Psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and ketamine may represent the future of antidepressant treatment, due to their rapid and prolonged effects on mood and cognition. The current body of psychedelic research has focused on administration and treatment within a psychiatric context. Here, instead, we put to the test the contention that it is necessary to evaluate the current state of this literature from a broader biopsychosocial perspective. Examining these arguably neglected social and psychological aspects of psychedelic treatment can provide a more holistic understanding of the interplay between the interconnected domains. This review of six major clinical trials applies a biopsychosocial model to evaluate the antidepressant effects of psilocybin and ketamine assisted therapy. We conclude that combination psychedelic treatment and psychotherapy facilitate more enduring and profound antidepressant effects than produced by ketamine or psilocybin alone. Emphasising the advantages of therapeutic intervention will encourage those who may attempt to self-medicate with psychedelics to instead seek a framework of psychological support, minimising associated risks of unregulated use.
{"title":"Psychedelic assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: Recent work and clinical directions","authors":"A. McCartney, H. McGovern, Alexander De Foe","doi":"10.1556/2054.2022.00211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2022.00211","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and ketamine may represent the future of antidepressant treatment, due to their rapid and prolonged effects on mood and cognition. The current body of psychedelic research has focused on administration and treatment within a psychiatric context. Here, instead, we put to the test the contention that it is necessary to evaluate the current state of this literature from a broader biopsychosocial perspective. Examining these arguably neglected social and psychological aspects of psychedelic treatment can provide a more holistic understanding of the interplay between the interconnected domains. This review of six major clinical trials applies a biopsychosocial model to evaluate the antidepressant effects of psilocybin and ketamine assisted therapy. We conclude that combination psychedelic treatment and psychotherapy facilitate more enduring and profound antidepressant effects than produced by ketamine or psilocybin alone. Emphasising the advantages of therapeutic intervention will encourage those who may attempt to self-medicate with psychedelics to instead seek a framework of psychological support, minimising associated risks of unregulated use.","PeriodicalId":34732,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychedelic Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45570894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mystical experiences frequently precede decreases in human suffering or increased functioning. Therapies that include the ingestion of psychoactive substances in supportive environments often lead to improvements that correlate with the magnitude of the mystical experiences generated. A close look at these phenomena from a philosophy of science perspective might put empiricists in a quandary. Arguments with critics of the import of these mystical experiences, prohibitionists, or others who are apprehensive about psychedelic-assisted treatments, might prove awkward or difficult given the tacit assertion that the mystical genuinely exists. The assumption might even dampen theorizing in ways that remain outside of theorists' awareness. The predicament might lack the epistemic humility ideal for good science as well. Nevertheless, abandoning the construct of mystical experiences would require ignoring compelling, replicated empirical work. We argue that a version of philosophical fictionalism that draws on research in logic and linguistics can help investigators engage in this discourse without implying a belief in the mystical. Comparable approaches have proven helpful in mathematics and empiricism more broadly. Mystical fictionalism could help theorists view reports of mystical experiences as true even if the mystical fails to be veridical. The approach creates an expressive advantage that could assist researchers and theorists eager to refine our understanding of mystical experiences and improve psychedelic-assisted treatments. Mystical fictionalism might also inspire novel looks at correlates of mystical experiences that might serve as mediators of their effects, potentially generating models with comparable explanatory power that sidestep the need for a fictionalist approach.
