Journal of Chromatography A最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of portable atmospheric-pressure solids analysis probe–quadrupole mass spectrometry and UPLC−MS for the rapid screening of illicit substances in human urine","authors":"Doreen N.B Chandra Siri ,&nbsp;Si Ling Ng ,&nbsp;Ngee Sing Chong ,&nbsp;Philip J. Marriott ,&nbsp;Yong Foo Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atmospheric-pressure solids analysis probe (ASAP) is an ambient pressure ionisation mass spectrometry technique that allows the direct analysis of liquids and solids, with or without sample preparation, producing rapid, efficient, and real-time results. In this study, portable ASAP−quadrupole mass spectrometry (ASAP−QMS) method in positive ion mode was demonstrated for the rapid analysis of 9 drugs of abuse (amphetamine, methamphetamine, oxycodone, methadone, morphine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ketamine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, and cocaine), fortified in water and urine samples, with analysis time of ∼30 s. Initially, a direct analysis approach without sample preparation was applied to fortified water and urine samples. However, significant urine matrix effects were observed, leading to ion suppression and detector saturation. A simple solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure was then applied to reduce matrix effects arising from the urine samples. The influence of cone voltages on the fragmentation and abundance of molecular ions for the illicit compounds was evaluated. The analytes exhibited limits of detection in the range of 0.3 – 2 µg mL^-1, which were considerably higher than the UPLC−ESIMS (0.05 – 0.1 µg mL^-1) method. Drug compounds identification was performed via MS spectrum matching against an in-house database. Comparative assessment with UPLC−ESI linear ion trap MS using United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime International Collaborative Exercises urine samples showed detection accuracies of 43% for ASAP−QMS and 100% for the UPLC−MS method. The lower accuracy of ASAP−QMS was attributed to the poor spectral library matching (similarity scores &lt; 850) in complex urine matrices, particularly for low-concentration drug compounds. Nevertheless, portable ASAP−QMS (with SPE) achieved a higher greenness assessment score (0.54) compared to UPLC−MS (0.37), highlighting its potential as a rapid and environmentally friendly drug screening approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":347,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chromatography A","volume":"1770 ","pages":"Article 466720"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid detection of perfluorinated compounds in tap water using confined methanol","authors":"Xinyang Zhang,&nbsp;Huilan Piao,&nbsp;Mengqing Cui,&nbsp;Xiangzi Jin,&nbsp;Meihui Tong,&nbsp;Donghao Li,&nbsp;Yilin Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), characterized by their persistence and bioaccumulative properties, have been extensively detected across diverse environmental compartments, including aquatic systems, sediments, and organisms. These contaminants enter human bodies via food chain transfer, subsequently undergoing internal transport and metabolic transformation. Meanwhile, the detection of samples is also difficult to achieve sensitivity analysis due to the low content of the analytes and the complex matrix. Based on this, we propose a novel approach for analyzing the derivatives of 9 PFCs (derivatization reaction conditions: 1 min, room temperature) in tap water using carbon nanofibers/carbon fibers (CNFs/CFs) nanoconfined solvent extraction method, termed nanoconfined liquid phase nanoextraction (NLPNE), coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The effect of various experimental parameters on extraction efficiency was investigated using a Box-Behnken design (BBD), such as volume of nanoconfined solvent, extraction time and desorption time, which method requires a less solvent-consumption (20 μL) and time ≤ 1 min, meeting the requirements for green environmental and sustainable development. Under optimal conditions, the developed method shown good linearity within the studied concentration range. Accuracy was evaluated by analyzing the extraction recovery of spiked tap water sample, the satisfactory recoveries (71.31%-126.15%) with RSD ≤ 17.45%. In addition, the limits of detection (LODs) for the analytes were in the range of 0.2–3 μg L⁻¹, which the sensitivity has been significantly improved. Considering the versatility of nanoconfined solvent extraction method, indicated that the NLPNE is a promising pretreatment technique for detecting PFCs in real samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":347,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chromatography A","volume":"1768 ","pages":"Article 466718"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging: Research progress and applications","authors":"Xujun Zhang ,&nbsp;Shan Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Sui ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Lingbo Ji ,&nbsp;Jianxun Zhang ,&nbsp;Ajuan Yu ,&nbsp;Wu Fan ,&nbsp;Wuduo Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) is regarded as a novel molecular imaging approach that integrates DESI source with conventional mass spectrometry to provide spatial information and molecular composition on the sample’s surface. In this review, the principle of DESI-MSI was elucidated, including its desorption process and ionization