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‘The Food Must Reach the Hungry’: Lessons from Judicial Enforcement of Right to Food in India 食物必须送到饥饿者手中":印度食物权司法执行的经验教训
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1515/gj-2024-0036
Hiranmayee Mishra
Food security and securing right to food for all is one of the essential mandate for a welfare State especially for achieving aspiring targets of Sustainable Development Goals 2030. Judicialisation of right to food is a substantial way through which right to food can be protected and implemented at domestic level. The Indian experience of right to food adjudication depicts that the Supreme Court has carved out an expansive role for itself through judicial activism to secure the fundamental rights of the citizens. The PUCL case, popularly called as right to food case has set off a cascade of judicial action and made India a model showing how courts can effectively implement socio-economic rights through judicial intervention. This model of adjudicatory leadership by the constitutional courts shows a remedy-oriented approach which have overcome the normative concerns of democratic legitimacy and polycentricity. Courts have strengthened the institutional legitimacy through participatory democracy with citizens and adjudicated multifaceted policy concerns. The author put forth the emergence of ‘triad model’ of adjudication where interaction of courts, local bodies and citizens makes enforcement of the right more practicable. The article concludes that Courts can be a catalyst for transforming public policy implementation by securing basic right to the citizens through innovative remedies.
粮食安全和确保所有人的食物权是福利国家的基本任务之一,尤其是为了实现 2030 年可持续发展目标的预期目标。食物权司法化是在国内保护和落实食物权的重要途径。印度在食物权裁决方面的经验表明,最高法院已通过司法能动主义为自己发挥了广泛的作用,以确保公民的基本权利。PUCL 案(俗称 "食物权案")引发了一连串的司法行动,使印度成为展示法院如何通过司法干预有效落实社会经济权利的典范。宪法法院的这一裁决领导模式显示了一种以补救为导向的方法,克服了民主合法性和多中心的规范性问题。法院通过公民参与式民主加强了机构的合法性,并对多方面的政策问题做出了裁决。作者提出了 "三位一体模式 "裁决的出现,即法院、地方机构和公民的互动使权利的实施更加切实可行。文章的结论是,法院可以通过创新的补救措施确保公民的基本权利,从而成为改变公共政策执行方式的催化剂。
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引用次数: 0
On the History of Water as a Human Right and Its Recognition in the Cuban Constitution 水作为一项人权的历史及其在古巴宪法中的认可
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1515/gj-2024-0016
Beatriz L. Yera, Yanelys D. Triana
To say that water is one of the most important natural elements for life would be unnecessary. In fact, because of its incalculable value, it is recognised as blue gold. Unfortunately, it is sometimes forgotten that its protection is one of the main challenges facing society today. The scarcity of the vital liquid is becoming increasingly noticeable due to climate change, population growth and careless management by humans. On closer examination it can be appreciated as a natural element, a chemical element, an economic good, a cultural good, among other denominations because it is so versatile, but above all, it is a human right. Although the latter is not something that has always been established in this way, it took many years for it to be officially recognised. In this research, a historical, doctrinal and comparative study is carried out on the regulation of water as a human right, with special reference to its treatment in Cuban constitutionalism. In order to carry out this study, an analysis is made based on the role played by water in the development of humanity, its recognition as a human right and its inclusion in Cuba’s constitutional history. Theoretical-legal, historical-legal, analytical-legal and document analysis research methods were used for this purpose.
水是生命中最重要的自然元素之一,这一点毋庸赘言。事实上,由于其不可估量的价值,它被公认为 "蓝色黄金"。遗憾的是,人们有时会忘记,保护水是当今社会面临的主要挑战之一。由于气候变化、人口增长和人类粗心大意的管理,这种重要液体的稀缺性日益明显。仔细观察,我们可以将其视为一种自然元素、一种化学元素、一种经济产品、一种文化产品以及其他名称,因为它的用途非常广泛,但最重要的是,它是一种人权。虽然后者并非一直以这种方式确立,但多年后才得到正式承认。本研究从历史、理论和比较的角度对水权作为一项人权的规定进行了研究,并特别提到了古巴宪法对水权的规定。为了开展这项研究,我们分析了水在人类发展中所发挥的作用、水被承认为一项人权以及水被纳入古巴宪法的历史。为此采用了理论-法律、历史-法律、分析-法律和文件分析等研究方法。
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引用次数: 0
Capitalising on Uncertainty: Exploring the Failure of International Law to Address the Risk Generated by the Proliferation of Space Debris 利用不确定性:探索国际法在应对空间碎片扩散所产生的风险方面的失误
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1515/gj-2024-0047
Vincent Seffinga
Abstract The increase in the number of space activities in recent decades has led to a concomitant increase in space debris in orbit around Earth. Space debris pose a risk not just for specific satellites, but also on a systemic level, as a collision cascade can result in the near-Earth orbits becoming unusable. In turn, this would entail a loss of the services currently provided through satellites. The international community has recognised this risk. Despite this, states are reluctant to negotiate and conclude international legal rules to address the proliferation of space debris. This article explores a root cause of this discrepancy. It argues that while law is typically seen as the regulator of uncertainty, international law’s regulation of outer space – under the interests of global capital investors – is directed by principles that support processes of commodification (i.e., the freedom of use), rather than principles that manage the risks associated with the proliferation of space debris as these would constrain (or are perceived to constrain) the expansion of capital (e.g., the precautionary principle). Therefore, international law – at the level of principles – is a co-producer of uncertainty. This conclusion is reached by exploring the proliferation of space debris through Ulrich Beck’s world risk society and by incorporating capital and economic power into his work. This inclusion reveals (i) that it is the accumulation of capital that generates risks and (ii) that capital exploits the socially constructed nature of risk to legitimise its expansion. International law – as both a regulator and co-producer of uncertainty – plays an essential role in legitimising these processes.
