Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.03
Magdalena Lesińska-Staszczuk
The article focuses on presenting the legal basis and practical dimensions of humanitarian aid and civil protection provided by the European Union in the face of world`s contemporary problems. The humanitarian aid and civil protection provided by the European Union is based on a solid legal foundation, as well as a set of concrete principles and common objectives. In the context of ever-increasing humanitarian needs and limited resources, the EU, together with its Member States and humanitarian partners, will seek a more coordinated and coherent approach to providing help, where humanitarian aid and development aid are interrelated, allowing current needs to be more efficiently addressed. EU-funded assistance is delivered in different forms, depending on the circumstances and unique character of each emergency. What remains the same, however, are the values that guide the Union and that are required from its aid partners, i.e.: humanity, neutrality, impartiality, and independence. The European Union continues to be a leader in the field of humanitarian aid around the world, being not only the main donor, but also setting standards for compliance with international humanitarian law and humanitarian principles.
{"title":"Legal basis and practical dimensions of humanitarian aid and civil protection provided by the European Union","authors":"Magdalena Lesińska-Staszczuk","doi":"10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on presenting the legal basis and practical dimensions of humanitarian aid and civil protection provided by the European Union in the face of world`s contemporary problems. The humanitarian aid and civil protection provided by the European Union is based on a solid legal foundation, as well as a set of concrete principles and common objectives. In the context of ever-increasing humanitarian needs and limited resources, the EU, together with its Member States and humanitarian partners, will seek a more coordinated and coherent approach to providing help, where humanitarian aid and development aid are interrelated, allowing current needs to be more efficiently addressed. EU-funded assistance is delivered in different forms, depending on the circumstances and unique character of each emergency. What remains the same, however, are the values that guide the Union and that are required from its aid partners, i.e.: humanity, neutrality, impartiality, and independence. The European Union continues to be a leader in the field of humanitarian aid around the world, being not only the main donor, but also setting standards for compliance with international humanitarian law and humanitarian principles.","PeriodicalId":34800,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66906062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.05
Mariam Ghubianuri, Karolina Zapolska
This article analyses the concept of green innovations. This concept is based on the premise that economic activities should focus on the search for more efficient use of resources. Green innovations are a form of innovation aiming at reducing the negative impact of products and production processes on the environment. The aim of the article is to highlight some of the problematic areas in the way the legal systems of Poland and Georgia treat green innovations. In both analyzed countries, green innovations, are the part of the law that is still forming and its application lacks clarity and consistency. This paper also provides a comparison of the green innovations in Polish and Georgia which allows detection of similar or different solutions in the area of animal protection. The paper also shows the normative solutions in this area. The study of the outlined problems was mainly based on the comparative, dogmatic, and legal method. The article finishes with synthetic conclusions.
{"title":"Green innovations in Georgia and Poland: Comparative Analysis – Selected Issues","authors":"Mariam Ghubianuri, Karolina Zapolska","doi":"10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.05","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the concept of green innovations. This concept is based on the premise that economic activities should focus on the search for more efficient use of resources. Green innovations are a form of innovation aiming at reducing the negative impact of products and production processes on the environment. The aim of the article is to highlight some of the problematic areas in the way the legal systems of Poland and Georgia treat green innovations. In both analyzed countries, green innovations, are the part of the law that is still forming and its application lacks clarity and consistency. This paper also provides a comparison of the green innovations in Polish and Georgia which allows detection of similar or different solutions in the area of animal protection. The paper also shows the normative solutions in this area. The study of the outlined problems was mainly based on the comparative, dogmatic, and legal method. The article finishes with synthetic conclusions.","PeriodicalId":34800,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66906147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.02
M. Czermińska
This work aims to show key provisions and importance of new-generation trade agreements made by the European Union on the example of the agreement with Vietnam. Empirical research centred around an agreement signed between the EU and Vietnam, which is the third new-generation trade agreement entered into by the EU with an Asian country, following an agreement with the Republic of Korea and Singapore. The agreement with Vietnam introduced liberalisation covering almost the entire mutual trade (goods), also providing for the liberalisation of services and eliminating certain non-tariff barriers. Due to a word limit applicable to this article, the research into the importance of the agreement to the EU-Vietnam trade relations was limited mainly to trade in goods. Having considered the fact that relatively too short period of time has elapsed since the entry into force of the agreement, it is not possible to comprehensively assess its importance to bilateral trade relations, especially in a long-term perspective. Such research should be continued in the future. In particular, this concerns research into the effects of liberalisation of mutual trade after the end of transition periods applicable to the elimination of barriers to trade – seven years for the European Union and ten years for Vietnam respectively. Following more than a year since the signature of the agreement, it can be claimed that the EU’s imports from Vietnam have increased considerably, which not only led to the greater negative balance of mutual trade, but also resulted in greater trade volumes for selected goods, and consequently, this may entail the elimination of certain barriers to mutual trade on the entry into force of the agreement. In this article, a descriptive and comparative method was employed, domestic and foreign literature sources were used and the provisions of the EU-Vietnam agreement and legal acts of the EU secondary legislation in the form of regulations were referred to.