mechanism. Through the applications in biological tissues and organs, the advantages of DESI-MSI technology were demonstrated in exploring the tissue functional roles and disease mechanisms, including brain, liver, kidney, and lung. Building on these findings, we review DESI-MSI’s unique capability to map both exogenous and endogenous biomolecules, thereby providing insights into spatial distribution of exogenous organisms and endogenous metabolic of transformation pathways and pharmacokinetics. Finally, the recent applications of DESI-MSI in biomedicine, environmental monitoring, and food safety are also reviewed. With the continuous improvement of instruments and analysis methods, DESI-MSI is expected to bring meaningful changes across a growing number of fields, opening up exciting opportunities to support innovative technologies and applied research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":347,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chromatography A","volume":"1769 ","pages":"Article 466719"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L-Cys-functionalized Zr-based MOF NU-1000: Fabrication and application as chiral stationary phase in open tubular capillary electrochromatography for chiral separation","authors":"Gege Zhu ,&nbsp;Li Qi ,&nbsp;Bing Niu ,&nbsp;Qi Zhang ,&nbsp;Qin Chen ,&nbsp;Dan Zhong ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising chiral separation materials owing to their well-defined pore structures and tunable functionality. In this work, mesoporous/microporous NU-1000 was functionalized with L-Cysteine (L-Cys) via solvent-assisted ligand exchange to produce L-Cys-NU-1000, which was applied as a stationary phase in capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The resulting L-Cys-NU-1000@capillary system achieved baseline separation of five chiral amino acid enantiomers with excellent intra-day, inter-day, and batch reproducibility (RSDs &lt; 5%). Notably, the system retained high enantioselectivity even after 100 consecutive injections. This study represents the first application of NU-1000 in chiral separation, opening new avenues for its use and laying a foundation for broader future applications. The system demonstrates distinct advantages for quality control of amino acids, offering high efficiency, robustness, and reproducible enantiomeric separation crucial for food and pharmaceutical analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":347,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chromatography A","volume":"1768 ","pages":"Article 466716"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146028160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating hybrid modeling and high throughput screening: A modular process development platform for flowthrough chromatography","authors":"Llian Mabardi ,&nbsp;Janani Ram ,&nbsp;Chris Gerberich ,&nbsp;André Dumetz ,&nbsp;Lucas Kimerer ,&nbsp;Kerri Mendola ,&nbsp;Justin Godinho ,&nbsp;Nicholas Vecchiarello","doi":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the biopharmaceutical industry continues to advance towards intensified manufacturing and increasingly complex therapeutic pipelines, there is a growing demand for more efficient processes and process development strategies. Flowthrough and frontal loading operations are particularly attractive due to their high loading capacities, low buffer consumption, and operational simplicity. High throughput screening combined with mechanistic modeling provides a powerful framework for rapid development of these processes, but model calibration needed across the multitude of resins and conditions during screening remains resource intensive, and accurately capturing transport and kinetic effects is challenging. In this work, neural network and closed-form symbolic regression models were developed to predict protein loading and product yield, which can exclusively use high throughput plate-based data as inputs. To support training these models, a large database of general rate model (GRM) simulations spanning both high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) separations was created. This was accompanied by development of novel analytical expressions for loading and yield derived from fundamental principles under ideal chromatography conditions, enabling transport limitations to be treated as perturbations from the ideal case. The resulting machine learning models trained with these data rely solely on easy-to-measure, experimentally accessible inputs from standard plate-based high throughput experiments and therefore provide accurate predictions without the full input parameter set required by the GRM. Neural networks achieved the highest accuracy, while symbolic regression models performed nearly as well with the added advantages of simplicity, interpretability, and ease of implementation. Further, Monte Carlo analysis demonstrated that predictive errors of the machine learning models were comparable to or smaller than those of mechanistic simulations when typical experimental uncertainty in difficult-to-measure input parameters was considered. Building on this, closed-form expressions for productivity were developed that use the machine learning models as inputs to identify resins and operating conditions that maximize performance as a function of residence time. Finally, a platform workflow is proposed that applies these models to translate high throughput data into practical guidance for resin and condition selection, with predicted purities, yields, and