Despite scholars’ tremendous interest in the dynamics of Turkish laicism, little to no attention has been paid to the actors and the practices through which Islamic morality is propagated among society every day. This article investigates the Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet)’s policy that has been increasing the number of women working as preachers since 2003. To what extent and how does the employment of the Diyanet’s women preachers affect the way in which religion and Islamic public morality grow and are spread in Turkey today? What specifically is women’s contribution in this respect? Drawing on an ethnographic observation of the Diyanet’s women preachers’ activities in Istanbul mosques, the article outlines how they contribute to reshaping Turkish laicism while diffusing Islamic morality in the public space.
{"title":"Expanding Religion and Islamic Morality in Turkey","authors":"Chiara Maritato","doi":"10.3167/AME.2018.130204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/AME.2018.130204","url":null,"abstract":"Despite scholars’ tremendous interest in the dynamics of Turkish laicism,\u0000little to no attention has been paid to the actors and the practices through which\u0000Islamic morality is propagated among society every day. This article investigates\u0000the Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet)’s policy that has been increasing\u0000the number of women working as preachers since 2003. To what extent and how\u0000does the employment of the Diyanet’s women preachers affect the way in which\u0000religion and Islamic public morality grow and are spread in Turkey today? What\u0000specifically is women’s contribution in this respect? Drawing on an ethnographic\u0000observation of the Diyanet’s women preachers’ activities in Istanbul mosques, the\u0000article outlines how they contribute to reshaping Turkish laicism while diffusing\u0000Islamic morality in the public space.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/AME.2018.130204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44491164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite increasing subordination of the judiciary to executive authorities, Turkish cause lawyering associations are more assertive than ever in their defiance of forced closures and legal persecution. Why would activist lawyers ‘play the game’ of law when the legal system is being undermined? Focusing on the historical genesis of Turkey’s oldest activist lawyering association, the Çağdaş Hukukçular Derneği (ÇHD), I argue that Turkish legal activism results from not just clashing political causes but also the strategies attorneys are forced to adopt to effect change within an authoritarian-corporatist structure designed to constrict their activities. The ÇHD and similar groups are not merely extensions of the formal juridical order; they also constitute a grassroots engagement with the law that refuses to conform to the categories, narratives, procedures and ends of the state’s legal institutions.
尽管司法机构越来越屈从于行政当局，但土耳其律师协会在反抗强制关闭和法律迫害方面比以往任何时候都更加自信。当法律体系被破坏时，为什么维权律师要玩法律的“游戏”?关注土耳其最古老的维权律师协会ÇağdaşHukukçular Derneği (ÇHD)的历史起源，我认为土耳其的维权律师活动不仅源于政治原因的冲突，还源于律师被迫采取的策略，以在旨在限制其活动的专制社团主义结构中实现变革。ÇHD和类似的团体不仅仅是正式司法秩序的延伸;它们还构成了一种与法律的基层接触，拒绝符合国家法律机构的类别、叙述、程序和目的。
{"title":"Lawyers against the Law","authors":"Joakim Parslow","doi":"10.3167/ame.2018.130203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ame.2018.130203","url":null,"abstract":"Despite increasing subordination of the judiciary to executive\u0000authorities, Turkish cause lawyering associations are more assertive than ever in\u0000their defiance of forced closures and legal persecution. Why would activist lawyers\u0000‘play the game’ of law when the legal system is being undermined? Focusing on\u0000the historical genesis of Turkey’s oldest activist lawyering association, the Çağdaş\u0000Hukukçular Derneği (ÇHD), I argue that Turkish legal activism results from not\u0000just clashing political causes but also the strategies attorneys are forced to adopt to\u0000effect change within an authoritarian-corporatist structure designed to constrict\u0000their activities. The ÇHD and similar groups are not merely extensions of the\u0000formal juridical order; they also constitute a grassroots engagement with the law\u0000that refuses to conform to the categories, narratives, procedures and ends of the\u0000state’s legal institutions.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/ame.2018.130203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48053937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article, based on ethnography conducted in Istanbul, focuses on the experience of the political among young, far-left Turkish militants and young adults whose parents belong to the ’78 revolutionary generation. It shows how their ‘red youth subculture’ is imbricated with family, solidarity and generational bonds. Through the analysis of ritualised political practices such as the May Day parades, the feeling of nostalgia for a never-lived past, political meetings and the role of politics in families, it argues that the experience of the political is irreducible to a set of strategies and ideas: it consists of affections, corporeal sensations, embodied knowledge, aesthetic choices and material culture, which all contribute to substantialise relationships with the state, forms of intimacy and practices of distinction.
