Crystal Growth & Design最新文献

{"title":"Metaverse Communications, Networking, Security, and Applications: Research Issues, State-of-the-Art, and Future Directions","authors":"Mansoor Ali;Faisal Naeem;Georges Kaddoum;Ekram Hossain","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2023.3347172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2023.3347172","url":null,"abstract":"Metaverse is an evolving orchestrator of the next-generation Internet architecture that produces an immersive and self-adapting virtual world in which humans perform activities similar to those in the real world, such as playing sports, doing work, and socializing. It is becoming a reality and is driven by ever-evolving advanced technologies such as extended reality, artificial intelligence, and blockchain. In this context, Metaverse will play an essential role in developing smart cities, which becomes more evident in the post-COVID-19-pandemic metropolitan setting. However, the new paradigm imposes new challenges, such as developing novel privacy and security threats that can emerge in the digital Metaverse ecosystem. Moreover, it requires the convergence of several media types with the capability to quickly process massive amounts of data to keep the residents safe and well-informed, which can raise issues related to scalability and interoperability. In light of this, this research study aims to review the literature on the state of the art of integrating the Metaverse architecture concepts in smart cities. First, this paper presents the theoretical architecture of Metaverse and discusses international companies’ interest in this emerging technology. It also examines the notion of Metaverse relevant to virtual reality, identifies the prevalent threats, and determines the importance of communication infrastructure in information gathering for efficient Metaverse operation. Next, the notion of blockchain technologies is discussed regarding privacy preservation and how it can provide tamper-proof content sharing among Metaverse users. Finally, the application of distributed Metaverse for social good is highlighted. Most importantly, the paper explores the reflections of this cutting-edge technology on the smart city, talks about the role and impact of the Metaverse in the production of urban policies, and eventually identifies the research gaps and the future research directions in this domain.","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"26 2","pages":"1238-1278"},"PeriodicalIF":35.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tutorial on NYUSIM: Sub-Terahertz and Millimeter-Wave Channel Simulator for 5G, 6G, and Beyond","authors":"Hitesh Poddar;Shihao Ju;Dipankar Shakya;Theodore S. Rappaport","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2023.3344671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2023.3344671","url":null,"abstract":"With the advancement of wireless communication to sub-terahertz (THz) and millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands, accurate channel models and simulation tools are becoming increasingly important for modeling a wide range of frequencies and scenarios. This paper provides a comprehensive tutorial on generating drop-based and spatial consistency-based channels using the open-source MATLAB-based NYU Channel Model Simulator (NYUSIM). NYUSIM is built on extensive real-world radio propagation measurements for the frequency range of 0.5–150 GHz, covering a variety of scenarios such as Urban Microcell (UMi), Urban Macrocell (UMa), Rural Macrocell (RMa), Indoor Hotspot (InH), and Indoor Factory (InF). Additionally, an overview of the evolution of simulators used to design and analyze wireless systems since the early days of cellular communication is also provided. We introduce the most popular types of simulators used in academia and industry, such as Channel Simulators (CSs), Link Level Simulators (LLSs), System Level Simulators (SLSs), and Network Simulators (NSs), to study wireless communication systems for 5G and beyond. Owing to the widespread adoption of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Stochastic Channel Model (SCM) for channel generation in various simulators, we conduct a comparative analysis between the 3GPP SCM and NYUSIM channel model to highlight their differences. Moreover, NYUSIM’s versatility extends beyond its MATLAB implementation, as it can be implemented in various LLSs, SLSs, and NSs, enabling researchers to incorporate real-world measurement-based channels into their simulations. To illustrate this capability, we showcase NYUSIM’s implementation in ns-3, a widely used open-source discrete event network simulator. Additionally, we provide several applications of NYUSIM to highlight its potential uses.","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"26 2","pages":"824-857"},"PeriodicalIF":35.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10367974","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Machine Learning-Driven Cognitive Radio for Wireless Networks: A Survey","authors":"Nada Abdel Khalek;Deemah H. Tashman;Walaa Hamouda","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2023.3345796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2023.3345796","url":null,"abstract":"The next frontier in wireless connectivity lies at the intersection of cognitive radio (CR) technology and machine learning (ML), where intelligent networks can provide pervasive connectivity for an ever-expanding range of applications. In this regard, this survey provides an in-depth examination of the integration of ML-based CR in a wide range of emerging wireless networks, including the Internet of Things (IoT), mobile communications (vehicular and railway), and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communications. By combining ML-based CR