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Self-perception and self-recognition while looking in the mirror on psilocybin 服用裸盖菇素照镜子时的自我感知和自我认知
Q3 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1556/2054.2023.00251
Sam Elias, Stephanie Spivak, Alexa Alverez, Alejandro Gili Olivares, Maria Ferrol, Julian Paul Keenan
Abstract Introduction It is not known how self-perception and self-recognition are influenced when one is highly self-focused under the influence of psilocybin. Here we examine self-reports of mirror self-recognition and self-perception during a psilocybin experience. Methods Reddit posts were examined in a systematic manner. Posts that were written by individuals that ingested psilocybin and subsequently looked in a mirror were examined. After both automatic and manual filtering, a total of 89 posts with 775 post excerpts were analyzed. Results It was found that it was rare to see one's own face as a different entity (e.g., an animal or other person) however people were equally likely to see themselves as they really are or distorted. People were significantly more positive than negative when perceiving their own face. Discussion We found wide variation in the perception of the own-face while under the influence of psilocybin. While generally positive, the self-face appears to be an experience that varies dramatically from person to person under the influence of psilocybin.
在裸盖菇素的作用下,高度自我关注对自我感知和自我认知的影响尚不清楚。在这里,我们研究了在裸盖菇素体验期间镜像自我识别和自我感知的自我报告。方法对Reddit帖子进行系统分析。研究人员检查了那些摄入裸盖菇素并随后照镜子的人所写的帖子。经过自动和手动过滤,共分析了89篇文章和775篇文章摘要。结果发现,很少有人会把自己的脸看成是不同的实体(例如,动物或其他人),但人们同样有可能把自己看成是真实的自己或扭曲的自己。当人们看到自己的脸时,积极情绪明显多于消极情绪。我们发现在裸盖菇素的影响下,对自己面孔的感知有很大的变化。虽然总体上是积极的,但在裸盖菇素的影响下,自我面貌似乎是一种因人而异的体验。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating the role of psychedelic psychotherapy in addressing societal alienation: Imaginaries of liberation 评估迷幻心理治疗在解决社会异化中的作用:解放的想象
Q3 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1556/2054.2023.00275
Julien Tempone-Wiltshire, Floren Matthews
Abstract Questions are currently being posed concerning the implications of the clinical uptake of psychedelics. While enthusiasm surrounds the potential therapeutic benefits of psychedelics and critique surrounds their appropriation to commercial ends, limited attention has been given to the role of psychedelics in generating social transformation. Herbert Marcuse contended radical change requires ‘new imaginaries of liberation’. We consider whether clinical uptake of psychedelics may produce the perceptual shifts necessary to generate social transformation surrounding contemporary alienating conditions. Economic structures contributing to these alienating conditions are highly resistant to change and may neuter psychedelics' revolutionary potential. We illustrate how psychedelics may be instrumentalised: regulating individuals into unjust systems; redirecting psychedelic usage away from therapeutic ends towards productivity; distracting or diverting attention from systemic forms of control; usurping non-ordinary states into the domain of self-care; and fetishistically commodifying psychedelic experience as a consumable. There are, however, reasons to believe that psychedelics, in raising consciousnesses, may prove resistant to co-option. In particular, psychedelics induce perceptual experiences that: challenge the paradigmatic assumptions of industrial society by provoking alternative epistemologies and metaphysics; generate expanded or ecological constructions of selfhood, thereby offering resignifications of meanings, desires, and life potentials; and offer the enriched phenomenological insight into self, other, and world called for in combating ubiquitous social alienation. In this way, psychedelics may induce the revolution in perception necessary to imagine liberatory potentials and spark the desire for collective emancipation.