{"title":"Inheriting and Living the Political","authors":"Lorenzo d’Orsi","doi":"10.3167/AME.2018.130202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/AME.2018.130202","url":null,"abstract":"This article, based on ethnography conducted in Istanbul, focuses on\u0000the experience of the political among young, far-left Turkish militants and young\u0000adults whose parents belong to the ’78 revolutionary generation. It shows how\u0000their ‘red youth subculture’ is imbricated with family, solidarity and generational\u0000bonds. Through the analysis of ritualised political practices such as the May\u0000Day parades, the feeling of nostalgia for a never-lived past, political meetings\u0000and the role of politics in families, it argues that the experience of the political\u0000is irreducible to a set of strategies and ideas: it consists of affections, corporeal\u0000sensations, embodied knowledge, aesthetic choices and material culture, which\u0000all contribute to substantialise relationships with the state, forms of intimacy and\u0000practices of distinction.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/AME.2018.130202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44255383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The emergence of gay identities in Istanbul is often regarded as a practical result of mobilisation by minority sexual rights NGOs. Indeed, Istanbul Pride emerged in the early 2000s as a widely-referenced exemplar of the political promise of street-level activism in Turkey. Tracing how gay initially was used in the nightlife market around İstiklal Street and reconstructing the early history of agitation for an annual Pride march, I argue that street traders and small-scale entrepreneurs, not street-level campaigners, have played the critical role in prising open spaces where men could come to identify themselves and be identified as gay. Moreover, spaces afforded by particular fixed-place businesses in the nightlife market critically shaped the initial forms of political association involving gay men that were able to develop and consolidate in the city.
{"title":"Politics in the Piyasa","authors":"Samuel Williams","doi":"10.3167/AME.2018.130207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/AME.2018.130207","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of gay identities in Istanbul is often regarded as a\u0000practical result of mobilisation by minority sexual rights NGOs. Indeed, Istanbul\u0000Pride emerged in the early 2000s as a widely-referenced exemplar of the political\u0000promise of street-level activism in Turkey. Tracing how gay initially was used in\u0000the nightlife market around İstiklal Street and reconstructing the early history of\u0000agitation for an annual Pride march, I argue that street traders and small-scale\u0000entrepreneurs, not street-level campaigners, have played the critical role in prising\u0000open spaces where men could come to identify themselves and be identified as\u0000gay. Moreover, spaces afforded by particular fixed-place businesses in the nightlife\u0000market critically shaped the initial forms of political association involving gay men\u0000that were able to develop and consolidate in the city.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/AME.2018.130207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41475122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Epilogue: Mapping the Topography of Oppression","authors":"J. White","doi":"10.3167/ame.2018.130208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ame.2018.130208","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":"13 1","pages":"113-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/ame.2018.130208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47055969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Building on ethnographic fieldwork in Istanbul in 2015, this article traces how certain people within the Hizmet community drew on dream stories to understand and manoeuvre within the escalating falling-out with the AKP government. It suggests that, in this context, dream stories were circulated within the community to reframe the conflict against the horizon of the afterlife but prevented from spilling into the wider public sphere out of fear that Hizmet critics would use dream stories to denounce the community as a threat to Turkish republican tradition. The article thus proposes to see the social life of dream stories as a ‘politics from below’ through which relations between the religious and the political refracted and notions of national and religious belonging were negotiated and contested.
{"title":"Dreams from Beyond as Politics from Below","authors":"Ida Hartmann","doi":"10.3167/AME.2018.130205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/AME.2018.130205","url":null,"abstract":"Building on ethnographic fieldwork in Istanbul in 2015, this article\u0000traces how certain people within the Hizmet community drew on dream stories\u0000to understand and manoeuvre within the escalating falling-out with the AKP\u0000government. It suggests that, in this context, dream stories were circulated within\u0000the community to reframe the conflict against the horizon of the afterlife but\u0000prevented from spilling into the wider public sphere out of fear that Hizmet\u0000critics would use dream stories to denounce the community as a threat to Turkish\u0000republican tradition. The article thus proposes to see the social life of dream stories\u0000as a ‘politics from below’ through which relations between the religious and the\u0000political refracted and notions of national and religious belonging were negotiated\u0000and contested.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/AME.2018.130205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46853236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Religious rituals, while comforting for believers, may be uncomfortable for those who do not share their manifold meanings. Catholic Filipinas who marry Muslim Iranian men face mandatory conversion to Islam, necessitating ongoing negotiations between Christianity and Islam. My research suggests that these Filipinas held their first religion dear while participating in – for them – unpleasant Shi’a Muslims rituals. Their Filipino/Iranian children, familiar from birth with Shi’a Islam, felt at home with both religions, no matter which one they chose for themselves. The discussion of converts’ perceptions of Shi’a rituals contributes to the literature on transnational marriages and marriage migration.