and emerging wireless networks, we can create intelligent, efficient, and ubiquitous wireless communication systems that satisfy spectrum-hungry applications and services of next-generation networks. For each type of wireless network, we highlight the key motivation for using intelligent CR and present a full review of the existing state-of-the-art ML approaches that address pressing challenges, including energy efficiency, interference, throughput, latency, and security. Our goal is to provide researchers and newcomers with a clear understanding of the motivation and methodology behind applying intelligent CR to emerging wireless networks. Moreover, problems and prospective research avenues are outlined, and a future roadmap is offered that explores possibilities for overcoming challenges through trending concepts.","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"26 2","pages":"1201-1237"},"PeriodicalIF":35.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tutorial on Privacy, RCM and Its Implications in WLAN","authors":"Domenico Ficara;Rosario G. Garroppo;Jerome Henry","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2023.3345746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2023.3345746","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferation of Wi-Fi devices has led to the rise of privacy concerns related to MAC Address-based systems used for people tracking and localization across various applications, such as smart cities, intelligent transportation systems, and marketing. These systems have highlighted the necessity for mobile device manufacturers to implement Randomized And Changing MAC address (RCM) techniques as a countermeasure for device identification. In response to the challenges posed by diverse RCM implementations, the IEEE has taken steps to standardize RCM operations through the 802.11aq Task Group (TG). However, while RCM implementation addresses some concerns, it can disrupt services that span both Layer 2 and upper-layers, which were originally designed assuming static MAC addresses. To address these challenges, the IEEE has established the 802.11bh TG, focusing on defining new device identification methods, particularly for Layer 2 services that require pre-association identification. Simultaneously, the IETF launched the MAC Address Device Identification for Network and Application Services (MADINAS) Working Group to investigate the repercussions of RCM on upper-layer services, including the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Concurrently, derandomization techniques have emerged to counteract RCM defense mechanisms. The exploration of these techniques has suggested the need for a broader privacy enhancement framework for WLANs that goes beyond simple MAC address randomization. These findings have prompted the inception of the 802.11bi TG, which aims to compile an exhaustive list of potential privacy vulnerabilities and prerequisites for a more private IEEE 802.11 standard. In this context, this tutorial aims to provide insights into the motivations behind RCM, its implementation, and its evolution over the years. It elucidates the influence of RCM on network processes and services. Furthermore, the tutorial delves into the recent progress made within the domains of 802.11bh, 802.11bi, and MADINAS. It offers a thorough analysis of the initial work undertaken by these groups, along with an overview of the relevant research challenges. The tutorial objective is to inspire the research community to explore innovative approaches and solutions that contribute to the ongoing efforts to enhance WLAN privacy through standardization initiatives.","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"26 2","pages":"1003-1040"},"PeriodicalIF":35.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10368019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evasion Attack and Defense on Machine Learning Models in Cyber-Physical Systems: A Survey","authors":"Shunyao Wang;Ryan K. L. Ko;Guangdong Bai;Naipeng Dong;Taejun Choi;Yanjun Zhang","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2023.3344808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2023.3344808","url":null,"abstract":"Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are increasingly relying on machine learning (ML) techniques to reduce labor costs and improve efficiency. However, the adoption of ML also exposes CPS to potential adversarial ML attacks witnessed in the literature. Specifically, the increased Internet connectivity in CPS has resulted in a surge in the volume of data generation and communication frequency among devices, thereby expanding the attack surface and attack opportunities for ML adversaries. Among various adversarial ML attacks, evasion attacks are one of the most well-known ones. Therefore, this survey focuses on summarizing the latest research on evasion attack and defense techniques, to understand state-of-the-art ML model security in CPS. To assess the attack effectiveness, this survey proposes an attack taxonomy by introducing quantitative measures such as perturbation level and the number of modified features. Similarly, a defense taxonomy is introduced based on four perspectives demonstrating the defensive techniques from models’ inputs to their outputs. Furthermore, the survey identifies gaps and promising directions that researchers and practitioners can explore to address potential challenges and threats caused by evasion attacks and lays the groundwork for understanding and mitigating the attacks in CPS.","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"26 2","pages":"930-966"},"PeriodicalIF":35.