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2000 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.00CH37121)最新文献

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Application of flexural mechanical resonators to high throughput liquid characterization 弯曲机械谐振器在高通量液体表征中的应用
L.F. Matsiev
Application of flexural mechanical resonators such as tuning forks, benders, etc. to liquid characterization is discussed. Additional complex impedance produced by a liquid environment to such resonators is considered. It was shown experimentally, that for the disk bender resonator this additional impedance can be represented by the sum of two terms: one that is proportional to liquid density and a second one that is proportional to the square root the of viscosity density product. Same model was earlier shown applicable to the tuning fork resonator. Interaction of a resonator of arbitrary shape oscillating in any mode with surrounding fluid is considered theoretically. The conditions on which this impedance model is applicable to any type of a resonator that directly displaces liquid are discussed. These conditions are satisfied for most of flexural resonators available, detailed consideration of tuning fork and disk bender is provided. Sensitivity of flexural resonator response to liquid electrical properties is discussed. Application of disk bender to density and viscosity measurements in strong electrolytes is considered.
讨论了弯曲机械谐振器如音叉、弯管器等在液体表征中的应用。考虑了液体环境对谐振器产生的附加复阻抗。实验表明,对于弯曲盘谐振器,附加阻抗可以用两项的和来表示:一项与液体密度成正比,另一项与黏度密度积的平方根成正比。同样的模型也适用于音叉谐振器。从理论上考虑了任意形状、任意模态振动的谐振腔与周围流体的相互作用。讨论了该阻抗模型适用于任何类型直接置换液体的谐振器的条件。这些条件是满足大多数现有的弯曲谐振器,详细考虑音叉和磁盘弯曲提供。讨论了弯曲谐振器响应对液体电性能的敏感性。考虑了圆盘弯曲机在强电解质密度和粘度测量中的应用。
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引用次数: 32
Growth of 4-inch diameter Li/sub 2/B/sub 4/O/sub 7/ single crystals for SAW devices SAW器件中4英寸直径Li/sub 2/B/sub 4/O/sub 7/单晶的生长
N. Tsutsui, Y. Ino, K. Imai, N. Senguttuvan, M. Ishii
We report crystal growth of 4-inch diameter and 8-inch long lithium tetraborate (Li/sub 2/B/sub 4/O/sub 7/) single crystals for SAW device applications. The crystals were grown by modified Bridgman method along <110> direction using platinum inserted carbon crucible under nitrogen atmosphere. The seed crystals were of same diameter (108 mm) to that of the crystals grown and of 25 mm in length. The crystals were grown at a rate of up to 0.5 mm/h. Wafers were cut at different places along the length of the ingot for studying the dislocation density distribution by chemical etching and X-ray topography. The EPD at center of wafer was found to be higher (1000 cm/sup 2/) than at outer area (100 cm/sup 2/). The SAW velocity has been measured across a 3-inch wafer and it was found that the variation of the velocity at different parts of the wafer was within /spl plusmn/0.04%.
我们报道了用于SAW器件应用的4英寸直径和8英寸长四硼酸锂(Li/sub 2/B/sub 4/O/sub 7/)单晶的晶体生长。采用改进的Bridgman法,在氮气气氛下,在嵌铂碳坩埚中沿方向生长晶体。种子晶体与生长的晶体直径相同(108毫米),长度为25毫米。晶体以高达0.5 mm/h的速度生长。通过化学腐蚀和x射线形貌分析,在铸锭长度的不同位置切割晶片,研究位错密度分布。晶圆中心的EPD (1000 cm/sup 2/)高于外部区域(100 cm/sup 2/)。在3英寸晶圆片上测量了SAW的速度,发现晶圆片不同部位的速度变化在/spl + /0.04%以内。
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引用次数: 3
Tissue harmonic imaging 组织谐波成像
M. Averkiou
Harmonic imaging was originally developed for microbubble contrast agents in the early 90s under the assumption that tissue is linear and all harmonic echoes are generated by the bubbles. In fact, tissue, like bubbles, is a nonlinear medium. Whereas the harmonic echoes from bubbles have their origins in nonlinear scattering, those from tissue are a result of nonlinear propagation. The clinical benefits of tissue harmonic imaging are reduced reverberation noise and overall clutter level, improved border delineation, increased contrast resolution, and reduced phase aberration artifacts. To a large extend these benefits are explained by the properties of nonlinear propagation of the transmitted ultrasonic pulses in the tissue.
