This paper focuses on the observable market effects of a more severe suppression of hard drug supply by the police. After surveying 624 regular heroin users in the Swiss cities of Bern and Zurich in a standardized way, the suppression policy had been intensified in Bern. To study the consequences of the policy change, the survey was repeated in both cities which resulted in another 419 standardized interviews. The results of this natural quasi experiment suggest that a more repressive practice of law enforcement agencies does not necessarily have the intended effects for central variables (e.g., price and quality of drugs, number of drug dealers) at the retail level of the illicit market.
{"title":"Effects of Suppression Policy in a Market for Heroin: A Natural Quasi-Experiment","authors":"Norman Braun, R. Berger","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1754637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1754637","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the observable market effects of a more severe suppression of hard drug supply by the police. After surveying 624 regular heroin users in the Swiss cities of Bern and Zurich in a standardized way, the suppression policy had been intensified in Bern. To study the consequences of the policy change, the survey was repeated in both cities which resulted in another 419 standardized interviews. The results of this natural quasi experiment suggest that a more repressive practice of law enforcement agencies does not necessarily have the intended effects for central variables (e.g., price and quality of drugs, number of drug dealers) at the retail level of the illicit market.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132994154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Foster care is supposed to be a temporary safe haven for abused and neglected children, a place where they are cared for while their parents solve the problems that led to their mistreatment. For many children, foster care undoubtedly serves this function well. However, thousands of children live in foster care for extended periods of time, many leaving care only when they become adults. Recent studies show that for many of these children, foster care is not a safe, nurturing place. Instead, being in care exposes these children to substantial risks of later juvenile delinquency and adult criminal arrest and conviction, as well as mental health problems, difficulties in school, poor employment prospects, poverty and homelessness. Ironically, reducing the use of foster care and focusing more on in-home services have been public policy goals in the United States for more than thirty years, and the roots of these policies go back more than a century. Despite this long consensus, the foster care system has been stubbornly resistant to change. I argue that the system persists because it allows society to assert that it is protecting children from harm while refusing to provide substantial material support to poor parents and that turning this analytical lens onto the actual functioning of the foster care system and its harmful effects on many children could provide new ways to argue for legal and policy reforms to the child welfare system that could reduce the unnecessary use of foster care and its consequences for delinquency.
{"title":"Challenging the Overuse of Foster Care and Disrupting the Path to Delinquency and Prison","authors":"L. J. Harris","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2884371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2884371","url":null,"abstract":"Foster care is supposed to be a temporary safe haven for abused and neglected children, a place where they are cared for while their parents solve the problems that led to their mistreatment. For many children, foster care undoubtedly serves this function well. However, thousands of children live in foster care for extended periods of time, many leaving care only when they become adults. Recent studies show that for many of these children, foster care is not a safe, nurturing place. Instead, being in care exposes these children to substantial risks of later juvenile delinquency and adult criminal arrest and conviction, as well as mental health problems, difficulties in school, poor employment prospects, poverty and homelessness. Ironically, reducing the use of foster care and focusing more on in-home services have been public policy goals in the United States for more than thirty years, and the roots of these policies go back more than a century. Despite this long consensus, the foster care system has been stubbornly resistant to change. I argue that the system persists because it allows society to assert that it is protecting children from harm while refusing to provide substantial material support to poor parents and that turning this analytical lens onto the actual functioning of the foster care system and its harmful effects on many children could provide new ways to argue for legal and policy reforms to the child welfare system that could reduce the unnecessary use of foster care and its consequences for delinquency.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115846423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Existing studies aimed at identifying individuals or economic agents that suffer more from crime than others are based on the incidence of crime or the proportion of agents within a group that experience one or more incident of crime during a given period of time. This paper shows that studies based solely on the incidence of crime may provide a misleading picture as to who suffers more from crime. In a sample of about 6,000 manufacturing firms in 14 Latin American countries, we find that large firms are more likely to experience an incident of crime than the small firms in a given year. However, the burden of crime measured by losses due to crime as a percentage of firms’ annual sales is heavier on the smaller firms.