摘要 近几十年来空间活动数量的增加导致环绕地球轨道的空间碎片随之增加。空间碎片不仅对特定卫星构成风险,而且在系统层面也构成风险,因为一连串的碰撞可能导致近地轨道无法使用。反过来,这将导致目前通过卫星提供的服务的损失。国际社会已经认识到这一风险。尽管如此,各国仍不愿谈判缔结国际法律规则来解决空间碎片扩散问题。本文探讨了造成这种差异的根本原因。文章认为,虽然法律通常被视为不确定性的调节器,但在全球资本投资者的利益驱动下,国际法对外层空间的监管是以支持商品化进程的原则(即使用自由)为指导,而不是以管理与空间碎片扩散相关的风险的原则为指导,因为这些原则会限制(或被认为会限制)资本的扩张(如预防原则)。因此,国际法--在原则层面--是不确定性的共同制造者。通过乌尔里希-贝克(Ulrich Beck)的 "世界风险社会"(world risk society)以及将资本和经济力量纳入其工作中来探讨空间碎片的扩散,我们得出了这一结论。这种纳入揭示了:(i) 产生风险的是资本的积累;(ii) 资本利用风险的社会建构性质使其扩张合法化。国际法--既是不确定性的监管者,又是不确定性的共同制造者--在使这些过程合法化方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Two Tales of the Energy Commons Through the Lens of Complexity 复杂性透视下的两个能源共享故事
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1515/gj-2024-0010
Björn Hoops
The Energy Commons embody the small-scale generation of renewable energy by groups of citizens. Existing scholarship and the European Union’s rules on the internal governance of citizen and renewable energy communities envision the Energy Commons as making the energy transition more democratic, equitable, inclusive, and local. Based on empirical research on citizen-led energy generation in Germany, this contribution examines the extent to which Energy Commons in practice live up to these normative ideals, why they partially fail to do so and how regulatory change can enable Energy Commons to converge to these ideals. This contribution sets out different types of Energy Commons and assesses how each type performs against scholarly expectations and the EU rules on their internal governance. It identifies the complexity of the energy sector as the main obstacle to achieving said normative ideals and sketches guidelines for regulatory change to reduce this complexity.
共享能源体现了公民群体小规模生产可再生能源。现有的学术研究和欧盟关于公民和可再生能源社区内部治理的规则都认为,"能源共享 "将使能源转型更加民主、公平、包容和本土化。本文基于对德国公民主导能源生产的实证研究,探讨了 "能源共享 "在实践中在多大程度上实现了这些规范性理想,为何部分未能实现这些理想,以及如何通过监管变革使 "能源共享 "向这些理想靠拢。这篇论文列出了不同类型的公共能源机构,并对照学者的期望和欧盟关于其内部治理的规则,评估了每种类型的公共能源机构的表现。文章指出,能源行业的复杂性是实现上述规范性理想的主要障碍,并勾画了监管变革的指导方针,以降低这种复杂性。
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引用次数: 0
Achieving a Common Future for all Through Sustainability-Conscious Legal Education and Research Methods 通过具有可持续性意识的法律教育和研究方法实现所有人的共同未来
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1515/gj-2023-0122
M. Poto, Emily Margaret Murray
This contribution explores ecological literacy as a critical facet of legal inquiry, focusing on expanding knowledge and practices oriented towards nature protection. Evolving to encompass interdisciplinarity and a systems-thinking approach, ecological literacy is crucial for achieving environmental sustainability. The study argues that integrating an approach promoting eco-responsible behaviors is essential for sustainability-centered legal research and education. This necessitates a shift in foundational pillars of legal methodology, moving beyond conventional dogmatic approaches and embracing a participatory and active dimension. The study provides a theoretical foundation for future applications for rethinking legal methodology to implement ecological literacy effectively.