{"title":"Mystical experiences without mysticism: An argument for mystical fictionalism in psychedelics","authors":"Bradley Armour Garb, M. Earleywine","doi":"10.1556/2054.2022.00207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2022.00207","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Mystical experiences frequently precede decreases in human suffering or increased functioning. Therapies that include the ingestion of psychoactive substances in supportive environments often lead to improvements that correlate with the magnitude of the mystical experiences generated. A close look at these phenomena from a philosophy of science perspective might put empiricists in a quandary. Arguments with critics of the import of these mystical experiences, prohibitionists, or others who are apprehensive about psychedelic-assisted treatments, might prove awkward or difficult given the tacit assertion that the mystical genuinely exists. The assumption might even dampen theorizing in ways that remain outside of theorists' awareness. The predicament might lack the epistemic humility ideal for good science as well. Nevertheless, abandoning the construct of mystical experiences would require ignoring compelling, replicated empirical work. We argue that a version of philosophical fictionalism that draws on research in logic and linguistics can help investigators engage in this discourse without implying a belief in the mystical. Comparable approaches have proven helpful in mathematics and empiricism more broadly. Mystical fictionalism could help theorists view reports of mystical experiences as true even if the mystical fails to be veridical. The approach creates an expressive advantage that could assist researchers and theorists eager to refine our understanding of mystical experiences and improve psychedelic-assisted treatments. Mystical fictionalism might also inspire novel looks at correlates of mystical experiences that might serve as mediators of their effects, potentially generating models with comparable explanatory power that sidestep the need for a fictionalist approach.","PeriodicalId":34732,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychedelic Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44895355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Divergent threads woven into a new spacetime fabric","authors":"G. Nixon","doi":"10.1556/2054.2022.00221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2022.00221","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34732,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychedelic Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47009257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amanita muscaria is the most iconic mushroom in the world, with an ancient prehistory that can only be glimpsed in the remnants of myth and folklore. This fame of A. muscaria transcends time, with its iconic image still displayed in contemporary movies, video games, children’s books, and holiday art, yet most people are unaware of its true significance. Its reputation ranges from the foundation of an original Ur religion to an insignificant and misunderstood hallucinogenic toxin. Fly Agaric is the most comprehensive compendium of articles on A. muscaria available. It consists of an Introduction and 29 chapters, half authored or co-authored by Feeney. He is joined by more than a dozen researchers, explorers and academics who assemble a multilayered understanding of this exceptional fungus. Fly Agaric covers a range of topics organized into five sections: (I) Mushroom Hunting & Identification; (II) Religion, Culture, & Folklore; (III) Archaeological Evidence; (IV) Diet & Cuisine; and (V) Pharmacology & Physiological Effects. A useful feature of the book involves the basics of mushroom identification, learning common and distinguishing features of various Amanita species. Fly Agaric provides a photo illustrated guide with practical details necessary for identifying many Amanita varieties and distinguishing them from their relatives, including potentially harmful look-alikes. Beginning with the informed strategies of mushroom hunting, Feeney shows us the basics with advice regarding safety orientations, security strategies and needed equipment. Descriptions of all aspects of the mushrooms provide technical guidelines for correct species identifications, enhanced with color photographs. Mycological identification of the various species, phases of growth, psychoactive concentrations and doses provide technical details for more than a dozen species and varieties of psychoactive Amanitas. It includes important details about how to distinguish look-alike species and crucial location and general range distribution and habitat and seasonal features regarding the species that are important for finding and identifying the mushrooms. One chapter describes the pharmacological effects of the primary psychoactive ingredients, muscimol and ibotenic acid and their interrelationship via the body’s metabolic processes, issues that play an important role in interpreting evidence for A. muscaria in the past. Part II of this book delves into culture and folklore, ranging from historical and contemporary Siberian uses to the deep history of Amanita in mythology and religion. Several chapters continue Wasson’s comparative approach to understanding the prehistory of this fungi, combining ethnographic, linguistic and historical information with ecological, pharmacological, and biological data to reveal the circumstantial and substantial evidence that help one thread together the diverse forms of knowledge revealing prehistorical and historical cultural traditions of fly aga