{"title":"Who Suffers More from Crime?","authors":"M. Amin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1508626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1508626","url":null,"abstract":"Existing studies aimed at identifying individuals or economic agents that suffer more from crime than others are based on the incidence of crime or the proportion of agents within a group that experience one or more incident of crime during a given period of time. This paper shows that studies based solely on the incidence of crime may provide a misleading picture as to who suffers more from crime. In a sample of about 6,000 manufacturing firms in 14 Latin American countries, we find that large firms are more likely to experience an incident of crime than the small firms in a given year. However, the burden of crime measured by losses due to crime as a percentage of firms’ annual sales is heavier on the smaller firms.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115569706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-01DOI: 10.1002/9781444301489.CH3
P. O’Malley
Governmentality provides one of the most influential analyses of the nature and development of risk-based techniques in government over the past thirty years. In contrast to Beck's 'risk society' theory, which sees risk as a unity, governmentality emphasises the diversity of forms that risk takes as a governmental technique, and stresses their very different implications for those who are governed. In contrast to cultural analyses of risk, that concern themselves with the sociological ways risk is associated with particular congeries of social meanings and group processes, governmentality focuses overwhelmingly on governmental plans and programs. A governmental approach to risk is thus little interested in explaining the rise of risk in terms of some grand theory under which all risk is subordinated as an effect of epiphenomenon, nor in how widespread is the social acceptance of governmental plans. This chapter outlines the advantages and disadvantages of such an approach, what its impact has been, and examines how far governmentality can be integrated with risk society and cultural approaches to risk in contemporary life.
{"title":"Governmentality and Risk","authors":"P. O’Malley","doi":"10.1002/9781444301489.CH3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444301489.CH3","url":null,"abstract":"Governmentality provides one of the most influential analyses of the nature and development of risk-based techniques in government over the past thirty years. In contrast to Beck's 'risk society' theory, which sees risk as a unity, governmentality emphasises the diversity of forms that risk takes as a governmental technique, and stresses their very different implications for those who are governed. In contrast to cultural analyses of risk, that concern themselves with the sociological ways risk is associated with particular congeries of social meanings and group processes, governmentality focuses overwhelmingly on governmental plans and programs. A governmental approach to risk is thus little interested in explaining the rise of risk in terms of some grand theory under which all risk is subordinated as an effect of epiphenomenon, nor in how widespread is the social acceptance of governmental plans. This chapter outlines the advantages and disadvantages of such an approach, what its impact has been, and examines how far governmentality can be integrated with risk society and cultural approaches to risk in contemporary life.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"30 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113934943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most striking features of crime in America is its disproportionate concentration in disadvantaged, racially segregated communities, which has long raised concern that segregation itself may contribute to criminal behavior. Yet little is known about whether government efforts to reduce segregation can reduce crime. We address this question by studying the most important large-scale policy to reduce segregation in American life - court-ordered school desegregation. Our research design exploits variation across large urban school districts in the timing of when they were subject to local Federal court orders to desegregate. We find that for black youth, homicide victimization declines by around 25 percent when court orders are implemented; homicide arrests decline significantly as well. We also find evidence for spillover effects on other age and race groups, consistent with data indicating a sizable amount of offending across groups and with the fact that offending by different groups is also linked through the police budget constraint. Economic models for a "market for offenses" suggest the influence of this second mechanism should attenuate over time as victims respond to a shift in the supply of offenses by reducing investments in crime prevention. Consistent with this theory, we find police spending declines several years after court desegregation orders are enacted. The only detectable life-course-persistent effects are found among birth cohorts that attended desegregated schools.