谐波成像最初是在90年代初为微泡造影剂开发的,假设组织是线性的,所有的谐波回波都是由气泡产生的。事实上,组织和气泡一样,是一种非线性介质。气泡的谐波回波源于非线性散射,而组织的谐波回波则是非线性传播的结果。组织谐波成像的临床益处是减少混响噪声和总体杂波水平,改善边界描绘,提高对比度分辨率,减少相位像差伪影。在很大程度上,这些好处是由透射超声脉冲在组织中的非线性传播特性来解释的。
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引用次数: 112
Optimizing the design of piezoelectric polymer ultrasound transducers 压电聚合物超声换能器的优化设计
L. Brown
The active area of a piezoelectric polymer resonator is an important criterion for transducer operating frequency, bandwidth and insertion loss. Much work has been carried out in selecting the resonator thickness, area, backing and matching layers for optimizing transducer efficiency and bandwidth using piezo-ceramic materials. For these materials, efficiency and bandwidth can be greatly enhanced by electrically tuning the piezo-ceramic element to a pulser-receiver and acoustically matching the element to its front and rear acoustic loads. The piezoelectric polymers, with weak piezoelectric properties, high internal losses, low mechanical quality factor and very low acoustic impedance, yield maximum bandwidth when left untuned. In this work, theoretical derivations are reported for optimizing the active area of the untuned piezoelectric polymer element for maximum power transfer at resonance.
聚合物压电谐振器的有源面积是决定换能器工作频率、带宽和插入损耗的重要指标。为了优化压电陶瓷材料的换能器效率和带宽,在选择谐振腔厚度、面积、衬底和匹配层方面进行了大量的工作。对于这些材料,通过电调谐压电陶瓷元件到脉冲接收器,并将元件与其前后声学负载进行声学匹配,可以大大提高效率和带宽。压电聚合物具有压电性能弱、内部损耗大、机械品质因数低、声阻抗极低等特点,在不调谐时产生最大带宽。在这项工作中,理论推导报告了优化非调谐压电聚合物元件在共振时最大功率传输的有源面积。
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引用次数: 5
Synchronization of contrast agent destruction and imaging for perfusion assessment 造影剂破坏与成像同步进行灌注评估
E. Gardner, R. Bendiksen, N. Sponheim, G. Holley, A. Tornes, S. Krishnan, P.D. Miller, K. Fowkes, A. Gee, K. Oygarden
Modifications were made to a commercial ultrasound scanner to improve established myocardial perfusion estimation methods. These modified methods were tested in a series of animal experiments where the coronary flow was controlled. The measured flow was related to perfusion parameters determined through ultrasonic imaging.
对商用超声扫描仪进行了改进,以改善已建立的心肌灌注估计方法。在一系列控制冠状动脉血流的动物实验中,对这些改进的方法进行了测试。测量的流量与超声成像确定的灌注参数有关。
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引用次数: 2
Wideband transducers for improved control of interstitial heating patterns 用于改进间隙加热模式控制的宽带换能器
Rajiv Chopra, C. Luginbuhl, F. Foster, M. Bronskill
The feasibility of using multilayered transducers for variable frequency interstitial ultrasound thermal therapy was investigated. KLM calculations and experimental measurements evaluated the ability to transmit high intensity ultrasound at multiple frequencies from a single transducer. Heating simulations demonstrated the improved control over lesion depth with this design. Using a quarter wavelength PZT front "mismatching" layer, two transmission bands at 3.5 and 7.5 MHz were possible, resulting in the ability to control the lesion depth by a factor of 1.5 in tissue.