鹅膏菌是世界上最具标志性的蘑菇，其古老的史前历史只能在神话和民间传说的残余中瞥见。A.muscaria的名声超越了时间，其标志性形象仍在当代电影、电子游戏、儿童书籍和节日艺术中展示，但大多数人都不知道它的真正意义。它的名声从一个原始乌尔宗教的基础到一种微不足道且被误解的致幻毒素。蝇琼脂是最全面的文章汇编。它由一篇引言和29章组成，其中一半由Feeney撰写或与人合著。十几名研究人员、探险家和学者加入了他的行列，他们对这种特殊的真菌有着多层次的了解。蝇琼脂涵盖了一系列主题，分为五个部分：（I）蘑菇狩猎与鉴定；（II） 宗教、文化和民俗；（III） 考古证据；（IV） 饮食与烹饪；（五）药理和生理作用。这本书的一个有用的特点涉及蘑菇鉴定的基础知识，学习各种鹅膏菌的常见和区别特征。Fly Agaric提供了一份带照片插图的指南，其中包含了识别许多鹅膏菌品种并将其与亲属区分开来所需的实用细节，包括可能有害的长相相似的鹅膏菌。从蘑菇狩猎的知情策略开始，Feeney向我们展示了有关安全方向、安全策略和所需设备的基本建议。对蘑菇各个方面的描述为正确的物种识别提供了技术指南，并用彩色照片进行了增强。不同物种、生长阶段、精神活性物质浓度和剂量的真菌学鉴定为十几种精神活性鹅膏菌提供了技术细节。它包括关于如何区分长相相似的物种的重要细节，以及对发现和识别蘑菇很重要的物种的关键位置和一般范围分布、栖息地和季节特征。其中一章描述了主要精神活性成分——麝香草酚和核糖核酸的药理作用及其通过身体代谢过程的相互关系，这些问题在解释过去毒蕈的证据中发挥了重要作用。本书的第二部分深入探讨了文化和民间传说，从西伯利亚的历史和当代用途到鹅膏在神话和宗教中的深刻历史。几章延续了Wasson理解这种真菌史前史的比较方法，将民族志、语言和历史信息与生态学、药理学、，生物数据揭示了间接和实质性证据，有助于将揭示蝇木耳使用的史前和历史文化传统的各种形式的知识联系在一起。Feeney和Austin在“Soma’s Third Filter：支持将A.muscaria鉴定为吠陀经的古代圣体的新发现”中更新了Gordon Wasson关于Soma身份的著名理论。Wasson提出，吠陀经指出了在Soma的制备中使用的三种不同的过滤器，它们对应于制备过程中的不同步骤。前两种过滤器相对没有争议，一种是通过阳光或阳光干燥提供的过滤器，另一种是使用羊毛过滤器将残余固体从水性制剂中分离出来。精神病研究杂志
{"title":"Amanita muscaria: Fly Agaric history, mythology and pharmacology","authors":"M. Winkelman","doi":"10.1556/2054.2022.00216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2022.00216","url":null,"abstract":"Amanita muscaria is the most iconic mushroom in the world, with an ancient prehistory that can only be glimpsed in the remnants of myth and folklore. This fame of A. muscaria transcends time, with its iconic image still displayed in contemporary movies, video games, children’s books, and holiday art, yet most people are unaware of its true significance. Its reputation ranges from the foundation of an original Ur religion to an insignificant and misunderstood hallucinogenic toxin. Fly Agaric is the most comprehensive compendium of articles on A. muscaria available. It consists of an Introduction and 29 chapters, half authored or co-authored by Feeney. He is joined by more than a dozen researchers, explorers and academics who assemble a multilayered understanding of this exceptional fungus. Fly Agaric covers a range of topics organized into five sections: (I) Mushroom Hunting & Identification; (II) Religion, Culture, & Folklore; (III) Archaeological Evidence; (IV) Diet & Cuisine; and (V) Pharmacology & Physiological Effects. A useful feature of the book involves the basics of mushroom identification, learning common and distinguishing features of various Amanita species. Fly Agaric provides a photo illustrated guide with practical details necessary for identifying many Amanita varieties and distinguishing them from their relatives, including potentially harmful look-alikes. Beginning with the informed strategies of mushroom hunting, Feeney shows us the basics with advice regarding safety orientations, security strategies and needed equipment. Descriptions of all aspects of the mushrooms provide technical guidelines for correct species identifications, enhanced with color photographs. Mycological identification of the various species, phases of growth, psychoactive concentrations and doses provide technical details for more than a dozen species and varieties of psychoactive Amanitas. It includes important details about how to distinguish look-alike species and crucial location and general range distribution and habitat and seasonal features regarding the species that are important for finding and identifying the mushrooms. One chapter describes the pharmacological effects of the primary psychoactive ingredients, muscimol and ibotenic acid and their interrelationship via the body’s metabolic processes, issues that play an important role in interpreting evidence for A. muscaria in the past. Part II of this book delves into culture and folklore, ranging from historical and contemporary Siberian uses to the deep history of Amanita in mythology and religion. Several chapters continue Wasson’s comparative approach to understanding the prehistory of this fungi, combining ethnographic, linguistic and historical information with ecological, pharmacological, and biological data to reveal the circumstantial and substantial evidence that help one thread together the diverse forms of knowledge revealing prehistorical and historical cultural traditions of fly aga","PeriodicalId":34732,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychedelic Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44890464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mystical