目前,关于临床服用致幻剂的影响问题正在被提出。虽然人们对迷幻药潜在的治疗益处充满热情,对其用于商业目的也有批评,但人们对迷幻药在促进社会转型中的作用的关注却很有限。赫伯特·马尔库塞主张激进的变革需要“对解放的新想象”。我们考虑临床服用迷幻药是否会产生必要的感知转变,从而产生围绕当代异化条件的社会转型。造成这种疏离状况的经济结构对变革具有高度的抵抗力,可能会削弱迷幻药的革命潜力。我们说明了迷幻药是如何被工具化的:将个人调节到不公正的系统中;将迷幻药的使用从治疗目的转向生产目的;分散注意力的:分散或转移对系统形式控制的注意力的;篡夺非普通状态进入自我照顾领域;并将迷幻体验作为一种消费品盲目地商品化。然而,我们有理由相信,迷幻药在提高意识方面,可能会被证明对共同选择有抵抗力。特别是,迷幻药诱导的知觉体验:通过激发替代认识论和形而上学来挑战工业社会的范式假设;产生扩展的或生态的自我建构,从而提供意义、欲望和生命潜力的重新定义;并提供丰富的现象学洞察自我,他者,和世界呼吁对抗无处不在的社会异化。通过这种方式,迷幻药可能会引发想象解放潜力所必需的感知革命,并激发集体解放的愿望。
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引用次数: 0
TESCREAL hallucinations: Psychedelic and AI hype as inequality engines TESCREAL幻觉:迷幻和人工智能炒作是不平等的引擎
Q3 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1556/2054.2023.00292
Neşe Devenot
Abstract Background and Aims While many scholars have called attention to similarities between the earlier SSRI hype and the ongoing hype for psychedelic medications, the rhetoric of psychedelic hype is tinged with utopian and esoteric aspirations that have no parallel in the discourse surrounding SSRIs or other antidepressants. This utopian discourse provides insight into the ways that global tech elites are instrumentalizing both psychedelics and artificial intelligence (AI) as tools in a broader world-building project that justifies increasing material inequality. If realized, this project would undermine the use of both tools for prosocial and pro-environmental outcomes. Methods My argument develops through rhetorical analysis of the ways that industry leaders envision the future of medicalized psychedelics in their public communications. I draw on examples from media interviews, blog posts, podcasts, and press releases to underscore the persuasive strategies and ideological commitments that are driving the movement to transform psychedelics into pharmaceutical medications. Results Counterfactual efforts to improve mental health by increasing inequality are widespread in the psychedelics industry. These efforts have been propelled by an elitist worldview that is widely-held in Silicon Valley. The backbone of this worldview is the TESCREAL bundle of ideologies, which describes an interrelated cluster of belief systems: transhumanism, Extropianism, singularitarianism, cosmism, Rationalism, Effective Altruism, and longtermism. Conclusions This article demonstrates that TESCREALism is a driving force in major segments of the psychedelic pharmaceutical industry, where it is influencing the design of extractive systems that directly contradict the field's world-healing aspirations. These findings contribute to a developing subfield of critical psychedelic studies, which interrogates the political and economic implications of psychedelic medicalization.
背景和目的虽然许多学者已经注意到早期SSRI的炒作和目前对迷幻药物的炒作之间的相似之处,但迷幻药物的炒作言辞带有乌托邦和深奥的愿望,这在围绕SSRIs或其他抗抑郁药的论述中是没有类似的。这种乌托邦式的论述让我们深入了解到,全球科技精英正在将致幻剂和人工智能(AI)作为工具,用于更广泛的世界建设项目,为日益加剧的物质不平等辩护。如果实现,该项目将破坏这两种工具对亲社会和亲环境结果的使用。我的论点是通过对行业领导者在公共传播中设想医疗迷幻药未来的方式的修辞分析来展开的。我从媒体采访、博客文章、播客和新闻稿中列举了一些例子,来强调有说服力的策略和意识形态上的承诺,正是这些策略和意识形态上的承诺推动了将致幻剂转化为药物的运动。结果通过增加不平等来改善心理健康的反事实努力在迷幻药行业中很普遍。这些努力是由硅谷普遍持有的精英世界观推动的。这种世界观的支柱是TESCREAL的意识形态,它描述了一个相互关联的信仰系统集群:超人类主义、外向主义、奇点主义、宇宙主义、理性主义、有效利他主义和长期主义。这篇文章表明,TESCREALism是迷幻药制药行业主要领域的一股驱动力,它正在影响萃取系统的设计,这与该领域治愈世界的愿望直接相悖。这些发现有助于批判性迷幻药研究的发展子领域,它质疑迷幻药医疗化的政治和经济影响。
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引用次数: 0
Psychedelics and critical theory 迷幻与批判理论
Q3 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: 10.1556/2054.2023.00270
Julien Tempone-Wiltshire, Tra-ill Dowie
Abstract In the monograph Philosophy and Psychedelics: Frameworks for Exceptional Experience, Hauskeller raises the important subject of individualization and alienation in psychedelic psychotherapy. Under the prevailing conditions of neoliberalism, Hauskeller contends that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy appropriates Indigenous knowledges in an oppressive fashion, may be instrumentalised to the ends of productivity gain and symptom suppression, and may be utilised to mask societal systems of alienation. Whilst offering a valuable socio-political critique of psychedelics' clinical uptake, we suggest that Hauskeller's view does not adequately acknowledge the ways in which psychedelics offer a challenge to the Western reductive bio-medical understanding of healing and wellbeing. It is contended herein that Indigenous knowledges, in