productivities aligning well with experimentally-measured column performances. Overall, this proposed platform provides a foundation for seamlessly integrating high throughput screening and hybrid modeling into process development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":347,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chromatography A","volume":"1768 ","pages":"Article 466715"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of an analytical method for determining triflumezopyrim residues in multiple paddy field matrices (Paddy Water, Paddy Soil, Brown Rice, Rice Husk, and Rice Straw) using GC-ECD and GC-MS","authors":"Xinhong Deng ,&nbsp;Wenxing Wang ,&nbsp;Bin Yang ,&nbsp;Xuguo Zhou ,&nbsp;Lihua Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Triflumezopyrim (TFM), a neonicotinoid insecticide for rice planthopper control, poses potential risks to rice safety and paddy ecosystems via residues. Herein, gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS, selected ion monitoring: <em>m/z</em> 206.0, 116.0, 131.0) methods were developed and validated for TFM residue analysis in paddy matrices. Samples were extracted with dichloromethane and purified by dispersive solid-phase extraction. For five matrices, calibration curves showed good linearity (0.01–1 mg L⁻¹, R² ≥ 0.9912). At 0.01, 0.1, 1 mg kg⁻¹ spiking levels, mean recoveries were 81.04%-109.66% (GC-MS) and 89.45%-106.41% (GC-ECD), with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.55%-13.08% and 0.59%-9.30%, respectively. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.01 mg kg⁻¹ for both techniques; limits of detection (LOD) were 0.001 mg L⁻¹ (GC-ECD) and 0.0005 mg L⁻¹ (GC-MS). These parameters met current residue limits and analytical criteria. Robustness tests revealed minimal impacts of pretreatment and most chromatographic parameters, except carrier gas flow rate (critical, RSD &gt; 10% when varied). The validated method was applied to real paddy field samples from Hunan Province, China, and 20 batches of five types of substrates were screened, with trace TFM in soil (below LOQ). This is the first validated GC-ECD/GC-MS method for TFM trace analysis covering the entire paddy ecosystem (paddy water, paddy soil, brown rice, rice husk, and rice straw), suitable for routine monitoring and supporting TFM environmental/food safety evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":347,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chromatography A","volume":"1768 ","pages":"Article 466714"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening terpene-based eutectic solvents for bisphenol A extraction from plastic-packed dairy products and water storage tanks: COSMO-RS and quantum chemistry calculations","authors":"Nazir Fattahi ,&nbsp;Parvin Zohrabi ,&nbsp;Pouya Karimi ,&nbsp;Filipe Hobi Bordón Sosa ,&nbsp;Beshare Hashemi ,&nbsp;Fereshteh Shiri","doi":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bisphenol A (BPA) is globally used in the plastic and polymer industries. Regarding its toxicity, it raises health and environmental concerns due to its potential leaching into water, soil, and food chains. This work aims to screen the most efficient terpene-based hydrophobic eutectic solvents (HESs) for the extraction of BPA using COSMO-RS, an in-silico predictive approach, thereby minimizing the need for extensive trial-and-error experimentation. We also evaluated the extraction efficiency of HESs by assessing the stability of hydrogen bonding using quantum chemistry calculations. A HES composed of menthol: octanoic acid (2:1) was found to be the most efficient solvent after experimental validations. Experimental design showed the optimal extraction conditions to be 95 µL of menthol: octanoic acid (2:1), 100 µL of KOH 4.5 M, and 100 µL of HCl 5.0 M. A maximum extraction recovery of 75% with a limit of detection of 0.05 µg/L was achieved under the optimal extraction conditions in a pH-switchable extraction process. The environmental impact and applicability of the method were subsequently evaluated using AGREE, AGREEprep, and the blue applicability grade index, scoring 0.61, 0.66, and 65.0, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":347,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chromatography A","volume":"1768 ","pages":"Article 466709"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alkyl glucamine-based mixed-mode stationary phase for reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography","authors":"Shuo Wang ,&nbsp;Yiming Gu ,&nbsp;Jin Zhou ,&nbsp;Shudong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In modern liquid chromatography, versatile mixed-mode stationary phases have emerged as a practical choice for complex separations. Glucamine is promising in this field due to its distinctive amino-substituted glucose structure. This work presents a novel alkyl glucamine-based stationary phase (SIL–GNOGA) prepared <em>via</em> an epoxide-amine ring-opening reaction and immobilized onto silica surfaces. The morphology and composition of the stationary phase were characterized by multiple analytical techniques. Its retention mechanism was systematically investigated using analytes with diverse properties under varied chromatographic conditions. Furthermore, the separation performance of SIL–GNOGA was assessed and compared against its alkylamine- and glucamine-based counterparts. The stationary phase demonstrated excellent versatility, enabling efficient separation of hydrophilic, hydrophobic, as well as amphiphilic analytes