experiences are often described as being among the most profound and meaningful events of a person’s life. Their occurrence, while a normal but uncommon phenomenon, is reliably occasioned by psychedelic substances under the appropriate conditions, although care is needed around the context of usage to help ensure safe and beneficial experiences. The occurrence of mystical experiences in psychedelic sessions is a key mediator of the sustained psychological benefits reported in both healthy and clinical populations. Certain factors including set and setting, drug dosage, trait absorption, drug type, intention and states of surrender and acceptance all predict or influence the occurrence of mystical experiences. Various additional factors may further contribute to the occurrence and intensity of mystical experiences and enhance their long-term benefits, including music, meditation and spiritual practices and nature-based settings. This review examines these factors and considers how they might be optimised to increase the chances of a mystical experience occurring, while also considering factors that are negatively associated with mystical experiences with suggestions on how these might be mitigated where applicable. Finally, potential future research avenues for furthering our knowledge of psychedelic mystical experiences and how their benefits might be enhanced is suggested. Maximising the potential for the occurrence of mystical experiences is an important aspect of the beneficial application of psychedelics.
{"title":"Predictors and potentiators of psychedelic-occasioned mystical experiences","authors":"Sam Gandy","doi":"10.1556/2054.2022.00198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2022.00198","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Mystical experiences are often described as being among the most profound and meaningful events of a person’s life. Their occurrence, while a normal but uncommon phenomenon, is reliably occasioned by psychedelic substances under the appropriate conditions, although care is needed around the context of usage to help ensure safe and beneficial experiences. The occurrence of mystical experiences in psychedelic sessions is a key mediator of the sustained psychological benefits reported in both healthy and clinical populations. Certain factors including set and setting, drug dosage, trait absorption, drug type, intention and states of surrender and acceptance all predict or influence the occurrence of mystical experiences. Various additional factors may further contribute to the occurrence and intensity of mystical experiences and enhance their long-term benefits, including music, meditation and spiritual practices and nature-based settings. This review examines these factors and considers how they might be optimised to increase the chances of a mystical experience occurring, while also considering factors that are negatively associated with mystical experiences with suggestions on how these might be mitigated where applicable. Finally, potential future research avenues for furthering our knowledge of psychedelic mystical experiences and how their benefits might be enhanced is suggested. Maximising the potential for the occurrence of mystical experiences is an important aspect of the beneficial application of psychedelics.","PeriodicalId":34732,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychedelic Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46795397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kang, Lindsay Mackay, Devon Christie, Cody Callon, E. Argento
Despite growing availability of several evidence-based approaches in the treatment of substance use disorders, existing pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions continue to have significant limitations, such as low treatment retention rates and high rates of relapse. There is a need to develop new strategies and models to address these limitations and target underlying psychosocial drivers of addiction, such as motivation to change – a crucial factor in achieving positive addiction treatment outcomes. Re-emerging clinical evidence and literature signal the promise of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies as being novel, adjunctive treatments for a range of mental health and substance use disorders, encouraging further research. However, there remains a lack of formally validated metrics to evaluate recovery capital and motivation, limiting interpretation of the growing psychedelic literature. This commentary describes the current state of this line of investigation and potential impact of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy on enhancing motivation to change in addiction treatment, and the need for validated metrics to evaluate recovery motivation and capital to assess the potential for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies to elicit positive, lasting changes in substance use behaviors among those seeking treatment.
