Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.13
Yuriy Khomiak, O. Kibakov, Igor Gerasymov
Providing damage resistance is the most important requirement presented to railway axles. This paper provides a detailed review of the characteristics of resistance to fatigue crack growth in axles made of EA4T steel (25CrMo4). This steel is typical for axles of high-speed rolling stock. Resistance to fatigue crack growth is defined by the nature of the Paris-Erdogan curve da/dN=CKm, the parameters of which are the coefficient C and the exponent m. Determination of these parameters is based on the results of fatigue tests with the samples or with full-scale axles having cracks. The analysis of numerous scientific papers has shown that for the specified steel there is a significant scatter in the values of these parameters. This scatter is caused by a number of factors, the main of which are: the difference in test objects (from small samples of the SE(B) type to full-scale rolling axles 190 mm in diameter); the difference in loading methods (tension-compression, flat bending, circular bending); the variation of mechanical properties of EA4T steel. In the paper the models of surface fatigue crack geometry are analyzed and semi-elliptical shape of crack front line is selected as the most acceptable. The significant scatter in the values of the parameters m and C prevents to establish reliably the residual life of axles with cracks, which is an important characteristic for practical forecasting of axle survivability. The technique for parameters m and C optimization in view of semi-elliptical shape of the crack front line has been developed. The relationship linking the parameters m and C has been established. The method for determining the residual life of the axle by the criterion of non-destruction is proposed. The dependence between the residual life and the value of the parameters of the Paris-Erdogan equation in the development of fatigue failure is established. The procedure for axles monitoring timeframes setting to prevent their fatigue failure is discussed. Keywords: parameters of Paris-Erdogan equation, fatigue crack, residual life of axle.
提供抗破坏性是对铁路车轴最重要的要求。本文详细介绍了 EA4T 钢（25CrMo4）车轴抗疲劳裂纹生长的特性。这种钢是高速机车车辆车轴的典型材料。抗疲劳裂纹增长能力由巴黎-埃多耿曲线 da/dN=CKm 的性质决定，其参数为系数 C 和指数 m。对大量科学论文的分析表明，对于特定钢材，这些参数值存在明显的分散性。造成这种差异的因素很多，主要有：试验对象的不同（从 SE(B) 型小样本到直径 190 毫米的全尺寸轧轴）；加载方法的不同（拉伸-压缩、平面弯曲、圆形弯曲）；EA4T 钢机械性能的变化。本文分析了表面疲劳裂纹几何模型，并选择了裂纹前线的半椭圆形作为最可接受的模型。参数 m 和 C 值的显著分散性妨碍了可靠地确定有裂纹车桥的残余寿命，而残余寿命是实际预测车桥存活率的重要特征。针对裂纹前线的半椭圆形，开发了参数 m 和 C 的优化技术。建立了参数 m 和 C 之间的联系。提出了通过不破坏标准确定车轴剩余寿命的方法。确定了疲劳失效发展过程中残余寿命与巴黎-埃多耿方程参数值之间的关系。讨论了为防止车轴疲劳失效而设定车轴监测时限的程序。 关键词：巴黎-埃多耿方程参数、疲劳裂纹、车轴剩余寿命。
{"title":"DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF FATIGUE CRACKS GROWTH IN THE AXLES OF RAILWAY CARRIAGES","authors":"Yuriy Khomiak, O. Kibakov, Igor Gerasymov","doi":"10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Providing damage resistance is the most important requirement presented to railway axles. This paper provides a detailed review of the characteristics of resistance to fatigue crack growth in axles made of EA4T steel (25CrMo4). This steel is typical for axles of high-speed rolling stock. Resistance to fatigue crack growth is defined by the nature of the Paris-Erdogan curve da/dN=CKm, the parameters of which are the coefficient C and the exponent m. Determination of these parameters is based on the results of fatigue tests with the samples or with full-scale axles having cracks. The analysis of numerous scientific papers has shown that for the specified steel there is a significant scatter in the values of these parameters. This scatter is caused by a number of factors, the main of which are: the difference in test objects (from small samples of the SE(B) type to full-scale rolling axles 190 mm in diameter); the difference in loading methods (tension-compression, flat bending, circular bending); the variation of mechanical properties of EA4T steel. In the paper the models of surface fatigue crack geometry are analyzed and semi-elliptical shape of crack front line is selected as the most acceptable. The significant scatter in the values of the parameters m and C prevents to establish reliably the residual life of axles with cracks, which is an important characteristic for practical forecasting of axle survivability. The technique for parameters m and C optimization in view of semi-elliptical shape of the crack front line has been developed. The relationship linking the parameters m and C has been established. The method for determining the residual life of the axle by the criterion of non-destruction is proposed. The dependence between the residual life and the value of the parameters of the Paris-Erdogan equation in the development of fatigue failure is established. The procedure for axles monitoring timeframes setting to prevent their fatigue failure is discussed.\u0000Keywords: parameters of Paris-Erdogan equation, fatigue crack, residual life of axle.","PeriodicalId":348363,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD","volume":"182 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138995047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.06
Evgueny Ivanov