alliance with a range of emerging sciences, offer both an engagement with ethnomedicines in a less harmfully appropriative fashion, and a renewed understanding of the means by which psychedelics achieve therapeutic change. With this understanding, what becomes apparent are the potential ways in which psychedelic medical usage may produce positive feedback upon the oppressive systems in which we are embedded. That is, transpersonal experience through encounters with the ineffable may offer a revisioning of Western psychology and cognitive science. Indeed, if psychedelics are approached with an understanding of the actual means by which they produce therapeutic outcomes—changing mental representations of the self, or self-insight derived through non-ordinary states of consciousness—then psychedelic psychotherapy offers a reimagining of psychiatric nosology, challenging conventional understandings of both pathology and wellbeing through an overturning of specified and discrete deficit models of psychopathology. This may provide both a critique of the prevailing categories used to describe madness and an expansion of our understanding of the mind-body relation, as well as an increased recognition of positive psychology grounded in cross-cultural contemplative traditions. This provides an implicit challenge to the pharmaceutical industrial-complex and its profit motives; and the corresponding neoliberalist, globalising tendencies which Hauskeller seeks to address.
在专著《哲学与迷幻:特殊体验的框架》中,豪斯凯勒提出了迷幻心理治疗中的个体化和异化这一重要课题。在新自由主义的普遍条件下,豪斯凯勒认为,迷幻辅助心理治疗以一种压迫性的方式占用了土著知识,可能被工具化,以达到提高生产力和抑制症状的目的,并可能被用来掩盖异化的社会制度。虽然对致幻剂的临床应用提出了有价值的社会政治批评,但我们认为豪斯凯勒的观点并没有充分认识到致幻剂对西方对治疗和健康的还原生物医学理解提出了挑战。本文认为,土著知识与一系列新兴科学相结合,既以一种危害较小的专有方式参与民族医学,又对迷幻药实现治疗变化的手段有了新的理解。有了这种理解,迷幻药物的使用可能会对我们所处的压迫系统产生积极的反馈,这一点就变得显而易见了。也就是说,通过与不可言喻的遭遇而获得的超个人体验可能会为西方心理学和认知科学提供一种修正。事实上,如果我们理解迷幻药产生治疗效果的实际手段——改变自我的心理表征,或者通过非寻常的意识状态获得的自我洞察——那么迷幻疗法就提供了一种精神分类学的重新想象,通过推翻精神病理学的特定和离散的缺陷模型,挑战对病理学和幸福感的传统理解。这可能提供了对用于描述疯狂的主流类别的批评,扩展了我们对身心关系的理解,以及对基于跨文化沉思传统的积极心理学的更多认识。这对制药工业综合体及其盈利动机提出了隐性挑战;以及豪斯凯勒试图解决的相应的新自由主义、全球化趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond the psychedelic hype: Exploring the persistence of the neoliberal paradigm 超越迷幻的炒作:探索新自由主义范式的持久性
Q3 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: 10.1556/2054.2023.00273
James Davies, Brian A. Pace, Neşe Devenot
Abstract Background and Aims Advocates of psychedelic medicine have positioned psychedelics as a novel therapeutic intervention that will solve the mental health crisis by liberating individuals from their entrenched habits and limiting beliefs. Despite claims for novelty, the psychedelics industry is engaging in the same profit-oriented approaches that contributed to poor clinical outcomes with SSRIs and other earlier pharmaceuticals, which threatens to undermine their purported clinical benefits. Methods We present evidence that the liberatory rhetoric of psychedelic medicalization promotes neoliberal, individualised treatments for distress, which distracts from collective efforts to address root causes of suffering through systemic change. Drawing examples from the psychedelics industry, we illustrate how the discourse of psychedelic medicalisation subjects socially-determined distress to psychotropic intervention through the mechanisms of depoliticisation, productivisation, pathologisation, commodification, and de-collectivisation. Results Rather than disrupting or subverting the psychopharmaceutical status quo, the psychedelic industry's current instantiation aligns with and upholds key facets of neoliberal ideology by adhering to the same facilitative mechanisms that scholars identified in the antidepressant industry. We identify these common mechanisms in examples unique to the psychedelics industry, including the search for psychedelic analogues and political lobbying to reschedule psychedelics. Conclusion We demonstrate how a neoliberal mental health paradigm that individualises and interiorizes mental distress cannot meaningfully resolve suffering with ubiquitous origins in the current sociopolitical environment, which is characterised by inequality, precarity, exploitation, and ecological collapse. As a result, psychedelics must decouple from neoliberal incentives, and demonstrate efficacy, if they are to facilitate durable improvements in well-being and prosocial outcomes.
