scheme can show up the narrowness of traditional social policy and its muted impact on external capabilities. Despite endeavouring to fight poverty, social policy cannot guarantee the benign external conditions under which a person’s lifetime opportunities will flourish.
{"title":"External Capabilities and the Limits to Social Policy","authors":"W. Jackson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvdf00j1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdf00j1.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the nature of external capabilities and how they bear upon social policy. Alternative definitions of external capabilities are compared and a simplified version suggested. It is argued that the issues surrounding external capabilities can be resolved only if the capability approach loses its individualistic slant by according higher status to social context. A layered, non-reductionist social theory would be helpful here, and a layered scheme for the capability approach is suggested. Such a scheme can show up the narrowness of traditional social policy and its muted impact on external capabilities. Despite endeavouring to fight poverty, social policy cannot guarantee the benign external conditions under which a person’s lifetime opportunities will flourish.","PeriodicalId":347116,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Social Welfare Policy (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129473942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Starting from recent work on homeownership and political preferences, I examine the relationship between homeownership and social insurance in the context of local housing market conditions. In particular, I focus on how "liquid" a local housing market is, and how this affects homeowners' preferences for social spending. I offer two different predictions for how high local housing market liquidity may affect preferences for social insurance. High liquidity increases individuals' access to housing wealth, which can be used as private insurance. In the first hypothesis, this increased private insurance (and perception of wealth) results in the homeowner decreasing his or her demand for social insurance. In the second hypothesis, increased private insurance increases pro-social feelings, and results in the homeowner increasing his or her demand for social insurance. My findings strongly reject the first hypothesis, and provide tentative support for the second.
{"title":"Local Housing Market Liquidity and Preferences for Social Insurance","authors":"R. Mabud","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2481969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2481969","url":null,"abstract":"Starting from recent work on homeownership and political preferences, I examine the relationship between homeownership and social insurance in the context of local housing market conditions. In particular, I focus on how \"liquid\" a local housing market is, and how this affects homeowners' preferences for social spending. I offer two different predictions for how high local housing market liquidity may affect preferences for social insurance. High liquidity increases individuals' access to housing wealth, which can be used as private insurance. In the first hypothesis, this increased private insurance (and perception of wealth) results in the homeowner decreasing his or her demand for social insurance. In the second hypothesis, increased private insurance increases pro-social feelings, and results in the homeowner increasing his or her demand for social insurance. My findings strongly reject the first hypothesis, and provide tentative support for the second.","PeriodicalId":347116,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Social Welfare Policy (Topic)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128421062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We consider the link between parents' influence over the preferences of children, parental investments in children's human capital, and children's support of elderly parents. It may pay for parents to spend resources to "manipulate" children's preferences in order to induce them to support their parents in old age. Since parents invest more in children when they expect greater support, manipulation of child preferences may end up helping children and parents. A new result, that we call the "Rotten Parent Theorem," demonstrates that if children are altruistic, then even selfish parents will make the optimal investment in kids' human capital.
{"title":"The Manipulation of Children's Preferences, Old Age Support, and Investment in Children's Human Capital","authors":"G. Becker, Kevin M. Murphy, Jörg L. Spenkuch","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2510866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2510866","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the link between parents' influence over the preferences of children, parental investments in children's human capital, and children's support of elderly parents. It may pay for parents to spend resources to \"manipulate\" children's preferences in order to induce them to support their parents in old age. Since parents invest more in children when they expect greater support, manipulation of child preferences may end up helping children and parents. A new result, that we call the \"Rotten Parent Theorem,\" demonstrates that if children are altruistic, then even selfish parents will make the optimal investment in kids' human capital.","PeriodicalId":347116,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Social Welfare Policy (Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114707368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Few social security disability insurance (DI) beneficiaries return to the labor force, making it hard to assess their likely employment in the absence of benefits. Using administrative data, I examine the employment of individuals who lost DI eligibility after the 1996 removal of drug and alcohol addictions as qualifying conditions. Approximately 22% started working at levels that would have disqualified them for DI, an employment response that is large relative to their work histories. Those who received DI for 2–3years had the largest response, suggesting that a period of public assistance may maximize the employment of some disabled individuals.
{"title":"The Employment Effects of Terminating Disability Benefits","authors":"T. Moore","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2547341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2547341","url":null,"abstract":"Few social security disability insurance (DI) beneficiaries return to the labor force, making it hard to assess their likely employment in the absence of benefits. Using administrative data, I examine the employment of individuals who lost DI eligibility after the 1996 removal of drug and alcohol addictions as qualifying conditions. Approximately 22% started working at levels that would have disqualified them for DI, an employment response that is large relative to their work histories. Those who received DI for 2–3years had the largest response, suggesting that a period of public assistance may maximize the employment of some disabled individuals.","PeriodicalId":347116,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Social Welfare Policy (Topic)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123818009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The universal Scandinavian welfare model offers generous tax financed social benefits. The scheme is associated with workfare elements as a targeting device to direct benefits to those considered deserving. Thereby social insurance and egalitarian outcomes are achieved while work incentives and thus a high employment rate crucial for the financial viability of the model are maintained. The scope for this policy may depend critically on the characteristics of the population (abilities and preferences) and thus be significantly affected by immigration affecting the distribution of characteristics, especially if the model attracts immigrants with particular characteristics. The paper develops a simple model capable of capturing the rationale and essence of the above-mentioned redistribution model and considers its sensitivity and robustness to immigration, which may change the composition of the population in the ability and/or preference dimension.
{"title":"Migration, Redistribution and the Universal Welfare Model","authors":"T. Andersen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2089714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2089714","url":null,"abstract":"The universal Scandinavian welfare model offers generous tax financed social benefits. The scheme is associated with workfare elements as a targeting device to direct benefits to those considered deserving. Thereby social insurance and egalitarian outcomes are achieved while work incentives and thus a high employment rate crucial for the financial viability of the model are maintained. The scope for this policy may depend critically on the characteristics of the population (abilities and preferences) and thus be significantly affected by immigration affecting the distribution of characteristics, especially if the model attracts immigrants with particular characteristics. The paper develops a simple model capable of capturing the rationale and essence of the above-mentioned redistribution model and considers its sensitivity and robustness to immigration, which may change the composition of the population in the ability and/or preference dimension.","PeriodicalId":347116,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Social Welfare Policy (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125858008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-03DOI: 10.1057/9781137031655_17
Christopher L. Griffin
{"title":"Citizens' Capital Accounts: A Comment on Contributions","authors":"Christopher L. Griffin","doi":"10.1057/9781137031655_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137031655_17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":347116,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Social Welfare Policy (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114403841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-26DOI: 10.21511/IMC.2(2).2011.02
Yuliya Konoplina, O. Kozmenko
This paper is devoted to the problems of using insurance principles in the system of social insurance on the basis of social risks concept. The authors examine distinctions between private social risks insurance and social insurance. Subsidized financing within the social insurance is considered as the main manifestation of insurance principles’ violation.
{"title":"The Basic Principles of the State Social Insurance System","authors":"Yuliya Konoplina, O. Kozmenko","doi":"10.21511/IMC.2(2).2011.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21511/IMC.2(2).2011.02","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is devoted to the problems of using insurance principles in the system of social insurance on the basis of social risks concept. The authors examine distinctions between private social risks insurance and social insurance. Subsidized financing within the social insurance is considered as the main manifestation of insurance principles’ violation.","PeriodicalId":347116,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Other Social Welfare Policy (Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131635285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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