The paper proposes a method for improving the construction of parametric three-dimensional models of parts and the execution of drawings to solve the problems of compliance with the requirements of current standards, in particular, the depiction of sections of parts in drawings in the Autodesk Inventor package. To solve this problem, it was proposed to use an additional parametric three-dimensional hollow element that uses the geometric information of thin walls, lugs, etc. and is tied to the sectional plane. Using the functionality of the Autodesk Inventor package, a parametric three-dimensional hollow element is built, which along the transverse plane has a size proportional and comparable to the size of thin walls, ears, etc., differing in infinitesimal value. The size of a parametric three-dimensional hollow element perpendicular to the direction of the cross-sectional plane, on the contrary, is incomparable to the size of thin walls, ears, etc. For the convenience of using a hollow three-dimensional element, it is proposed to place it in such a way that the transverse plane is the plane of symmetry for it. Such a position facilitates the use of a hollow three-dimensional element when depicting thin walls, ears, etc. on orthogonal projections in accordance with the requirements of current standards. In order to meet the requirements of current standards for axonometric projections, the sectional plane is shifted relative to the axis of symmetry beyond the hollow element of thin walls, lugs, etc. that fall into the section. Since the width of the hollow element was set as an infinitesimal value, when the sectional plane is shifted relative to the symmetry axis, the hollow element of walls, lugs, etc. is hatching. Under these conditions, by performing an axonometric projection with a longitudinal section, we obtain a minimum error in the location of the sectional plane relative to the symmetry axis of the part. The conditions for building the element(s) allow you to hide it if necessary. The construction of an additional three-dimensional hollow element(s) does not require knowledge of the built-in VBA programming language and the use of iLogic tools. Keywords: conventions and simplifications of images, projection views, axonometric, parametric hollow area, toolset, Autodesk Inventor package
{"title":"OVERCOMING CAD DISADVANTAGES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF DETAIL DRAWINGS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF CURRENT STANDARDS","authors":"Evgueny Ivanov","doi":"10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.06","url":null,"abstract":"The paper proposes a method for improving the construction of parametric three-dimensional models of parts and the execution of drawings to solve the problems of compliance with the requirements of current standards, in particular, the depiction of sections of parts in drawings in the Autodesk Inventor package. To solve this problem, it was proposed to use an additional parametric three-dimensional hollow element that uses the geometric information of thin walls, lugs, etc. and is tied to the sectional plane. Using the functionality of the Autodesk Inventor package, a parametric three-dimensional hollow element is built, which along the transverse plane has a size proportional and comparable to the size of thin walls, ears, etc., differing in infinitesimal value. The size of a parametric three-dimensional hollow element perpendicular to the direction of the cross-sectional plane, on the contrary, is incomparable to the size of thin walls, ears, etc. For the convenience of using a hollow three-dimensional element, it is proposed to place it in such a way that the transverse plane is the plane of symmetry for it. Such a position facilitates the use of a hollow three-dimensional element when depicting thin walls, ears, etc. on orthogonal projections in accordance with the requirements of current standards. In order to meet the requirements of current standards for axonometric projections, the sectional plane is shifted relative to the axis of symmetry beyond the hollow element of thin walls, lugs, etc. that fall into the section. Since the width of the hollow element was set as an infinitesimal value, when the sectional plane is shifted relative to the symmetry axis, the hollow element of walls, lugs, etc. is hatching. Under these conditions, by performing an axonometric projection with a longitudinal section, we obtain a minimum error in the location of the sectional plane relative to the symmetry axis of the part. The conditions for building the element(s) allow you to hide it if necessary. The construction of an additional three-dimensional hollow element(s) does not require knowledge of the built-in VBA programming language and the use of iLogic tools.\u0000Keywords: conventions and simplifications of images, projection views, axonometric, parametric hollow area, toolset, Autodesk Inventor package","PeriodicalId":348363,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD","volume":"90 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138965073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.12
Jurij Sharaban, Oleksandr Shehov
The article presents a method for comparative analysis of the bearing capacity of planetary mechanisms of various kinematic schemes using several CAD/CAE software environments. To implement the method of comparative analysis, the KOMPAS-3D and SolidWorks software environments were used. In the first environment, calculations were performed according to the method of the GOST 21354-87 standard. The initial data and results of calculations performed by the KOMPAS-GEARS software package are stored in the appropriate files. In the second environment, a parametric 3D geometric solid model of the kinematic scheme of the planetary mechanism was created. According to this model, such characteristics of gears as mass and axial moment of inertia were determined. These characteristics are used to perform optimization calculations of the mass and speed of the designed planetary mechanism. The study of the speed of the planetary mechanism can be carried out in SolidWorks Motion. The overall dimensions of the model allow the designer to assess the acceptability of the design constraints for given dimensions to the specified requirements. According to the method, a study was made of the suitability of gear designs that were designed for a closed planetary mechanism as gears of an open-loop sequential planetary mechanism. The closed planetary gear is formed by two simple James planetary gears. The circuities planetary gear is formed by the series connection of the same simple planetary gears. Two cases of loading gears for a given kinematic scheme of the planetary mechanism were studied. Keywords: simple James planetary mechanism (mechanisms type ); closed planetary mechanism; contourless planetary gear; moment of inertia of gear-wheel; gear mass; planetary gear mass; contact strength of the gearing; bending strength of the gearing; toothing resource; 3D geometric solid model of the kinematic scheme of the planetary mechanism