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-Network Machine Learning Using Programmable Network Devices: A Survey","authors":"Changgang Zheng;Xinpeng Hong;Damu Ding;Shay Vargaftik;Yaniv Ben-Itzhak;Noa Zilberman","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2023.3344351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2023.3344351","url":null,"abstract":"Machine learning is widely used to solve networking challenges, ranging from traffic classification and anomaly detection to network configuration. However, machine learning also requires significant processing and often increases the load on both networks and servers. The introduction of in-network computing, enabled by programmable network devices, has allowed to run applications within the network, providing higher throughput and lower latency. Soon after, in-network machine learning solutions started to emerge, enabling machine learning functionality within the network itself. This survey introduces the concept of in-network machine learning and provides a comprehensive taxonomy. The survey provides an introduction to the technology and explains the different types of machine learning solutions built upon programmable network devices. It explores the different types of machine learning models implemented within the network, and discusses related challenges and solutions. In-network machine learning can significantly benefit cloud computing and next-generation networks, and this survey concludes with a discussion of future trends.","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"26 2","pages":"1171-1200"},"PeriodicalIF":35.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Survey on Multi-AP Coordination Approaches Over Emerging WLANs: Future Directions and Open Challenges","authors":"Shikhar Verma;Tiago Koketsu Rodrigues;Yuichi Kawamoto;Mostafa M. Fouda;Nei Kato","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2023.3344167","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2023.3344167","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advancements in wireless local area network (WLAN) technology include IEEE 802.11be and 802.11ay, often known as Wi-Fi 7 and WiGig, respectively. The goal of these developments is to provide Extremely High Throughput (EHT) and low latency to meet the demands of future applications like as 8K videos, augmented and virtual reality, the Internet of Things, telesurgery, and other developing technologies. IEEE 802.11be includes new features such as 320 MHz bandwidth, multi-link operation, Multi-user Multi-Input Multi-Output, orthogonal frequency-division multiple access, and Multiple-Access Point (multi-AP) coordination (MAP-Co) to achieve EHT. With the increase in the number of overlapping APs and inter-AP interference, researchers have focused on studying MAP-Co approaches for coordinated transmission in IEEE 802.11be, making MAP-Co a key feature of future WLANs. Moreover, similar issues may arise in EHF bands WLAN, particularly for standards beyond IEEE 802.11ay. This has prompted researchers to investigate the implementation of MAP-Co over future 802.11ay WLANs. Thus, in this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art MAP-Co features and their shortcomings concerning emerging WLAN. Finally, we discuss several novel future directions and open challenges for MAP-Co.","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"26 2","pages":"858-889"},"PeriodicalIF":35.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139370646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Survey on Model-Based, Heuristic, and Machine Learning Optimization Approaches in RIS-Aided Wireless Networks","authors":"Hao Zhou;Melike Erol-Kantarci;Yuanwei Liu;H. Vincent Poor","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2023.3340099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2023.3340099","url":null,"abstract":"Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have received considerable attention as a key enabler for envisioned 6G networks, for the purpose of improving the network capacity, coverage, efficiency, and security with low energy consumption and low hardware cost. However, integrating RISs into the existing infrastructure greatly increases the network management complexity, especially for controlling a significant number of RIS elements. To realize the full potential of RISs, efficient optimization approaches are of great importance. This work provides a comprehensive survey of optimization techniques for RIS-aided wireless communications, including model-based, heuristic, and machine learning (ML) algorithms. In particular, we first summarize the problem formulations in the literature with diverse objectives and constraints, e.g., sumrate maximization, power minimization, and imperfect channel state information constraints. Then, we introduce model-based algorithms that have been used in the literature, such as alternating optimization, the majorization-minimization method, and successive convex approximation. Next, heuristic optimization is discussed, which applies heuristic rules for obtaining lowcomplexity solutions. Moreover, we present state-of-the-art ML algorithms and applications towards RISs, i.e., supervised and unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, federated learning, graph learning, transfer learning, and hierarchical learning-based approaches. Model-based, heuristic, and ML approaches are compared in terms of stability, robustness, optimality and so on, providing a systematic understanding of these techniques. Finally, we highlight RIS-aided applications towards 6G networks and identify future challenges.","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"26 2","pages":"781-823"},"PeriodicalIF":35.