{"title":"Can psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy play a role in enhancing motivation to change in addiction treatment settings?","authors":"M. Kang, Lindsay Mackay, Devon Christie, Cody Callon, E. Argento","doi":"10.1556/2054.2022.00190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2022.00190","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Despite growing availability of several evidence-based approaches in the treatment of substance use disorders, existing pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions continue to have significant limitations, such as low treatment retention rates and high rates of relapse. There is a need to develop new strategies and models to address these limitations and target underlying psychosocial drivers of addiction, such as motivation to change – a crucial factor in achieving positive addiction treatment outcomes. Re-emerging clinical evidence and literature signal the promise of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies as being novel, adjunctive treatments for a range of mental health and substance use disorders, encouraging further research. However, there remains a lack of formally validated metrics to evaluate recovery capital and motivation, limiting interpretation of the growing psychedelic literature. This commentary describes the current state of this line of investigation and potential impact of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy on enhancing motivation to change in addiction treatment, and the need for validated metrics to evaluate recovery motivation and capital to assess the potential for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapies to elicit positive, lasting changes in substance use behaviors among those seeking treatment.","PeriodicalId":34732,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychedelic Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43622432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT) is a naturally occurring tryptamine-based alkaloid and classic psychedelic. The potent psychoactive properties of N, N-DMT are mediated by serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor agonism. There are limited investigations into the physiologic effects of inhaled N, N-DMT, despite this being one of the most common routes of administration. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an emergent non-invasive marker of cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation and reductions in HRV have been negatively associated with multiple health outcomes. A case is described with a brief review of supportive findings. Heart rate (HR) and HRV responses following three naturalistic inhaled N, N-DMT experiences were documented in a healthy 31-year-old male. Acute transient elevations in HR immediately following N, N-DMT administration and a pronounced elevation in the average daily HRV one-day following the experiences were observed. The duration of experience shortened across the three experiences despite similar N, N-DMT doses. These findings offer preliminary evidence into the effect of inhaled N, N-DMT on HR and HRV. Given the emergent understanding of reductions in HRV as a hazardous marker of stress, psychiatric conditions, and mental health outcomes, further research into the effects of psychedelics on HRV is warranted.
{"title":"Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) response to inhaled N, N-dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT): A case report","authors":"D. W. Lawrence","doi":"10.1556/2054.2022.00178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2022.00178","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT) is a naturally occurring tryptamine-based alkaloid and classic psychedelic. The potent psychoactive properties of N, N-DMT are mediated by serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor agonism. There are limited investigations into the physiologic effects of inhaled N, N-DMT, despite this being one of the most common routes of administration. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an emergent non-invasive marker of cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation and reductions in HRV have been negatively associated with multiple health outcomes.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A case is described with a brief review of supportive findings.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Heart rate (HR) and HRV responses following three naturalistic inhaled N, N-DMT experiences were documented in a healthy 31-year-old male. Acute transient elevations in HR immediately following N, N-DMT administration and a pronounced elevation in the average daily HRV one-day following the experiences were observed. The duration of experience shortened across the three experiences despite similar N, N-DMT doses.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 These findings offer preliminary evidence into the effect of inhaled N, N-DMT on HR and HRV. Given the emergent understanding of reductions in HRV as a hazardous marker of stress, psychiatric conditions, and mental health outcomes, further research into the effects of psychedelics on HRV is warranted.\u0000","PeriodicalId":34732,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychedelic Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43563423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Serotonergic (or “classic”) psychedelics have struck many researchers as raising significant philosophical questions that, until recently, were largely unexplored by academic philosophers. This paper provides an overview of four emerging lines of research at the intersection of academic philosophy and psychedelic science that have gained considerable traction in the last decade: selfless consciousness, psychedelic epistemology, psychedelic ethics, and spiritual/religious naturalism. In this paper, we highlight philosophical questions concerning (i) psychedelics, self-consciousness, and phenomenal consciousness, (ii) the epistemic profile of the psychedelic experience; (iii) ethical concerns about the appropriate use of psychedelics; and (iv) whether spiritual or religious dimensions of psychedelic use are compatible with a naturalistic worldview.