{"title":"COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE BEARING CAPACITY OF PLANETARY MECHANISMS FORMED ON THE BASIS BY TWO SIMPLE JAMES PLANETARY MECHANISMS, ACCORDING TO SEQUENTIAL NON-LOOP AND CLOSED KINEMATIC SCHEMES WITH ONE LOOP","authors":"Jurij Sharaban, Oleksandr Shehov","doi":"10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents a method for comparative analysis of the bearing capacity of planetary mechanisms of various kinematic schemes using several CAD/CAE software environments. To implement the method of comparative analysis, the KOMPAS-3D and SolidWorks software environments were used. In the first environment, calculations were performed according to the method of the GOST 21354-87 standard. The initial data and results of calculations performed by the KOMPAS-GEARS software package are stored in the appropriate files. In the second environment, a parametric 3D geometric solid model of the kinematic scheme of the planetary mechanism was created. According to this model, such characteristics of gears as mass and axial moment of inertia were determined. These characteristics are used to perform optimization calculations of the mass and speed of the designed planetary mechanism. The study of the speed of the planetary mechanism can be carried out in SolidWorks Motion. The overall dimensions of the model allow the designer to assess the acceptability of the design constraints for given dimensions to the specified requirements. According to the method, a study was made of the suitability of gear designs that were designed for a closed planetary mechanism as gears of an open-loop sequential planetary mechanism. The closed planetary gear is formed by two simple James planetary gears. The circuities planetary gear is formed by the series connection of the same simple planetary gears. Two cases of loading gears for a given kinematic scheme of the planetary mechanism were studied.\u0000Keywords: simple James planetary mechanism (mechanisms type ); closed planetary mechanism; contourless planetary gear; moment of inertia of gear-wheel; gear mass; planetary gear mass; contact strength of the gearing; bending strength of the gearing; toothing resource; 3D geometric solid model of the kinematic scheme of the planetary mechanism","PeriodicalId":348363,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD","volume":"79 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138965304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.04
A. Gaydamaka, Andrey Lukashov
Designing of construction of a bearing cage base on empirical data does not provide an opportunity to assess the impact of many structural and operational factors. Therefore, there is a need to develop analytical models of the functioning of roller bearings in order to determine the magnitude of the loads imposed on the separator by bearing parts. For this purpose, it is necessary to improve the models of the statics, kinematics and dynamics of bearing heads. This article examines high-capacity bearings with straight rollers of the normal accuracy grade, which, unlike bearings with taper rollers, allow higher operating speeds. The lack of a scientifically based model of the kinematics of straight roller bearings of the normal accuracy grade does not allow building an adequate model of their dynamics and therefore assessing the performance of their parts, which affects the reliability of machine support units. The analysis of the technical literature enables revealing that the vast majority of the articles on dynamics models are devoted to the speed group, which is used in the aviation and space industries. The dynamics of low-speed straight roller bearings under heavy operating conditions are the most extensively studied for the supporting units of the rolling stock of railway transport. We have determined the basic tasks for improving the dynamics models of low-speed straight roller bearings of normal accuracy grade, which are aimed at optimizing the kinematics models and studying the dynamics of the bearings in the areas loaded and unloaded by external forces, taking into account misalignment of the rings and deformation of the cage. The task of improving the dynamics models will include the development of 3D models of the interaction of the cage with the rollers in the radial load area, as well as the cage with the base ring, taking into account misalignment of the parts. New models of the bearing dynamics enable determining the forces of interaction of the parts under any operating mode to assess their performance and design optimal constructions of the cage. Key words: roller bearing, dynamics models, radial load area, cage, rollers