{"title":"New-Generation Trade Agreements and Their Importance to Trade Relations Between European Union and Third Countries – Vietnam Case","authors":"M. Czermińska","doi":"10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.02","url":null,"abstract":"This work aims to show key provisions and importance of new-generation trade agreements made by the European Union on the example of the agreement with Vietnam. Empirical research centred around an agreement signed between the EU and Vietnam, which is the third new-generation trade agreement entered into by the EU with an Asian country, following an agreement with the Republic of Korea and Singapore. The agreement with Vietnam introduced liberalisation covering almost the entire mutual trade (goods), also providing for the liberalisation of services and eliminating certain non-tariff barriers. Due to a word limit applicable to this article, the research into the importance of the agreement to the EU-Vietnam trade relations was limited mainly to trade in goods. Having considered the fact that relatively too short period of time has elapsed since the entry into force of the agreement, it is not possible to comprehensively assess its importance to bilateral trade relations, especially in a long-term perspective. Such research should be continued in the future. In particular, this concerns research into the effects of liberalisation of mutual trade after the end of transition periods applicable to the elimination of barriers to trade – seven years for the European Union and ten years for Vietnam respectively. Following more than a year since the signature of the agreement, it can be claimed that the EU’s imports from Vietnam have increased considerably, which not only led to the greater negative balance of mutual trade, but also resulted in greater trade volumes for selected goods, and consequently, this may entail the elimination of certain barriers to mutual trade on the entry into force of the agreement. In this article, a descriptive and comparative method was employed, domestic and foreign literature sources were used and the provisions of the EU-Vietnam agreement and legal acts of the EU secondary legislation in the form of regulations were referred to.","PeriodicalId":34800,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66906044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.04
Anna Gembicka, J. Farhan
The purpose of this article is to examine the causes of recurring doubts regarding the safety of plant protection products used in the European Union. Plant protection products are a particular subject of regulation. All standards concerning them require prior in-depth scientific research in the field of exact sciences. Achieving adequate safety of humans, animals and the environment in connection to the use of plant protection products requires not only good law, but a law based on representative research and scientific certainty. Bearing in mind the above, the authors undertook an analysis of what seems to be the cause of significant social doubts as to the actual achievement of the purposes of Regulation 1107/2009, i.e. inclusion of scientific research in the procedure of approval of active substances in plant protection products. First, the approval procedure for the active substance of the plant protection product was presented, and then the main shortcoming of the procedure was analyzed on the example of the approval of glyphosate. In the authors' opinion, guidance documents on literature review should be revised to reflect the best scientific practice, and their standards should be enforced, in particular, to ensure that there is no doubt about the objectivity of the literature review.