{"title":"Philosophy and classic psychedelics: A review of some emerging themes","authors":"Chris Letheby, Jaipreet Mattu","doi":"10.1556/2054.2021.00191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2021.00191","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Serotonergic (or “classic”) psychedelics have struck many researchers as raising significant philosophical questions that, until recently, were largely unexplored by academic philosophers. This paper provides an overview of four emerging lines of research at the intersection of academic philosophy and psychedelic science that have gained considerable traction in the last decade: selfless consciousness, psychedelic epistemology, psychedelic ethics, and spiritual/religious naturalism. In this paper, we highlight philosophical questions concerning (i) psychedelics, self-consciousness, and phenomenal consciousness, (ii) the epistemic profile of the psychedelic experience; (iii) ethical concerns about the appropriate use of psychedelics; and (iv) whether spiritual or religious dimensions of psychedelic use are compatible with a naturalistic worldview.","PeriodicalId":34732,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychedelic Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45045120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. V. Uthaug, N. Mason, M. Havenith, Michael Vancura, J. Ramaekers
Holotropic breathwork (Grof ® Breathwork), was developed by Stanislav Grof and Christina Grof as a ‘non-drug’ alternative technique to evoke altered states of consciousness (ASC). Interestingly, although HBW has been anecdotally reported to evoke experiences and mental health effects corresponding to those of psychedelic substances, the scientific literature on the matter is scarce. The objective of this study was to assess the (sub)acute and long-term effects of HBW on satisfaction with life, and whether these depend on the depth of the experience evoked by the HBW session. A naturalistic observational design was employed in the present study. Between January 2019 and July 2020, 58 Czech-speaking participants who had an experience with HBW were assessed using three separate anonymous online-surveys created and hosted on Qualtrics. Assessments of mindfulness, satisfaction with life, depression, anxiety, and stress were made once prior to (baseline), and two times following (sub-acutely and 4-weeks) the participants’ experience with HBW. The ego dissolution inventory and the 5-dimensional altered states of consciousness scale was used to quantify the HBW experience. Despite low ratings of the psychedelic experience (mean range of 0–34% out of 100%), ratings of non-judgement significantly increased sub-acutely following the HBW session and persisted for 4-weeks. Stress-related symptoms significantly decreased while satisfaction with life significantly increased at 4-weeks after HBW. An experience with HBW may be associated with improvement in non-judgement, satisfaction with life, and reductions of stress-related symptoms.
{"title":"An experience with Holotropic Breathwork is associated with improvement in non-judgement and satisfaction with life while reducing symptoms of stress in a Czech-speaking population","authors":"M. V. Uthaug, N. Mason, M. Havenith, Michael Vancura, J. Ramaekers","doi":"10.1556/2054.2021.00193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2021.00193","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Holotropic breathwork (Grof ® Breathwork), was developed by Stanislav Grof and Christina Grof as a ‘non-drug’ alternative technique to evoke altered states of consciousness (ASC). Interestingly, although HBW has been anecdotally reported to evoke experiences and mental health effects corresponding to those of psychedelic substances, the scientific literature on the matter is scarce.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The objective of this study was to assess the (sub)acute and long-term effects of HBW on satisfaction with life, and whether these depend on the depth of the experience evoked by the HBW session.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A naturalistic observational design was employed in the present study. Between January 2019 and July 2020, 58 Czech-speaking participants who had an experience with HBW were assessed using three separate anonymous online-surveys created and hosted on Qualtrics. Assessments of mindfulness, satisfaction with life, depression, anxiety, and stress were made once prior to (baseline), and two times following (sub-acutely and 4-weeks) the participants’ experience with HBW. The ego dissolution inventory and the 5-dimensional altered states of consciousness scale was used to quantify the HBW experience.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Despite low ratings of the psychedelic experience (mean range of 0–34% out of 100%), ratings of non-judgement significantly increased sub-acutely following the HBW session and persisted for 4-weeks. Stress-related symptoms significantly decreased while satisfaction with life significantly increased at 4-weeks after HBW.