背景和目的迷幻药的倡导者将迷幻药定位为一种新的治疗干预手段,通过将个体从根深蒂固的习惯和限制性信仰中解放出来来解决心理健康危机。尽管声称具有新颖性,但致幻剂行业仍在从事同样以利润为导向的方法,这种方法导致了SSRIs和其他早期药物的临床结果不佳,这可能会破坏它们所谓的临床益处。我们提供的证据表明,迷幻药物化的解放修辞促进了新自由主义的、个性化的痛苦治疗,这分散了通过系统性变革解决痛苦根源的集体努力。以致幻剂行业为例,我们说明了致幻剂医疗化的话语如何通过非政治化、产品化、病态化、商品化和去集体化的机制,将社会决定的痛苦置于精神药物干预之中。结果:迷幻药行业目前的实例并没有破坏或颠覆精神药物的现状,而是通过坚持学者们在抗抑郁药行业中发现的相同的促进机制,与新自由主义意识形态的关键方面保持一致并坚持下去。我们在致幻剂行业独特的例子中确定了这些共同机制,包括寻找致幻剂类似物和重新安排致幻剂的政治游说。我们展示了新自由主义的精神健康范式如何将精神痛苦个体化和内化,并不能有效地解决当前社会政治环境中无处不在的痛苦,这种环境的特征是不平等、不稳定、剥削和生态崩溃。因此,迷幻药必须与新自由主义动机脱钩,并证明其有效性,如果它们要促进福祉和亲社会结果的持久改善。
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引用次数: 0
Negative mystical experiences 消极的神秘体验
Q3 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1556/2054.2023.00286
Dax Oliver
Abstract I propose that positive mood should not be among the criteria for determining when or if psychedelic experiences are mystical. My primary reasons are: 1) unlike rare proposed mystical criteria such as feelings of self-dissolution and time-transcendence, positive mood does not clearly separate mystical experiences from other emotionally powerful experiences like being in love; 2) other proposed mystical criteria can occur with non-positive moods; and 3) it is not true that framing all mystical experiences with only positive mood is more pragmatic.
我认为积极情绪不应该成为确定迷幻体验何时或是否神秘的标准之一。我的主要原因是:1)与罕见的神秘主义标准不同,如自我解体和时间超越的感觉,积极情绪并没有明确地将神秘体验与其他情感上强大的体验(如恋爱)分开;2)其他提出的神秘标准可能出现在非积极情绪中;3)将所有的神秘体验只与积极情绪联系起来是不现实的。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the relationship between mental health, drug use, personality, and attitudes towards psilocybin-assisted therapy 探讨心理健康、药物使用、个性和对裸盖菇素辅助治疗的态度之间的关系
IF 4.5 Q3 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2023-08-21 DOI: 10.1556/2054.2023.00264
Benjamin M. Ross, J. Neill
Psilocybin, the psychoactive compound in magic mushrooms, is increasingly discussed in terms of its psychotherapeutic potential; however, little is known about community attitudes towards psilocybin assisted therapy (PAT).To address the question: What are the public's attitudes towards psilocybin and psilocybin-assisted therapy? And what factors explain these attitudes?This study investigated the attitudes of 118 young adults in the Australian Capital Territory through an online survey.Participants who were more open to experience and who had used recreational drugs were more likely to have positive attitudes towards all aspects of PAT. Additionally, psychedelic drug use and agreeableness was positively associated with attitudes towards psilocybin safety, legality, and research; and psilocybin use was positively associated with attitudes towards psilocybin knowledge and acceptability.This convenience sample of young adults was generally positively disposed towards PAT. People who were more open to experience and who had used recreational or psychedelic drugs had more favourable attitudes towards PAT.