{"title":"Approval procedure for active substances in plant protection products - doubts of scientific certainty as a source of controversy. Analysis of systemic imperfections on the example of glyphosate","authors":"Anna Gembicka, J. Farhan","doi":"10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.04","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to examine the causes of recurring doubts regarding the safety of plant protection products used in the European Union. Plant protection products are a particular subject of regulation. All standards concerning them require prior in-depth scientific research in the field of exact sciences. Achieving adequate safety of humans, animals and the environment in connection to the use of plant protection products requires not only good law, but a law based on representative research and scientific certainty. Bearing in mind the above, the authors undertook an analysis of what seems to be the cause of significant social doubts as to the actual achievement of the purposes of Regulation 1107/2009, i.e. inclusion of scientific research in the procedure of approval of active substances in plant protection products. First, the approval procedure for the active substance of the plant protection product was presented, and then the main shortcoming of the procedure was analyzed on the example of the approval of glyphosate. In the authors' opinion, guidance documents on literature review should be revised to reflect the best scientific practice, and their standards should be enforced, in particular, to ensure that there is no doubt about the objectivity of the literature review.","PeriodicalId":34800,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66906097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.05
Magdalena Rutkowska-Sowa, Paweł Poznański
Trade mark law reflects economic and social trends. With the shift towards an economy based on sustainable development, the rise of environmental awareness among consumers, and the growing popularity of eco-marketing, marks containing indications such as „green”, „eco” or „bio” appear increasingly on the market. Such labels can inform and assist consumers in purchasing products that comply with the eco-requirements, strengthen the competitiveness of producers by promoting the least environmentally damaging products, offering higher quality products, and consequently encouraging both parties to act in an eco-friendly manner. Their registration is possible, but more difficult than for „classic trade marks” submitted for protection before the patent offices. This text is intended to provide an overview of the registration requirements of so-called „green trade marks”. The study mainly used the formal-dogmatic method. Based on an analysis of the European Union Intellectual Property Office practice and the judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union, authors indicate the applicable interpretation of EU trade mark law. They analyze binding restrictions taking into account the interests of both individual market players and the public. This issue has not yet been commented on by the doctrine. Eco-labels and symbols, which can be used by entities meeting criteria that are defined by certification bodies are outside the scope of this review.
{"title":"Legal aspects of green-branding","authors":"Magdalena Rutkowska-Sowa, Paweł Poznański","doi":"10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.05","url":null,"abstract":"Trade mark law reflects economic and social trends. With the shift towards an economy based on sustainable development, the rise of environmental awareness among consumers, and the growing popularity of eco-marketing, marks containing indications such as „green”, „eco” or „bio” appear increasingly on the market. Such labels can inform and assist consumers in purchasing products that comply with the eco-requirements, strengthen the competitiveness of producers by promoting the least environmentally damaging products, offering higher quality products, and consequently encouraging both parties to act in an eco-friendly manner. Their registration is possible, but more difficult than for „classic trade marks” submitted for protection before the patent offices. This text is intended to provide an overview of the registration requirements of so-called „green trade marks”. The study mainly used the formal-dogmatic method. Based on an analysis of the European Union Intellectual Property Office practice and the judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union, authors indicate the applicable interpretation of EU trade mark law. They analyze binding restrictions taking into account the interests of both individual market players and the public. This issue has not yet been commented on by the doctrine. Eco-labels and symbols, which can be used by entities meeting criteria that are defined by certification bodies are outside the scope of this review.","PeriodicalId":34800,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66905965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.06
Piotr Betkowski
Currently, Poland is facing the challenge of energy transformation towards a zero-emissional energy system. In this article author presents basic assumptions of Poland’s energy security system. Moreover, a particular focus is set on replacement of coal power plant, which are currently a fundament of Polish electricity production system. Therefore, in this article is examined a several aspects of transformation of national energy mix with analise of nuclear energy as a potentially significant part of future energy security fundament. This article also presents the possibilities of implementing various types of nuclear power facilities, as well as de lege lata and de lege ferenda postulates in the Polish nuclear law.