in hydrophilic interaction or reversed-phase mode, depending on their molecular characteristics. Notably, complex mixtures were successfully resolved in both modes through the synergistic effects of hydrophilic, hydrophobic, hydrogen-bonding, and electrostatic interactions. This mixed-mode capability highlights SIL–GNOGA’s broad selectivity and potential across diverse chromatographic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":347,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chromatography A","volume":"1768 ","pages":"Article 466712"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends of microextraction methods for opioids in complex samples","authors":"Mei-di Wang ,&nbsp;Yuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Ping-yuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yun-yang Zhang ,&nbsp;Li Yu ,&nbsp;Xue-song Feng ,&nbsp;Xiao-dan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing global opioid crisis, evidenced by a 90% surge in overdose deaths between 2013 and 2017 and &gt;130 fatalities reported daily in the U.S., underscores the pressing need for advanced detection methods. Opioids, including natural alkaloids (e.g., morphine), semi-synthetic derivatives (e.g., oxycodone), and synthetic analogs (e.g., fentanyl), pose significant public health risks due to their rampant misuse. This review highlights cutting-edge microextraction technologies, specifically liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), which aim to effectively address these limitations. Recent innovations in LPME include surfactant-assisted single-drop microextraction and hollow fiber LPME with amine-functionalized mesoporous foam. These techniques achieve high recovery rates while significantly minimizing solvent use. Furthermore, deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids (e.g., [C₈MIM][PF₆]) have emerged as environmentally friendly alternatives, enhancing selectivity and enrichment factors. For SPME, advancements such as molecularly imprinted polymers and graphene oxide nanosheets offer exceptional specificity and reusability, with high recoveries. Novel materials, such as electrochemically co-deposited sol-gel/Cu nanocomposite fibers and magnetic materials, further enhance operational efficiency and reduce processing time. These developments enhance analytical precision and adhere to the principles of green chemistry, facilitating scalable and high-throughput detection of opioids in complex matrices. Future research should focus on integrating these technologies with portable analytical platforms for practical applications. Thin-film microextraction devices can be directly coupled with handheld mass spectrometers or miniaturized GC–MS systems. This integration enables rapid, on-site detection of opioids in forensic or clinical settings. Moreover, microextraction sorbents could be incorporated into paper-based lateral flow assay devices, allowing simple, cost-effective, and disposable field testing for opioid residues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":347,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chromatography A","volume":"1768 ","pages":"Article 466713"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146008333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable downstream processing of ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids: Integrated chromatographic strategies and techno-economic evaluation","authors":"Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Nengqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Houle Xiang ,&nbsp;Jingwei Kou ,&nbsp;Yuqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Hanjie Ying ,&nbsp;Pengpeng Yang ,&nbsp;Hao Qiao ,&nbsp;Jinglan Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> triterpenoids (GLTs) are high-value bioactive metabolites with increasing demand in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sectors. However, their structural diversity, characterized by numerous analogs and structural isomers, coupled with the complexity of sources such as spores, fruiting bodies, and mycelia, presents significant challenges for high-resolution separation and high-purity isolation. This review critically evaluates the evolution of chromatographic and preparative isolation technologies tailored for GLTs. We systematically analyze three integrated separation workflows, designated as Route I, II, and III, from a chromatographic perspective, focusing on how different stationary phase behaviors and mobile phase configurations address specific sample complexities. Key emerging technologies, including high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC), and preparative supercritical fluid chromatography (Prep-SFC), are assessed for their efficacy in resolving isomeric pairs and reducing irreversible adsorption. Furthermore, a technical-economic and environmental evaluation using the environmental factor (E-factor) is provided to link separation efficiency with industrial purity requirements ranging from 30 % to 90 %. By comparing the resolution, throughput, and sustainability of these chromatographic modes, this review provides a strategic roadmap for selecting optimal purification platforms to ensure the quality standardization of <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":347,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chromatography A","volume":"1768 ","pages":"Article 466710"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145973426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}