Psilocybin是神奇蘑菇中的一种精神活性化合物,人们越来越多地讨论它的心理治疗潜力;然而,人们对社区对裸盖菇素辅助治疗(PAT)的态度知之甚少。为了解决这个问题:公众对裸盖菌素和裸盖菇蛋白辅助治疗的态度是什么?是什么因素解释了这些态度?这项研究通过在线调查调查了澳大利亚首都地区118名年轻人的态度。更开放体验和使用过娱乐性药物的参与者更有可能对PAT的各个方面持积极态度。此外,迷幻药的使用和宜人性与对裸盖菇素安全性、合法性和研究的态度呈正相关;裸盖菇素的使用与对裸盖菇蛋白知识和可接受性的态度呈正相关。这种方便的年轻人样本通常对PAT持积极态度。对经验更开放、使用过娱乐性或迷幻药的人对PAT的态度更积极。
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引用次数: 0
Differences in attitudes and beliefs about psychedelic-assisted therapy among social workers, psychiatrists, and psychologists in the United States 美国社会工作者、精神病学家和心理学家对迷幻辅助治疗的态度和信念差异
IF 4.5 Q3 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2023-08-21 DOI: 10.1556/2054.2023.00245
Stacey B. Armstrong, Adam W. Levin, Yitong Xin, Jordan C. Horan, J. Luoma, Paul B Nagib, Brian Pilecki, A. K. Davis
Because psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is likely to be provided by interdisciplinary professional teams comprised of social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists, understanding the acceptability of this treatment approach among these professional disciplines is essential as the treatment advances through approval processes at the Food and Drug Administration.The study includes data from three separate survey studies investigating the attitudes and beliefs about PAT among national samples of social workers (n = 309), psychiatrists (n = 181), and psychologists (n = 366). The combined sample (n = 856) was predominantly female (64.3%), with a mean age of 49 (SD = 16.13), and 17 (SD = 13.56) years of professional experience.There were no significant differences between groups in confidence that PAT would be effective. However, there were significant between-group differences in psychiatrists' understanding of PAT compared to social workers. Next, psychologists' mean ratings of the acceptability of PAT were significantly greater than social workers' ratings. Mean ratings about believing that PAT was a reasonable treatment approach were higher among psychologists compared to social workers and psychiatrists. Additionally, mean ratings regarding the disadvantages of PAT were significantly greater among social workers compared to psychologists and psychiatrists. Lastly, social workers' ratings that PAT could permanently improve clients' lives were significantly lower than psychiatrists and psychologists.Findings help elucidate overall impressions of PAT among disciplines likely involved in providing this treatment should it be approved and suggest the need for education and training across professions. However, given the inconsistencies across disciplines, more research is needed to inform successful interdisciplinary training programs and better understand potential barriers to dissemination of this new treatment.
由于迷幻辅助治疗(PAT)可能是由社会工作者、心理学家和精神科医生组成的跨学科专业团队提供的,了解这种治疗方法在这些专业学科中的可接受性是至关重要的,因为这种治疗方法正在通过食品和药物管理局的批准程序。该研究的数据来自三个独立的调查研究,调查了社会工作者(n = 309)、精神科医生(n = 181)和心理学家(n = 366)对PAT的态度和信念。合并样本(n = 856)以女性为主(64.3%),平均年龄49岁(SD = 16.13),职业经验17年(SD = 13.56)。两组之间对PAT有效的信心没有显著差异。然而,精神科医生对PAT的理解与社工有显著的组间差异。其次,心理学家对PAT可接受性的平均评分显著高于社会工作者的评分。相信PAT是合理治疗方法的平均评分在心理学家中高于社会工作者和精神科医生。此外,与心理学家和精神科医生相比,社会工作者对PAT缺点的平均评分明显更高。最后,社会工作者对PAT能永久改善案主生活的评价明显低于精神科医生和心理学家。研究结果有助于阐明PAT在可能涉及提供这种治疗的学科之间的总体印象,如果它被批准,并建议需要跨专业的教育和培训。然而,鉴于各学科之间的不一致性,需要更多的研究来为成功的跨学科培训计划提供信息,并更好地了解传播这种新疗法的潜在障碍。
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引用次数: 0
Mescaline, Peyote and San Pedro: Is sustainability important for cacti consumers? 梅斯卡林、佩约特和圣佩德罗:可持续性对仙人掌消费者来说重要吗?