这篇论文将生态素养作为法律探究的一个重要方面进行探讨,重点是扩展以自然保护为导向的知识和实践。生态素养包括跨学科性和系统思维方法,对于实现环境可持续性至关重要。本研究认为,整合促进生态责任行为的方法对于以可持续性为中心的法律研究和教育至关重要。这就需要转变法律方法论的基本支柱,超越传统的教条式方法,采用参与式的积极方法。本研究为今后重新思考法律方法论以有效实施生态素养的应用提供了理论基础。
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引用次数: 2
Conceptualising Extraterritoriality. Public International Law and Private International Law Considerations 治外法权的概念化。国际公法和国际私法考虑因素
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/gj-2023-0128
Lucia Leontiev
Abstract The aim of this article is to analyse extraterritoriality from public international law and private international law perspectives. Although many scholars relate the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction to both private and public international law, in practice the topic is mainly considered as belonging to the latter. Moreover, extraterritorial jurisdiction is not a common notion under private international law. Perhaps because the extraterritorial norm is intended to regulate first and foremost state conduct and not relationships between private persons, but this vision does not take into account that the latter are frequently affected by the norm. It is argued here that from a public international law perspective, the legal framework of extraterritorial jurisdiction is unsettled and incomplete. The bottom line is that states are largely free to unfold their power, given that international law does not really regulate extraterritorial jurisdiction but only establishes the negative obligation not to trespass on state sovereignty. Thus, considering extraterritorial jurisdiction from a national perspective, in this paper, under the general framework of private international law is not only necessary but also justified. In addressing the above, this article will first analyse extraterritoriality as an exception under public international law (2). It will reflect on the lawful/unlawful grounds for the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction and will show that the abandonment of territoriality in jurisdictional assertions is more desirable than feasible. Then extraterritoriality will be analysed as an inherent feature of private international law, that can be traced in all three domains regulated by the private international law (3). It will also make a case on the extraterritorial reach of national constitutions.
摘要 本文旨在从国际公法和国际私法的角度分析治外法权。尽管许多学者将域外管辖权的行使与国际私法和国际公法联系起来,但在实践中,这一主题主要被认为属于后者。此外,域外管辖权并非国际私法中的常见概念。也许是因为域外规范的目的首先是规范国家行为,而不是私人之间的关系,但这种观点没有考虑到后者经常受到该规范的影响。本文认为,从国际公法的角度来看,域外管辖权的法律框架是不确定和不完整的。底线是,鉴于国际法并未真正规范域外管辖权,而只是规定了不侵犯国家主权的消极义务,国家在很大程度上可以自由地展开其权力。因此,本文从国家角度出发,在国际私法的总体框架下考虑域外管辖权问题不仅是必要的,而且是合理的。针对上述问题,本文将首先分析作为国际公法例外情况的治外法权(2)。本文将反思行使域外管辖权的合法/非法理由,并将说明在管辖权主张中放弃属地性是可取而非可行的。然后,治外法权将作为国际私法的一个固有特征进行分析,在国际私法规范的所有三个领域中都可追溯到这一特征(3)。它还将对国家宪法的治外法权范围进行论证。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative Law and Methodology Between Homogeneity and Complexity 同质性与复杂性之间的比较法与方法论
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1515/gj-2023-0136
Andrea Pradi, Elena Ioriatti
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引用次数: 0
Portuguese Policy in Sri Lanka as a Reflection of the Emergence of 16th Century International Law 葡萄牙在斯里兰卡的政策反映了 16 世纪国际法的兴起
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1515/gj-2023-0021
Dr. Punsara Amarasinghe
Abstract The colonial nature of international law has been a moot point in legal academia, which univocally suggests international law as an imperial instrument. Given these exergies, the question that this paper seeks to examine is how Portuguese encounters in the 16th century Sri Lanka reflects the seeds of international legal system dominated by European interests. The policy espoused by the Portuguese in Sri Lanka during their encounters with the Kotte kingdom raise the initial examples of unequal treaties, exclusion of sovereignty and the adoption of “puppet rulers”. This paper makes a critical inquiry in examining these elements parallel to the development of 16th century international law. The objective of this article lies in examining the trajectories that set the path for Portuguese imperial legitimacy of Kotte kingdom of Sri Lanka through a legal legitimacy. In analysing these historical factors, this article will discuss the emergence of the colonial international law.