{"title":"PROBLEMS OF IMPROVING OF DYNAMIC MODELS OF CYLINDRICAL ROLLER BEARINGS","authors":"A. Gaydamaka, Andrey Lukashov","doi":"10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"Designing of construction of a bearing cage base on empirical data does not provide an opportunity to assess the impact of many structural and operational factors. Therefore, there is a need to develop analytical models of the functioning of roller bearings in order to determine the magnitude of the loads imposed on the separator by bearing parts. For this purpose, it is necessary to improve the models of the statics, kinematics and dynamics of bearing heads. This article examines high-capacity bearings with straight rollers of the normal accuracy grade, which, unlike bearings with taper rollers, allow higher operating speeds. The lack of a scientifically based model of the kinematics of straight roller bearings of the normal accuracy grade does not allow building an adequate model of their dynamics and therefore assessing the performance of their parts, which affects the reliability of machine support units. The analysis of the technical literature enables revealing that the vast majority of the articles on dynamics models are devoted to the speed group, which is used in the aviation and space industries. The dynamics of low-speed straight roller bearings under heavy operating conditions are the most extensively studied for the supporting units of the rolling stock of railway transport. We have determined the basic tasks for improving the dynamics models of low-speed straight roller bearings of normal accuracy grade, which are aimed at optimizing the kinematics models and studying the dynamics of the bearings in the areas loaded and unloaded by external forces, taking into account misalignment of the rings and deformation of the cage. The task of improving the dynamics models will include the development of 3D models of the interaction of the cage with the rollers in the radial load area, as well as the cage with the base ring, taking into account misalignment of the parts. New models of the bearing dynamics enable determining the forces of interaction of the parts under any operating mode to assess their performance and design optimal constructions of the cage.\u0000Key words: roller bearing, dynamics models, radial load area, cage, rollers","PeriodicalId":348363,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD","volume":"30 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138995575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.01
O. Bashta, P. Nosko, Grygorii Boiko, Volodymyr Melnyk, A. Bashta
The simultaneous contact of two pairs of teeth between their active profiles creates a closed volume of the oil-air mixture. Reducing this volume leads to the occurrence of such a negative phenomenon as periodic compression and expansion of the oil-air mixture in volume. At high gear rotation speeds, a significant increase in the pressure of the oil-air mixture is observed and, as a result, additional vibration of the gearing occurs. The oil-air mixture outflow rate can reach the speed of sound, which causes additional noise during gear operation, and at high rotational speeds, a hydraulic shock occurs in the space closed between the pinion and gear teeth, resulting in cavitation. By representing the helical gear as a set of spur gears displaced relative to each other in the tangential direction, it simplified the mathematical model to describe thermodynamic processes in a series of isolated cavities. The following variants are considered: a) the first cavity in the direction of engagement is connected to the environment on one side and to the next second cavity on the other side; b) some i-th cavity is connected to the cavities i - 1 and i + 1, respectively; c) the edge cavity N is connected to the previous cavity N - 1 and the environment. Thus, a mathematical model of the periodic compression-expansion of the oil-air mixture in the space closed between the teeth is presented, which considers the cross-sectional areas of the axial and radial flows of the oil-air mixture, the ambient pressure of the space closed between the teeth, the velocity of the radial flow of the oil-air mixture, the instantaneous volume of the elementary cavity closed between the teeth, and the current pressure in the cavity. Keywords: power losses, oil-air mixture, periodic compression-expansion, toothed gears, mathematical model, hydrodynamic model
两对齿的活动轮廓同时接触会产生一个封闭的油气混合物容积。容积的减小会导致油气混合物容积周期性压缩和膨胀等负面现象的发生。在齿轮高速旋转时，油气混合物的压力会显著增加，从而导致齿轮产生额外的振动。油气混合物的流出速度可达到声速，从而在齿轮运转过程中产生额外的噪音，而且在高速旋转时，小齿轮和轮齿之间的封闭空间会产生液压冲击，导致气蚀。通过将斜齿轮表示为一组在切线方向上相对位移的正齿轮，简化了数学模型以描述一系列孤立空腔中的热力学过程。考虑了以下变体：a) 啮合方向上的第一个空腔一侧与环境相连，另一侧与下一个空腔相连；b) 第 i 个空腔分别与第 i - 1 和 i + 1 个空腔相连；c) 边缘空腔 N 与前一个空腔 N - 1 和环境相连。因此，提出了齿间封闭空间中油气混合物周期性压缩膨胀的数学模型，该模型考虑了油气混合物轴向和径向流动的横截面积、齿间封闭空间的环境压力、油气混合物径向流动的速度、齿间封闭基本空腔的瞬时体积以及空腔中的当前压力。 关键词：功率损失、油气混合物、周期性压缩膨胀、齿形齿轮、数学模型、流体力学模型
{"title":"DETERMINATION OF POWER LOSSES DUE TO PERIODIC COMPRESSION-EXPANSION OF THE OIL-AIR MIXTURE BETWEEN THE TEETH OF GEARS. PART 1. MATHEMATICAL MODEL","authors":"O. Bashta, P. Nosko, Grygorii Boiko, Volodymyr Melnyk, A. Bashta","doi":"10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"The simultaneous contact of two pairs of teeth between their active profiles creates a closed volume of the oil-air mixture. Reducing this volume leads to the occurrence of such a negative phenomenon as periodic compression and expansion of the oil-air mixture in volume. At high gear rotation speeds, a significant increase in the pressure of the oil-air mixture is observed and, as a result, additional vibration of the gearing occurs. The oil-air mixture outflow rate can reach the speed of sound, which causes additional noise during gear operation, and at high rotational speeds, a hydraulic shock occurs in the space closed between the pinion and gear teeth, resulting in cavitation. By representing the helical gear as a set of spur gears displaced relative to each other in the tangential direction, it simplified the mathematical model to describe thermodynamic processes in a series of isolated cavities. The following variants are considered: a) the first cavity in the direction of engagement is connected to the environment on one side and to the next second cavity on the other side; b) some i-th cavity is connected to the cavities i - 1 and i + 1, respectively; c) the edge cavity N is connected to the previous cavity N - 1 and the environment. Thus, a mathematical model of the periodic compression-expansion of the oil-air mixture in the space closed between the teeth is presented, which considers the cross-sectional areas of the axial and radial flows of the oil-air mixture, the ambient pressure of the space closed between the teeth, the velocity of the radial flow of the oil-air mixture, the instantaneous volume of the elementary cavity closed between the teeth, and the current pressure in the cavity.\u0000Keywords: power losses, oil-air mixture, periodic compression-expansion, toothed gears, mathematical model, hydrodynamic model","PeriodicalId":348363,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD","volume":" 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138995129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.02