{"title":"Energy security in Poland – transformation and role of nuclear energy","authors":"Piotr Betkowski","doi":"10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.06","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, Poland is facing the challenge of energy transformation towards a zero-emissional energy system. In this article author presents basic assumptions of Poland’s energy security system. Moreover, a particular focus is set on replacement of coal power plant, which are currently a fundament of Polish electricity production system. Therefore, in this article is examined a several aspects of transformation of national energy mix with analise of nuclear energy as a potentially significant part of future energy security fundament. This article also presents the possibilities of implementing various types of nuclear power facilities, as well as de lege lata and de lege ferenda postulates in the Polish nuclear law.","PeriodicalId":34800,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66906015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.01
Maciej Nyka
Deep, human induced, environmental changes become a global danger for the whole population. A form of reaction to those dangers as well as possibility of reversing the risks can be a deeper insight into the legal instruments of environmental liability – including the criminal liability for environmental harm. While national legal systems seem to succeed in introducing instruments of criminal liability of environmental crimes, the international law seems not to follow this trend. It is even hard to specify what constitutes the environmental crime according to international law. The evolution of international law in this field has shown many and unsuccessful attempts to bring environmental crimes into the catalogues of crimes recognized by international law. The most promising fora for identification of international crimes against environment seems to be the International Criminal Court (ICC). Potential use of ICC for identification and effective realization of criminal liability of environmental damage has however its limits.
{"title":"Crime against the natural environment – ecocide – from the perspective of international law","authors":"Maciej Nyka","doi":"10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.01","url":null,"abstract":"Deep, human induced, environmental changes become a global danger for the whole population. A form of reaction to those dangers as well as possibility of reversing the risks can be a deeper insight into the legal instruments of environmental liability – including the criminal liability for environmental harm. While national legal systems seem to succeed in introducing instruments of criminal liability of environmental crimes, the international law seems not to follow this trend. It is even hard to specify what constitutes the environmental crime according to international law. The evolution of international law in this field has shown many and unsuccessful attempts to bring environmental crimes into the catalogues of crimes recognized by international law. The most promising fora for identification of international crimes against environment seems to be the International Criminal Court (ICC). Potential use of ICC for identification and effective realization of criminal liability of environmental damage has however its limits.","PeriodicalId":34800,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66906168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.03
Radomír Jakab
The paper deals with the legal requirements for the procedure of local self-government entities (municipalities, cities) and state administration bodies at the local level in case of detection of illegally placed waste. The article also outlines how the person responsible for illegal dumping is identified, what is done if such a person is not identified and how those who have placed waste in black dumps can be punished. The author also points out in this paper the application problems in the application of the legal procedure for dealing with illegally placed waste, the lack of definition of competences between the subjects of local self-government and state administration bodies, as well as proposes certain changes to the legal regulation, which would be possible to eliminate the alleged application problems.
{"title":"Tasks of state administration and local government in the management of illegally disposed waste in the Slovak Republic","authors":"Radomír Jakab","doi":"10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.03","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with the legal requirements for the procedure of local self-government entities (municipalities, cities) and state administration bodies at the local level in case of detection of illegally placed waste. The article also outlines how the person responsible for illegal dumping is identified, what is done if such a person is not identified and how those who have placed waste in black dumps can be punished. The author also points out in this paper the application problems in the application of the legal procedure for dealing with illegally placed waste, the lack of definition of competences between the subjects of local self-government and state administration bodies, as well as proposes certain changes to the legal regulation, which would be possible to eliminate the alleged application problems.","PeriodicalId":34800,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66906314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.04
E. Marišová, R. Štěpánková, Matúš Michalovič, Ivana Lichnerová, M. Mariš, Michal Cifranič, Jana Ďurkovičová
Competences in the construction sector of the Slovak Republic (SR) under the current legislation are exercised at the local level of the state both by institutions of local self-government (municipalities) and state administration (district offices). The building authorities with the authority to decide on building permits are currently the municipalities to which the state has delegated building competences by Act No. 50/1976 Coll. on spatial planning and building regulations, as amended. However, the new construction legislation, effective from 1.4.2024, leads to a retroactive transfer of construction competences from municipalities to the state, to the newly created regional construction authorities. The long-awaited change in the legislation in the field of building regulations is expected to shorten the permitting processes and improve the functioning of building authorities. Municipalities will carry out the spatial planning, but the issuance of decisions on construction will be the responsibility of the state. The research presented in the paper, conducted through guided interviews with municipalities and district authorities in two selected regions of the SR, demonstrated the lack of state preparedness for the operation of the new state policy in the construction sector. We have come to a similar conclusion by theoretical analysis of the opinions of domestic and foreign authors. Optimal functioning of cooperation between state and local authorities would be possible with future legislative adjustments to the redistribution of construction proceedings between state and local self-government.