摘要 国际法的殖民性质一直是法律学术界的一个悬而未决的问题,因为学术界一致认为国际法是一种帝国工具。鉴于这些异质性,本文试图研究的问题是葡萄牙在 16 世纪斯里兰卡的遭遇如何反映出欧洲利益主导的国际法体系的种子。葡萄牙人在斯里兰卡与科特王国交涉期间所奉行的政策提出了不平等条约、排除主权和采用 "傀儡统治者 "等最初的例子。本文对这些与 16 世纪国际法发展并行的要素进行了批判性探究。本文的目的在于研究葡萄牙帝国通过法律合法性使斯里兰卡科特王国合法化的轨迹。通过分析这些历史因素,本文将讨论殖民国际法的出现。
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引用次数: 0
The Human Rights-Based Constitutionalization of Global Environmental Protection: A Framework for Action and Understanding 基于人权的全球环境保护宪法化:行动与理解框架
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1515/gj-2023-0066
Qerim Qerimi
Abstract The underlying premise of a global constitutional order is dictated by the singular, unitary nature of the environment, a deeply interdependent whole. This premise aside, international environmental law, as we know it today, is far from constituting an international constitutional order. Rather, it presents a broad set of principles and mixed legal and political commitments of states dispersed in a myriad of international instruments possessing varying degrees of formality, legal status, scope of regulation, and effect. Its unparalleled dispersion, organizational and regulatory flexibility, and overall indeterminate features of normative content and procedure are neither improbable nor inconceivable for a relatively new genre of international legal regulation, namely the environment. Simply put, a consolidated international legal order as it ordinarily exists in other arenas is missing in the case of the environment. In shaping its contents and effects, a new institutional ally is found in national and regional judicial bodies, which instead rely on human rights to ground their decisions in pursuit of climate goals and aspirations. The ensuing result is that framing the order that will govern the global environmental change, resort must be made to the models already fashioned by the practice of national and regional systems. Ultimately, this article proposes the principal parameters of a constitutional order for the environment.
摘要 全球宪法秩序的基本前提是由环境的单一性所决定的,环境是一个深度相互依存的整体。撇开这一前提不谈,我们今天所知的国际环境法远非国际宪法秩序。相反,它提出了一系列广泛的原则以及各国的混合法律和政治承诺,这些原则和承诺分散在形式、法律地位、监管范围和效力各不相同的无数国际文书中。其无与伦比的分散性、组织和监管的灵活性以及规范内容和程序的整体不确定性,对于环境这一相对较新的国际法律监管类型而言,既不是不可能也不是不可想象的。简而言之,在其他领域通常存在的综合国际法律秩序在环境问题上并不存在。在确定其内容和效果时,国家和地区司法机构成为了新的制度盟友,这些机构依靠人权作为其决策的基础,以实现气候目标和愿望。由此产生的结果是,在制定管理全球环境变化的秩序时,必须借鉴国家和地区制度实践中已经形成的模式。最终,本文提出了环境宪法秩序的主要参数。
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引用次数: 0
Finality, Res Judicata, and Counter-Epistemic Values in Civil Proceedings 终局性、既判性和民事诉讼中的反认知价值
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1515/gj-2023-0006
Jesus Ezurmendia
Abstract This article proposes a perspective on res judicata whereby it can be approached as an epistemic barrier to the fact-finding process in subsequent civil proceedings. Being a well-recognized principle, it is enshrined as a strong and respected legal doctrine, recognized in every contemporary modern justice system, allowing courts to apply it confidently and commonly. Res judicata impedes the reiteration of litigation among the same parties on the same topic, and, in so doing, it will not allow further discussion on the issues adjudicated, notwithstanding the fact that new and better evidence might come to be available, and consequently result in a more accurate judgment. Thus, the private and public rationale for res judicata and its preclusive effects can be defined as a non-epistemic value of the public policy that diverts from the truth-seeking purpose of the judicial process toward finality and conclusiveness.
摘要本文提出了一个既判力的视角,由此可以将其作为民事诉讼中事实认定过程的认知障碍。作为一项公认的原则,它被奉为一项强有力的、受人尊重的法律原则,得到当代每一个现代司法系统的认可,使法院能够自信地、普遍地适用它。既判力妨碍同一当事方就同一主题重复提起诉讼,这样做就不允许对已裁决的问题进行进一步讨论,尽管可能会有新的和更好的证据,从而导致更准确的判断。因此,既判力的私人和公共理由及其排除效果可以被定义为公共政策的非认识论价值,偏离了司法程序的求真目的,转向了最终性和结论性。
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引用次数: 0
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