O. Bondarenko
The relevance of modern metaheuristic algorithms has been proven, a number of terms and relationships between them are illuminated, and a need for classification has been clarified. An approach to the classification of metaheuristic algorithms has proposed, based on the terms and division of categories taken from the natural sciences. This makes it possible to combine a certain segment of knowledge into a cluster with a single terminology. Considering the category of «metaphor» and its functions in the formation of metaheuristic algorithms, it made it possible to gain a deeper understanding of possibilities for using metaphors in scientific activity. A new metaheuristic algorithm «Search by mobility» has proposed, which has based on actions and processes similar to the processes of general social and everyday mobility of people, and its main provisions had formed. «Search by mobility» creates a high level of self-organizing parameter search system that corresponds to the general provisions of synergy in technical systems. The metaphor of the «Search by mobility» algorithm has described. Basic definitions and categories are considered. This enables a high-quality presentation, description and delivery of ideas, principles of operation and sequences of algorithms. Because of using a metaphor, we get an increase in understanding and intensification of conveying an idea. The new metaheuristic algorithm «Search by mobility» has described, which is based on processes that copy the social mobility of human communities. Also, the algorithm «Search by mobility» combines elements of a modified evolutionary algorithm, which allows to get as close as possible to the life and social process of most of humanity, that is the desire to take a better or no worse than the current life position. The proposed new metaheuristic algorithm «Search by mobility» showed higher efficiency than standard and modified evolutionary algorithms at the stage of conducting test trials. The extension of those evolutionary algorithms by local searches taken together with the proposed strategy, which is a reflection of the metaphor, showed the prevailing results. Keywords: metaheuristic algorithm, metaphor, optimization, «Search by mobility»
{"title":"NEW METAHEURISTIC ALGORITHM «SEARCH BY MOBILITY»","authors":"O. Bondarenko","doi":"10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of modern metaheuristic algorithms has been proven, a number of terms and relationships between them are illuminated, and a need for classification has been clarified. An approach to the classification of metaheuristic algorithms has proposed, based on the terms and division of categories taken from the natural sciences. This makes it possible to combine a certain segment of knowledge into a cluster with a single terminology. Considering the category of «metaphor» and its functions in the formation of metaheuristic algorithms, it made it possible to gain a deeper understanding of possibilities for using metaphors in scientific activity. A new metaheuristic algorithm «Search by mobility» has proposed, which has based on actions and processes similar to the processes of general social and everyday mobility of people, and its main provisions had formed. «Search by mobility» creates a high level of self-organizing parameter search system that corresponds to the general provisions of synergy in technical systems. The metaphor of the «Search by mobility» algorithm has described. Basic definitions and categories are considered. This enables a high-quality presentation, description and delivery of ideas, principles of operation and sequences of algorithms. Because of using a metaphor, we get an increase in understanding and intensification of conveying an idea. The new metaheuristic algorithm «Search by mobility» has described, which is based on processes that copy the social mobility of human communities. Also, the algorithm «Search by mobility» combines elements of a modified evolutionary algorithm, which allows to get as close as possible to the life and social process of most of humanity, that is the desire to take a better or no worse than the current life position. The proposed new metaheuristic algorithm «Search by mobility» showed higher efficiency than standard and modified evolutionary algorithms at the stage of conducting test trials. The extension of those evolutionary algorithms by local searches taken together with the proposed strategy, which is a reflection of the metaphor, showed the prevailing results.\u0000Keywords: metaheuristic algorithm, metaphor, optimization, «Search by mobility»","PeriodicalId":348363,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD","volume":" 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138995271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.07
O. Zinchenko