IF 4.5 Q3 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2023-08-18 DOI: 10.1556/2054.2023.00252
Liam B. Engel, M. Barratt, J. Ferris, Cheneal Puljević, A. Winstock
Both Peyote and San Pedro cacti contain mescaline, a classical psychedelic eliciting mystical and visual effects, but only Peyote is a vulnerable species. We sought to address the questions 1; do people who use Peyote substitute with San Pedro, and vice versa, and; 2. how popular is the use of wild harvested mescaline cactus compared with the use of cultivated plants?Data were collected as part of the 2022 Global Drug Survey, a self-report survey distributed internationally in 11 languages. We asked mescaline cacti consumers about consumption practices, preferences and conservation and conducted chi square tests of associations comparing all motivations by preferred mescaline source.Of participants who reported using mescaline in the last 12 months (N = 284; 73.2% male, 21.8% female, 5.0% other gender; mean age 36.3, SD 12.5), 20.0% reported consuming Peyote collected from native habitats. Of participants specifying Peyote as their preferred source of mescaline, 82.2% had consumed Peyote in the past 12 months. Indigenous cultural traditions (57.8%), availability (40.0%) and environmental sustainability (33.3%) were the most commonly reported motivations for Peyote preference (n = 45), whereas for San Pedro (n = 86), availability (54.7%), potency (45.3%) and indigenous cultural traditions (44.2%) were most the commonly reported San Pedro preference motivations. Price and potency were significantly more likely to be chosen by those preferring San Pedro compared with Peyote. Less than 7% of participants who consumed San Pedro in the past 12 months had consumed San Pedro from native habitats. Of the participants who specified San Pedro as their preferred source of mescaline, 96.5% had consumed San Pedro in past 12 months. San Pedro was the most commonly reported source of mescaline product consumed (56.1%) with Trichocereus bridgesii being the most reported preferred San Pedro species. Mescaline cacti consumed in the last 12 months rarely deviated from mescaline cacti of preference.Wild Peyote is not the most popular mescaline source, but consumption of related products remains unsustainable. Promoting San Pedro as a Peyote substitute may act as an intervention to reduce Peyote consumption.
Peyote和San Pedro仙人掌都含有梅斯卡林,这是一种经典的迷幻药,具有神秘和视觉效果,但只有Peyote是一种脆弱的物种。我们设法解决以下问题:1;使用Peyote替代San Pedro的人,反之亦然,以及;2.与种植植物相比,野生收获的梅斯卡林仙人掌的使用有多受欢迎?数据是作为2022年全球药物调查的一部分收集的,这是一项以11种语言在国际上分发的自我报告调查。我们询问了梅斯卡林仙人掌消费者的消费习惯、偏好和保护,并进行了关联卡方检验,比较了偏好梅斯卡琳来源的所有动机。在过去12个月内报告使用梅斯卡林的参与者中(N=284;73.2%为男性,21.8%为女性,5.0%为其他性别;平均年龄36.3岁,SD 12.5),20.0%的参与者报告食用了从本地栖息地采集的Peyote。在指定Peyote为其首选梅斯卡林来源的参与者中,82.2%的人在过去12个月内食用过Peyote。土著文化传统(57.8%)、可用性(40.0%)和环境可持续性(33.3%)是最常见的Peyote偏好动机(n=45),而在圣佩德罗(n=86),可用性(54.7%)、效力(45.3%)和土著文化传统为最常见的圣佩德罗偏好动机。与佩约特相比,那些更喜欢圣佩德罗的人更有可能选择价格和效力。在过去12个月内食用圣佩德罗的参与者中,只有不到7%的人从当地栖息地食用了圣佩德罗。在指定圣佩德罗为他们首选的梅斯卡林来源的参与者中,96.5%的人在过去12个月内食用过圣佩德罗。圣佩德罗是最常见的梅斯卡林产品消费来源(56.1%),而桥蜡菌是最受欢迎的圣佩德罗品种。过去12个月食用的梅斯卡林仙人掌很少偏离人们对梅斯卡琳仙人掌的偏好。野生狼并不是最受欢迎的麦司卡林来源,但相关产品的消费仍然不可持续。推广圣佩德罗作为Peyote的替代品可能会起到减少Peyote消费的干预作用。
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引用次数: 0
On microdosing with the Mario mushroom 马里奥蘑菇的微量添加
IF 4.5 Q3 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY Pub Date : 2023-08-14 DOI: 10.1556/2054.2023.00303
K. Feeney
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Psychedelic Studies
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