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Ultra-Power-Efficient, Tbps Wireless Systems via Analogue Processing: Existing Approaches, Challenges and Way Forward","authors":"Mahmoud Mojarrad Kiasaraei;Konstantinos Nikitopoulos;Rahim Tafazolli","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2023.3342775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2023.3342775","url":null,"abstract":"Exploiting ultra-wide bandwidths is a promising approach to achieve the terabits per second (Tbps) data rates required to unlock emerging mobile applications like mobile extended reality and holographic telepresence. However, conventional digital systems are unable to exploit such bandwidths efficiently. In particular, the power consumption of ultra-fast, high-precision digital-to-analogue and analogue-to-digital converters (DACs/ADCs) for ultra-wide bandwidths becomes impractical. At the same time, achieving ultra-fast digital signal processing becomes extremely challenging in terms of power consumption and processing latency due to the complexity of state-of-the-art processing algorithms (e.g., “soft” detection/decoding) and the fact that the increased sampling rates challenge the speed capabilities of modern digital processors. To overcome these bottlenecks, there is a need for signal processing solutions that can, ideally, avoid DACs/ADCs while minimizing both the power consumption and processing latency. One potential approach in this direction is to design digital systems that do not require DACs/ADCs and perform all the corresponding processing directly in the analogue domain. Despite existing attempts to develop individual components of the transceiver chain in the analogue domain, as we discuss in detail in this work, the feasibility of complete analogue processing in ultra-fast wireless systems is still an open research topic. In addition, existing analogue-based approaches have inferior spectrum utilization than digital approaches, partly due to their inability to exploit the recent advances in digital systems such as “soft” detection/decoding. In this context, we also discuss the challenges related to performing “soft” detection/decoding directly in the analogue domain, as has been recently proposed by the DigiLogue processing concept, and we show with a simple example that analogue-based “soft” detection/decoding is feasible and can achieve the same error performance as digital approaches with more than \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$37times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 power savings. In addition, we discuss several challenges related to the design of ultra-fast, fully analogue wireless receivers that can perform “soft” processing directly in the analogue domain and we suggest research directions to overcome these challenges.","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"26 2","pages":"747-780"},"PeriodicalIF":35.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Survey on Optical Scattering Communications: Current Research, New Trends, and Future Vision","authors":"Sudhanshu Arya;Yeon Ho Chung","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2023.3339371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2023.3339371","url":null,"abstract":"To meet high data rate requirements of future wireless communication systems, there is a need for advanced communication technologies that could be used in combination with existing wireless RF technologies. Recently, optical wireless communication (OWC) has been extensively investigated as an attractive alternate technology to RF. OWC uses the optical carrier to convey data, with wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to infrared (IR) to visible light. In the past years, there is a spike in interest over optical scattering communications (OSCs) employing UV wavelengths, thanks to the recent advances and rapid developments in deep UV light-emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes, and solar-blind UV filters and detectors. The unique atmospheric scattering and absorption properties of the deep UV band, which is solar-blind at the ground level, are the motivation for the recent development of the OSC systems. However, there is a clear gap in the existing literature that the OSC systems are yet to be systematically surveyed for their applicability to future wireless communications. In this context, this paper bridges the gap by providing the first contemporary and comprehensive survey on recent and new advancements in the OSCs, commonly known as UV communications. In summary, this survey is expected to provide a largely missing articulation between various aspects of UV communications. To be easy to follow, we commence our discourse by surveying the propagation concepts and historic evolution of UV communication systems. Next, we provide a detailed survey on UV channel modeling because accurate channel characterization is important for efficient system design and performance optimization of UV communication systems. We discuss various UV channel characterization efforts thus far made. Then, we present a classification to analyze current OSC system designs. Importantly, we survey recent advancements in the NLOS UV communication systems that include the application of artificial intelligence, artificial neural networks, game theory, orbital angular momentum, etc. Moreover, we conduct a comprehensive survey on recently documented UV-based indoor communication systems. Finally, we point out several key issues yet to be addressed and collate potentially interesting and challenging topics for future research. This survey is aptly featured by in-depth discussion and analysis of UV communication systems in various aspects, many of which, to the best of authors’ knowledge, are the first time presented in this field.","PeriodicalId":34,"journal":{"name":"Crystal Growth & Design","volume":"26 2","pages":"1446-1477"},"PeriodicalIF":35.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141084869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}