An analysis of the literature and developing models and methods for analyzing the stress-strain system based on the contact interaction between bodies has been conducted. The history of the development of models and methods of analysis of the stress-deformation mill with the protection of contact interaction is considered, which makes it possible to appy the postulates with the drive of what is not necessary: the combination of different types of nonlinearities; transition to a variational formulation of the problem; protection of the surface of contacting bodies; establishment of the method of formalized parametric modeling simultaneously with the combined elements method. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the model, since, in view of the known previous models, they will operate from variable, rather than permanent, physical-mechanical influences on the material of the torsion shafts. It has been concluded that the methods for breaking up the stress-deforming machine, which have been formed, do not support many factors that influence on the elements of armored vehicles, so as not to give an adequate assessment of their value and efficiency durability. The need to move to a variable formulation of the problem and a formalized parametric modeling of processes and stages in the design research of elements of combat armored vehicles simultaneously from the combined element method has been considered. This will make it possible to organize the search for rational design and technological solutions for torsion shafts being part of light armored vehicles with high tactical and technical characteristics. In this case, it is necessary to ensure sufficient adequacy of the model and satisfactory efficiency in numerical investigations. Keywords: light armored vehicle; tactical and technical characteristics; torsion shaft; stress-strain state; strength; durability; elastic-plastic deformation; contact interaction
{"title":"FORMATION OF MODELS AND METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF STRESS-STRAIN STAND WITH CONTACT INTERACTIONS (REVIEW ARTICLE)","authors":"O. Zinchenko","doi":"10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2079-0775.2023.2.07","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis of the literature and developing models and methods for analyzing the stress-strain system based on the contact interaction between bodies has been conducted. The history of the development of models and methods of analysis of the stress-deformation mill with the protection of contact interaction is considered, which makes it possible to appy the postulates with the drive of what is not necessary: the combination of different types of nonlinearities; transition to a variational formulation of the problem; protection of the surface of contacting bodies; establishment of the method of formalized parametric modeling simultaneously with the combined elements method. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the model, since, in view of the known previous models, they will operate from variable, rather than permanent, physical-mechanical influences on the material of the torsion shafts. It has been concluded that the methods for breaking up the stress-deforming machine, which have been formed, do not support many factors that influence on the elements of armored vehicles, so as not to give an adequate assessment of their value and efficiency durability. The need to move to a variable formulation of the problem and a formalized parametric modeling of processes and stages in the design research of elements of combat armored vehicles simultaneously from the combined element method has been considered. This will make it possible to organize the search for rational design and technological solutions for torsion shafts being part of light armored vehicles with high tactical and technical characteristics. In this case, it is necessary to ensure sufficient adequacy of the model and satisfactory efficiency in numerical investigations.\u0000Keywords: light armored vehicle; tactical and technical characteristics; torsion shaft; stress-strain state; strength; durability; elastic-plastic deformation; contact interaction","PeriodicalId":348363,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD","volume":"28 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138995627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.20998/2079-0775.2023.1.15
I. Yakovenko, Olexandr Permyakov, Y. Basova, A. Kotliar, Oleksii Rudenko
The main layout features of portable machines with stationary machines of various groups are analyzed. The prospects and market trends for the growth in this class's equipment use in solving the problems of repair and modernization of various objects of heavy and power engineering, as well as in conventional engineering production, have been established. The main reasons that affect the accuracy of surface shaping during processing by portable machines are established, both from the side of the layout structure of the equipment and from the technological parameters of the shaping process. The issues of the relationship of layout solutions with basing a portable machine on the processing object and the kinematic scheme of shaping are considered. Based on this relationship, the factors affecting the accuracy of shaping were established and analyzed, which formed the basis of the proposed method for controlling accuracy at the early stages of creating portable machines, namely through the use of an aggregate-modular principle of equipment layout at the design stage of portable machines. This approach emphasizes the compliance of the proposed methodology with three modern concepts for the development of industrial production, namely, the widespread use of mechatronic systems, product lifecycle management through CALS technologies, and an integrated approach to creating technological systems through information technologies that form the basis of Industry 4.0. Based on the conducted research, a method for designing portable machine tools is proposed that provides control over the accuracy of processing, the layout of which is based on the aggregate-modular principle using the certification of technological modules. Keywords: mechanical processing, portable machine tools, layout, aggregate-modular principle, design, accuracy