{"title":"Negotiating between Shi’a and Catholic Rituals in Iran","authors":"A. Zahedi","doi":"10.3167/AME.2018.130107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/AME.2018.130107","url":null,"abstract":"Religious rituals, while comforting for believers, may be uncomfortable\u0000for those who do not share their manifold meanings. Catholic Filipinas who marry\u0000Muslim Iranian men face mandatory conversion to Islam, necessitating ongoing\u0000negotiations between Christianity and Islam. My research suggests that these\u0000Filipinas held their first religion dear while participating in – for them – unpleasant\u0000Shi’a Muslims rituals. Their Filipino/Iranian children, familiar from birth with\u0000Shi’a Islam, felt at home with both religions, no matter which one they chose for\u0000themselves. The discussion of converts’ perceptions of Shi’a rituals contributes to\u0000the literature on transnational marriages and marriage migration.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/AME.2018.130107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49065022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is gradually becoming available in Georgia, but while the medical technologies are being developed, the Georgian Orthodox Church opposes the idea of having a child through what it declares to be unnatural ways. Despite the authority of the Church, the Orthodox discourse about IVF is not directly incorporated into the everyday lives of people. Ethnographical observation has allowed an exploration of how childless women in Georgia reconcile modern reproductive technologies with their religion. In order to explain the hybridity in women’s attempts to make official religiosity better adapted to everyday life, I use the concept of bricolage as applied to the social practices of women who assemble different, seemingly disjointed, resources in coping with problematic situations.
{"title":"Childless Women in Georgia","authors":"Elene Gavashelishvili","doi":"10.3167/ame.2018.130103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ame.2018.130103","url":null,"abstract":"In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is gradually becoming available in Georgia,\u0000but while the medical technologies are being developed, the Georgian Orthodox\u0000Church opposes the idea of having a child through what it declares to be unnatural\u0000ways. Despite the authority of the Church, the Orthodox discourse about IVF is not\u0000directly incorporated into the everyday lives of people. Ethnographical observation\u0000has allowed an exploration of how childless women in Georgia reconcile modern\u0000reproductive technologies with their religion. In order to explain the hybridity in\u0000women’s attempts to make official religiosity better adapted to everyday life, I use\u0000the concept of bricolage as applied to the social practices of women who assemble\u0000different, seemingly disjointed, resources in coping with problematic situations.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/ame.2018.130103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45350595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is an ethnographic exploration of three topics regarding the practice of religion in contemporary Kyrgyzstan that provides insights into the spiritual life of Kyrgyz people in local communities. The topics are features of religiosity as expressed in rituals, the nature of personal and shared beliefs inherent in the performance of ceremonies, and the influence of religious identity on relationships among family, kin groups and communities. Through extensive research about religion and ritual in various areas of Kyrgyzstan, changes over time are examined. Although at times the differences among people adhering to more traditional versus the more newly emerging Islamic approaches to death ceremonies and monuments may cause conflict among relatives, in general such rituals and markers provide opportunities for social integration and common identity.
{"title":"Religious Practices in the Modern Ceremonial Lives of the Kyrgyz People","authors":"A. S. Kochkunov","doi":"10.3167/AME.2018.130104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/AME.2018.130104","url":null,"abstract":"This article is an ethnographic exploration of three topics regarding\u0000the practice of religion in contemporary Kyrgyzstan that provides insights into\u0000the spiritual life of Kyrgyz people in local communities. The topics are features\u0000of religiosity as expressed in rituals, the nature of personal and shared beliefs\u0000inherent in the performance of ceremonies, and the influence of religious identity\u0000on relationships among family, kin groups and communities. Through extensive\u0000research about religion and ritual in various areas of Kyrgyzstan, changes over\u0000time are examined. Although at times the differences among people adhering to\u0000more traditional versus the more newly emerging Islamic approaches to death\u0000ceremonies and monuments may cause conflict among relatives, in general such\u0000rituals and markers provide opportunities for social integration and common\u0000identity.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/AME.2018.130104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44253810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Yezidis of Armenia, traditionally considered transhumant pastoralists, have been changing their economic habits over the past century. Nowadays, they are more engaged in agriculture than they were a century ago. The social and cultural backgrounds of these transformations are discussed, showing the involvement of the treatment of the Armenians and the adaptive character of the Yezidis’ economy. Presently, the Yezidis practise animal breeding and plant cultivation in parallel, using the human resources available in their family. The ongoing transformations in the economy and their engagement in agriculture are challenging the conservative lifestyle of the Yezidi community. Thus, the people who have shifted to the agrarian economy are seen as outsiders in the traditional framework and are perceived to be of low prestige.
{"title":"Economic Transitions and Land Ownership","authors":"H. Melkumyan, R. Hovsepyan","doi":"10.3167/AME.2018.130110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/AME.2018.130110","url":null,"abstract":"The Yezidis of Armenia, traditionally considered transhumant\u0000pastoralists, have been changing their economic habits over the past century.\u0000Nowadays, they are more engaged in agriculture than they were a century ago. The\u0000social and cultural backgrounds of these transformations are discussed, showing\u0000the involvement of the treatment of the Armenians and the adaptive character of\u0000the Yezidis’ economy. Presently, the Yezidis practise animal breeding and plant\u0000cultivation in parallel, using the human resources available in their family. The\u0000ongoing transformations in the economy and their engagement in agriculture are\u0000challenging the conservative lifestyle of the Yezidi community. Thus, the people\u0000who have shifted to the agrarian economy are seen as outsiders in the traditional\u0000framework and are perceived to be of low prestige.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3167/AME.2018.130110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42358878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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