{"title":"Prerequisites for cooperation between self-government and state administration in the construction sector of the Slovak Republic in the light of the new legislation","authors":"E. Marišová, R. Štěpánková, Matúš Michalovič, Ivana Lichnerová, M. Mariš, Michal Cifranič, Jana Ďurkovičová","doi":"10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.02.04","url":null,"abstract":"Competences in the construction sector of the Slovak Republic (SR) under the current legislation are exercised at the local level of the state both by institutions of local self-government (municipalities) and state administration (district offices). The building authorities with the authority to decide on building permits are currently the municipalities to which the state has delegated building competences by Act No. 50/1976 Coll. on spatial planning and building regulations, as amended. However, the new construction legislation, effective from 1.4.2024, leads to a retroactive transfer of construction competences from municipalities to the state, to the newly created regional construction authorities. The long-awaited change in the legislation in the field of building regulations is expected to shorten the permitting processes and improve the functioning of building authorities. Municipalities will carry out the spatial planning, but the issuance of decisions on construction will be the responsibility of the state. The research presented in the paper, conducted through guided interviews with municipalities and district authorities in two selected regions of the SR, demonstrated the lack of state preparedness for the operation of the new state policy in the construction sector. We have come to a similar conclusion by theoretical analysis of the opinions of domestic and foreign authors. Optimal functioning of cooperation between state and local authorities would be possible with future legislative adjustments to the redistribution of construction proceedings between state and local self-government.","PeriodicalId":34800,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66906380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.01
Edward Molendowski, Kinga Nawracaj-Grygiel, Marta Ulbrych
Competitiveness is most frequently defined as an economy’s ability to cope with international competition and to ensure high employment and returns on production factors employed. Considering the importance of manufacturing in the economies of the Visegrad (V4) countries, is seems justified to examine the competitiveness of the economic sector, particularly in the perspective of the ongoing digital transformation. The article aims to present research findings regarding developments in the competitive position of manufacturing in Poland as compared to the V4 countries and to identify those countries’ preparedness for implementing changes resulting from the assumptions of the Industry 4.0 concept. The most significant inferences to be drawn from the analysis are discussed in the Conclusions section. Although the issue of competitiveness has been addressed by various economists and scholars, the existing body of publications still lacks investigations of manufacturing and the Visegrad countries. The analysis presented attempts to fill in the gap in that regard.
{"title":"The competitiveness of manufacturing in Poland and the other V4 countries against the backdrop of digital transformation challenges","authors":"Edward Molendowski, Kinga Nawracaj-Grygiel, Marta Ulbrych","doi":"10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15290/eejtr.2022.06.01.01","url":null,"abstract":"Competitiveness is most frequently defined as an economy’s ability to cope with international competition and to ensure high employment and returns on production factors employed. Considering the importance of manufacturing in the economies of the Visegrad (V4) countries, is seems justified to examine the competitiveness of the economic sector, particularly in the perspective of the ongoing digital transformation. The article aims to present research findings regarding developments in the competitive position of manufacturing in Poland as compared to the V4 countries and to identify those countries’ preparedness for implementing changes resulting from the assumptions of the Industry 4.0 concept. The most significant inferences to be drawn from the analysis are discussed in the Conclusions section. Although the issue of competitiveness has been addressed by various economists and scholars, the existing body of publications still lacks investigations of manufacturing and the Visegrad countries. The analysis presented attempts to fill in the gap in that regard.","PeriodicalId":34800,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66905994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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