{"title":"ENSURING OF ACCURACY DURING PROCESSING OF HEAVY MACHINERY OBJECTS WITH PORTABLE MACHINES","authors":"I. Yakovenko, Olexandr Permyakov, Y. Basova, A. Kotliar, Oleksii Rudenko","doi":"10.20998/2079-0775.2023.1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2079-0775.2023.1.15","url":null,"abstract":"The main layout features of portable machines with stationary machines of various groups are analyzed. The prospects and market trends for the growth in this class's equipment use in solving the problems of repair and modernization of various objects of heavy and power engineering, as well as in conventional engineering production, have been established. The main reasons that affect the accuracy of surface shaping during processing by portable machines are established, both from the side of the layout structure of the equipment and from the technological parameters of the shaping process. The issues of the relationship of layout solutions with basing a portable machine on the processing object and the kinematic scheme of shaping are considered. Based on this relationship, the factors affecting the accuracy of shaping were established and analyzed, which formed the basis of the proposed method for controlling accuracy at the early stages of creating portable machines, namely through the use of an aggregate-modular principle of equipment layout at the design stage of portable machines. This approach emphasizes the compliance of the proposed methodology with three modern concepts for the development of industrial production, namely, the widespread use of mechatronic systems, product lifecycle management through CALS technologies, and an integrated approach to creating technological systems through information technologies that form the basis of Industry 4.0. Based on the conducted research, a method for designing portable machine tools is proposed that provides control over the accuracy of processing, the layout of which is based on the aggregate-modular principle using the certification of technological modules.\u0000Keywords: mechanical processing, portable machine tools, layout, aggregate-modular principle, design, accuracy","PeriodicalId":348363,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134486878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.20998/2079-0775.2023.1.09
A. Rogovyi, A. Azarov, Egor Ovcharov, O. Shudryk, Pavlo Tolstyi
The development of three-dimensional modeling and analysis of the flow based on the solution of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations allows to better determine the characteristics and flow parameters, but requires significantly more time spent on simulation and proof or verification of mathematical models in order to obtain minimal calculation errors. The aim of the work is to determine gas flow patterns in a high-pressure centrifugal compressor based on numerical methods for calculating the flow and to compare the integral characteristics with experimental data. The adequacy of the mathematical model with a displacement of the mass flow rate by 0.3 kg/s was confirmed. Nevertheless, the maximum mismatch of the determination of the total pressure ratio is equal to 8% in the zone of optimal values with flow displacement. The maximum error of determining efficiency is 9%. In the zone of optimal values, if the flow rate characteristic is shifted, the error of efficiency calculating does not exceed 2%. The pressure distribution along the impeller blades and the diffuser blades showed ways to optimize the blade shape to increase the compressor efficiency: there is an intersection of the lines for the optimal mode of the rotor blade; the splitter blade works in normal mode, but the distribution can be improved by changing the blade shape in the initial section; the intersection of the pressure lines for the optimal mode indicates the insufficient quality of the diffuser, which can be improved by changing the shape of the blade. For a more qualitative mathematical description of the flow patterns in the compressor, it is advisable to use the SST turbulence model, with a larger number of elements. The compressor characteristics were obtained numerically and the integral parameters of operation were determined. Keywords: high-pressure centrifugal compressor, numerical simulation, mathematical modeling, performances, adequacy
{"title":"PATTERNS OF GAS FLOW IN A HIGH-PRESSURE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR","authors":"A. Rogovyi, A. Azarov, Egor Ovcharov, O. Shudryk, Pavlo Tolstyi","doi":"10.20998/2079-0775.2023.1.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2079-0775.2023.1.09","url":null,"abstract":"The development of three-dimensional modeling and analysis of the flow based on the solution of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations allows to better determine the characteristics and flow parameters, but requires significantly more time spent on simulation and proof or verification of mathematical models in order to obtain minimal calculation errors. The aim of the work is to determine gas flow patterns in a high-pressure centrifugal compressor based on numerical methods for calculating the flow and to compare the integral characteristics with experimental data. The adequacy of the mathematical model with a displacement of the mass flow rate by 0.3 kg/s was confirmed. Nevertheless, the maximum mismatch of the determination of the total pressure ratio is equal to 8% in the zone of optimal values with flow displacement. The maximum error of determining efficiency is 9%. In the zone of optimal values, if the flow rate characteristic is shifted, the error of efficiency calculating does not exceed 2%. The pressure distribution along the impeller blades and the diffuser blades showed ways to optimize the blade shape to increase the compressor efficiency: there is an intersection of the lines for the optimal mode of the rotor blade; the splitter blade works in normal mode, but the distribution can be improved by changing the blade shape in the initial section; the intersection of the pressure lines for the optimal mode indicates the insufficient quality of the diffuser, which can be improved by changing the shape of the blade. For a more qualitative mathematical description of the flow patterns in the compressor, it is advisable to use the SST turbulence model, with a larger number of elements. The compressor characteristics were obtained numerically and the integral parameters of operation were determined.\u0000Keywords: high-pressure centrifugal compressor, numerical simulation, mathematical modeling, performances, adequacy","PeriodicalId":348363,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134161439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.20998/2079-0775.2023.1.14