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 An experience with HBW may be associated with improvement in non-judgement, satisfaction with life, and reductions of stress-related symptoms.\u0000","PeriodicalId":34732,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychedelic Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45802174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background & aims Special Operations Forces Veterans (SOFV) have unique treatment needs stemming from multiple repeated forms of combat exposure resulting in a complex sequela of problems including alcohol misuse and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Current approved pharmacologic treatments for alcohol misuse and PTSD are lacking in adherence and efficacy, warranting novel treatment development. The current study examined the correlations between psychedelic treatment and changes in alcohol misuse among trauma exposed United States SOFV. An anonymous internet-based survey was conducted among SOFV who completed a specific psychedelic clinical program in Mexico. Retrospective questions probed alcohol use and post-traumatic stress symptoms during the 30-days before and 30-days after the psychedelic treatment. A total of 65 SOFV completed treatment and were eligible for contact. Of these, 51 (78%) completed the survey, and 27 (42%) reported alcohol misuse (≥4 on the AUDIT-C) in the 30 days prior to treatment and were included in analyses (Mean Age = 40; male = 96%; Caucasian/White = 96%). There were significant and very large reductions in retrospective reports of alcohol use (P < 0.001; d = –2.4) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (P < 0.001; d = –2.8) and a significant and large increase in psychological flexibility (P < 0.001; d = –1.8), from before-to-after the psychedelic treatment. In the 30 days after treatment, 85% reduced their alcohol consumption to non-risky levels (33% abstinent; 52% non-risky drinking). Increases in psychological flexibility were strongly associated with reductions in alcohol use and post-traumatic stress symptoms (rs range 0.38–0.90; ps < 0.05). Rigorous longitudinal studies should be conducted to determine whether psychedelic-assisted therapy holds promise as an intervention in this population.
{"title":"Psychedelic treatment for co-occurring alcohol misuse and post-traumatic stress symptoms among United States Special Operations Forces Veterans","authors":"P. Mangini, L. Averill, Alan K. Davis","doi":"10.1556/2054.2021.00176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2021.00176","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Background & aims\u0000 Special Operations Forces Veterans (SOFV) have unique treatment needs stemming from multiple repeated forms of combat exposure resulting in a complex sequela of problems including alcohol misuse and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Current approved pharmacologic treatments for alcohol misuse and PTSD are lacking in adherence and efficacy, warranting novel treatment development. The current study examined the correlations between psychedelic treatment and changes in alcohol misuse among trauma exposed United States SOFV.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 An anonymous internet-based survey was conducted among SOFV who completed a specific psychedelic clinical program in Mexico. Retrospective questions probed alcohol use and post-traumatic stress symptoms during the 30-days before and 30-days after the psychedelic treatment. A total of 65 SOFV completed treatment and were eligible for contact. Of these, 51 (78%) completed the survey, and 27 (42%) reported alcohol misuse (≥4 on the AUDIT-C) in the 30 days prior to treatment and were included in analyses (Mean Age = 40; male = 96%; Caucasian/White = 96%).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 There were significant and very large reductions in retrospective reports of alcohol use (P < 0.001; d = –2.4) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (P < 0.001; d = –2.8) and a significant and large increase in psychological flexibility (P < 0.001; d = –1.8), from before-to-after the psychedelic treatment. In the 30 days after treatment, 85% reduced their alcohol consumption to non-risky levels (33% abstinent; 52% non-risky drinking). Increases in psychological flexibility were strongly associated with reductions in alcohol use and post-traumatic stress symptoms (rs range 0.38–0.90; ps < 0.05).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Rigorous longitudinal studies should be conducted to determine whether psychedelic-assisted therapy holds promise as an intervention in this population.\u0000","PeriodicalId":34732,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychedelic Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48018814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：