探讨了利用多层换能器进行变频间质超声热疗的可行性。KLM计算和实验测量评估了从单个换能器传输多频率高强度超声波的能力。加热模拟表明,该设计改善了对损伤深度的控制。使用四分之一波长PZT前“不匹配”层,可以在3.5和7.5 MHz处实现两个传输频段,从而能够将组织中的病变深度控制在1.5倍。
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引用次数: 2
Ultrasonic tissue characterization-assessment of prostate tissue malignancy in vivo using a conventional classifier based tissue classification approach and elastographic imaging 超声组织表征-评估前列腺组织恶性肿瘤在体内使用传统的分类器为基础的组织分类方法和弹性成像
A. Lorenz, A. Pesavento, U. Scheipers, H. Ermert, M. Garcia-Schurmann, H. Sommerfeld, T. Senge, S. Philippou
We present the development of a combined system which is able to exploit the benefits of two methods used for tissue characterization, strain imaging and tissue classification using a trainable classification system. Our system is able to acquire in vivo multi-compression rf-data for the calculation of the tissue strain, i.e. the elastic properties of tissue, induced by tissue compression. At the same time a neuro-fuzzy classification system is used to map the tissue malignancy. In vivo classification results and in vivo strain images are presented. The images of the two new modalities are compared to demonstrate the advantages and restrictions of both methods.
我们提出了一个联合系统的发展,它能够利用两种方法的好处,用于组织表征,应变成像和组织分类使用可训练的分类系统。我们的系统能够获得体内多次压缩射频数据,用于计算组织应变,即组织的弹性特性,由组织压缩引起。同时采用神经模糊分类系统对组织恶性肿瘤进行定位。给出了体内分类结果和体内应变图像。对两种新方法的图像进行了比较,展示了两种方法的优点和局限性。
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引用次数: 5
Increased damage to stones without increased damage to cells with a dual-reflector lithotripter 使用双反射镜碎石机增加对石头的伤害,但不增加对细胞的伤害
D. Sokolov, M. Bailey, F. Pulvermakher, L. Crum
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a commonly used clinical treatment to comminute kidney stones into tiny fragments that can be expelled through a patient's urinary tract. Cavitation, the violent growth and collapse of microscopic bubbles, may be an important mechanism in both stone fragmentation and renal tissue damage during ESWL. In water, a conventional lithotripter generates a cavitation field in a cylindrical volume, /spl sim/1 cm wide/spl times/10 cm long. A dual-reflector lithotripter, consisting of two identical spark-gap lithotripters facing each other and firing simultaneously, creates a more localized cavitation field, /spl sim/3 cm wide/spl times/5 cm long. Stone breakage at the focus, and hemolysis, 2-cm from the focus, were assessed using both conventional lithotripsy (CL) and dual-reflector lithotripsy (DRL). Following exposure to 100 shots of DRL, the number of stone fragments >1.5 mm were 17.3/spl plusmn/3.9 at 18 kV, 5.3/spl plusmn/2.8 at 15 kV and 3/spl plusmn/1.7 at 12 kV. Following exposure to 200 shots of CL, the number of stone fragments >1.5 mm were 3.5/spl plusmn/1.9 at 18 kV, 1.6/spl plusmn/0.8 and at 15 kV, and 1.7/spl plusmn/1.1 at 12 kV. Following exposure to 100 shots of DRL, values for hemolysis were 8.1/spl plusmn/2.3% at 18 kV and 4.9/spl plusmn/1.1% at 15 kV. Following exposure to 200 shots of CL, values for hemolysis were 10.9/spl plusmn/3.4% at 18 kV and 7.8/spl plusmn/2.5% at 15 kV. These data demonstrate that, in vitro, DRL results in enhanced stone comminution at the focus and decreased damage to red blood cells a short distance from the focus.