Andrej Chríbik, M. Poloni, Ľ. Magdolen, Andrej Majkút, R. Protasov
The article is devoted to the use of low-energy synthesized gas (synthesis gas) as a fuel for internal combustion engines, which in turn transmit mechanical energy to a cogeneration plant (combined production of heat and electricity). Such power plants allow you to achieve high values of total effective efficiency when using a conventional internal combustion engine with spark ignition. The analysed synthetic gases can be obtained by the method of gasification of household waste with access to air. In this work, synthesis gases were obtained in laboratory conditions. The composition of the components of the studied synthesis gases corresponds to several gas mixtures that are created during the artificial gasification of household waste of certain categories. The influence of the composition of the synthesis gas components on the internal parameters of the internal combustion engine was studied. The process of supplying fuel to the engine was controlled by a standard block with several sensors connected to it in the combustion chamber and the exhaust manifold. Engine operation on all synthesis gas mixtures was compared with operation on pure methane mixture. The analysis shows that the drop in efficiency indicators in the form of indicator mean effective pressure (IMEP) ranges from 10% to 40% compared to work on a pure methane mixture. With an increase in the proportion of hydrogen in the synthesis gas, the stiffness of the engine, as well as the rate of heat generation, increases. When the synthesis gas contained a high proportion of carbon monoxide, the stiffness of the engine was the lowest. The main combustion time of synthesis gas is reduced when hydrogen is added to the mixture, and due to an increase in the proportion of methane or carbon monoxide, it increases on the contrary. The presented results make it possible to analyses the processes occurring in the internal combustion engine, as well as the influence of the components of the synthesis gas produced from renewable energy sources. This will make it possible to adjust the gas production process in such a way as to achieve the highest possible energy and economic indicators of its utilization in the cogeneration plant. Keywords: internal combustion engine, synthesis gases, analysis of pressure
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE SYNTHETIZED GAS ON THE COMBUSTION PROCESS OF THE MIXTURE IN THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE","authors":"Andrej Chríbik, M. Poloni, Ľ. Magdolen, Andrej Majkút, R. Protasov","doi":"10.20998/2079-0775.2023.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20998/2079-0775.2023.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the use of low-energy synthesized gas (synthesis gas) as a fuel for internal combustion engines, which in turn transmit mechanical energy to a cogeneration plant (combined production of heat and electricity). Such power plants allow you to achieve high values of total effective efficiency when using a conventional internal combustion engine with spark ignition. The analysed synthetic gases can be obtained by the method of gasification of household waste with access to air. In this work, synthesis gases were obtained in laboratory conditions. The composition of the components of the studied synthesis gases corresponds to several gas mixtures that are created during the artificial gasification of household waste of certain categories. The influence of the composition of the synthesis gas components on the internal parameters of the internal combustion engine was studied. The process of supplying fuel to the engine was controlled by a standard block with several sensors connected to it in the combustion chamber and the exhaust manifold. Engine operation on all synthesis gas mixtures was compared with operation on pure methane mixture. The analysis shows that the drop in efficiency indicators in the form of indicator mean effective pressure (IMEP) ranges from 10% to 40% compared to work on a pure methane mixture. With an increase in the proportion of hydrogen in the synthesis gas, the stiffness of the engine, as well as the rate of heat generation, increases. When the synthesis gas contained a high proportion of carbon monoxide, the stiffness of the engine was the lowest. The main combustion time of synthesis gas is reduced when hydrogen is added to the mixture, and due to an increase in the proportion of methane or carbon monoxide, it increases on the contrary. The presented results make it possible to analyses the processes occurring in the internal combustion engine, as well as the influence of the components of the synthesis gas produced from renewable energy sources. This will make it possible to adjust the gas production process in such a way as to achieve the highest possible energy and economic indicators of its utilization in the cogeneration plant. \u0000Keywords: internal combustion engine, synthesis gases, analysis of pressure","PeriodicalId":348363,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121742831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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