体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)是一种常用的临床治疗方法,可以将肾结石粉碎成微小的碎片,并通过患者的尿路排出体外。空化,即微观气泡的剧烈生长和破裂,可能是体外冲击波碎石过程中结石碎裂和肾组织损伤的重要机制。在水中,传统的碎石机在圆柱形体积中产生空化场,/spl sim/1厘米宽/spl乘以/10厘米长。双反射镜碎石机由两个相同的火花隙碎石机相互面对并同时发射组成,可产生更局部化的空化场,/spl sim/3厘米宽/spl次/5厘米长。采用常规碎石(CL)和双反射镜碎石(DRL)评估病灶处结石破裂和距病灶2cm处溶血情况。在100次DRL照射后,岩石碎片>1.5 mm的数量在18 kV时为17.3/spl plusmn/3.9,在15 kV时为5.3/spl plusmn/2.8,在12 kV时为3/spl plusmn/1.7。暴露200次CL后,石屑>1.5 mm在18 kV时为3.5/spl plusmn/1.9,在15 kV时为1.6/spl plusmn/0.8,在12 kV时为1.7/spl plusmn/1.1。暴露于100针DRL后,溶血值在18 kV时为8.1/spl plusmn/2.3%,在15 kV时为4.9/spl plusmn/1.1%。暴露于200针CL后,溶血值在18 kV时为10.9/spl plusmn/3.4%,在15 kV时为7.8/spl plusmn/2.5%。这些数据表明,在体外,DRL可增强病灶处的结石粉碎,并减少离病灶近距离的红细胞损伤。
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引用次数: 3
Real time rectilinear volumetric imaging 实时直线容积成像
J. Yen, S.W. Smith
The current Duke real time volumetric scanner uses 40/spl times/40 arrays to scan a pyramidal volume comprised of 64 sector scans in the elevation direction. This scan format is primarily useful for cardiac imaging to avoid interference from the ribs. However, a real time rectilinear volumetric scan with a wider field of view close to the transducer could prove more useful for abdominal, breast, or vascular imaging. Therefore, several different sparse array patterns have been investigated for 5 MHz transducers through computer simulation using the Field II software of Jensen. The sparse arrays including a periodic array, a random array and a Mills cross array were compared to a fully sampled array which served as the "gold standard." The Mills cross design showed the best overall performance under the current system constraints. 94/spl times/94 Mills cross arrays including 372 elements have been fabricated. Preliminary real time rectilinear volumetric images of a wire phantom using the Mills Cross were obtained.
目前的Duke实时体积扫描仪使用40/spl次/40个阵列来扫描由64个扇形扫描组成的金字塔体。这种扫描格式主要用于心脏成像,以避免肋骨的干扰。然而,在靠近传感器的更宽视野的实时直线容积扫描可能对腹部、乳房或血管成像更有用。因此,利用Jensen的Field II软件,通过计算机模拟研究了几种不同的5 MHz换能器稀疏阵列方向图。将包括周期性阵列、随机阵列和米尔斯交叉阵列在内的稀疏阵列与作为“黄金标准”的全采样阵列进行了比较。Mills交叉设计在当前系统约束下表现出最佳的综合性能。94/spl times/94 Mills交叉阵列包括372个元件。利用米尔斯十字获得了线体的初步实时直线体图像。
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引用次数: 25
Rapid image registration for 3D ultrasound compounding 三维超声合成的快速图像配准
J.F. Kucker, P. Carson, G. LeCarpentier, J. Fowlkes, C. Meyer
A Subvolume-based algorithm for Ultrasound REgistration (SURE) has been developed and tested using artificially deformed in vivo ultrasound scans. SURE works in two stages, using MIAMI Fuse software to determine a global, affine registration in the first stage before iteratively dividing the volume into subvolumes and computing local rigid registrations in the second stage. Connectivity of the entire volume is ensured by global interpolation using thin-plate splines (TPSs). To simulate sequential scans, a random nonlinear deformation was applied and both correlated and uncorrelated noise was added to 20 image volumes, each reconstructed from 60 to 120 evenly spaced B-scan slices. Registration using SURE reduced the average displacements of 1.5 and 2.0 mm in the artificially deformed volumes to 0.20 and 0.27 mm, respectively. Registration times were below 5 min on a 500 MHz CPU for an average data set size of 13 MB.
一种基于亚体积的超声配准算法(SURE)已经开发出来,并使用人工变形的体内超声扫描进行了测试。SURE分为两个阶段,在第一阶段使用MIAMI Fuse软件确定全局仿射配准,然后在第二阶段迭代地将体积划分为子体积并计算局部刚性配准。通过薄板样条(tps)的全局插值确保了整个体积的连通性。为了模拟连续扫描,应用随机非线性变形,并将相关和不相关噪声添加到20个图像体积中,每个图像体积由60到120个均匀间隔的b扫描切片重建。使用SURE进行配准后,人工变形体积中的平均位移分别从1.5 mm和2.0 mm减少到0.20 mm和0.27 mm。在平均数据集大小为13 MB的500 MHz CPU上,注册时间低于5分钟。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
2000 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.00CH37121)
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