{"title":"The Effects of School Desegregation on Crime","authors":"David A. Weiner, Byron F Lutz, Jens Ludwig","doi":"10.3386/W15380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W15380","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most striking features of crime in America is its disproportionate concentration in disadvantaged, racially segregated communities, which has long raised concern that segregation itself may contribute to criminal behavior. Yet little is known about whether government efforts to reduce segregation can reduce crime. We address this question by studying the most important large-scale policy to reduce segregation in American life - court-ordered school desegregation. Our research design exploits variation across large urban school districts in the timing of when they were subject to local Federal court orders to desegregate. We find that for black youth, homicide victimization declines by around 25 percent when court orders are implemented; homicide arrests decline significantly as well. We also find evidence for spillover effects on other age and race groups, consistent with data indicating a sizable amount of offending across groups and with the fact that offending by different groups is also linked through the police budget constraint. Economic models for a \"market for offenses\" suggest the influence of this second mechanism should attenuate over time as victims respond to a shift in the supply of offenses by reducing investments in crime prevention. Consistent with this theory, we find police spending declines several years after court desegregation orders are enacted. The only detectable life-course-persistent effects are found among birth cohorts that attended desegregated schools.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"31 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114395038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conducted by the Crime and Justice Research Network and the Australian and New Zealand Critical Criminology Network
由犯罪和司法研究网络以及澳大利亚和新西兰关键犯罪学网络进行
{"title":"Proceedings of the Second Australia and New Zealand Critical Criminology Conference, 19-20 June 2008, Sydney","authors":"C. Cunneen, M. Salter","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1333994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1333994","url":null,"abstract":"Conducted by the Crime and Justice Research Network and the Australian and New Zealand Critical Criminology Network","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124192459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expressive activities that occur inside adult entertainment businesses are protected under the First Amendment. Ordinances aimed at regulating adult businesses must be motivated by a legitimate concern for the businesses' potential adverse secondary effects, including ambient noise, blight, and crime. To demonstrate that its motives are legitimate, the government must collect and weigh secondary effects evidence prior to enacting an ordinance. The courts have set a low evidentiary threshold for the government. The government can rely on secondary effects studies conducted in other places, for example, and on evidence that fails to satisfy arbitrary standards of rigor. The courts require that the government's evidence be relevant and reliable, however, and this requirement opens the door to Constitutional challenges. Recently, stores that sell sexually-explicit merchandise strictly for off-premise use have challenged the relevance of the government's secondary effects evidence to off-site adult businesses. The typical challenge argues (1) that off-site adult businesses are a distinct business model; (2) that no study has reported secondary effects for off-site adult businesses; and (3) that common sense dictates that off-site adult stores could not generate secondary effects. In 2002, agreeing with this argument, a 5th Circuit Court of Appeals panel struck down a San Antonio ordinance regulating off-site adult businesses. In the wake the 5th Circuit's Encore Videos decision, off-site adult businesses have used the same argument to challenge government ordinances throughout the U.S. In some cases, courts have agreed with the argument. In other cases, to avoid litigation, governments have agreed not to enforce regulations against off-site adult businesses. If the argument can be adapted to other adult business models, the Constitutionality of all adult business regulations are questioned. In this essay, we examine the legal, logical, and empirical bases of the argument used by off-site adult businesses to challenge the Constitutionality of ordinances. After describing the evolution of the U.S. Supreme Court's secondary effects doctrine, we apply the routine activity theory of crime to the off-site adult business model. Criminological theory predicts that all adult business models, including the off-site model, will have secondary effects. To test the theory, we report the results of a case study of an off-site adult business. Like other adult business models, this off-site store has large, significant crime-related secondary effect. Finally, we discuss the legal implications of the case study findings.
{"title":"Do 'Off-Site' Adult Businesses Have Secondary Effects? Legal Doctrine, Social Theory, and Empirical Results","authors":"R. McCleary, A. Weinstein","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1010335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1010335","url":null,"abstract":"Expressive activities that occur inside adult entertainment businesses are protected under the First Amendment. Ordinances aimed at regulating adult businesses must be motivated by a legitimate concern for the businesses' potential adverse secondary effects, including ambient noise, blight, and crime. To demonstrate that its motives are legitimate, the government must collect and weigh secondary effects evidence prior to enacting an ordinance. The courts have set a low evidentiary threshold for the government. The government can rely on secondary effects studies conducted in other places, for example, and on evidence that fails to satisfy arbitrary standards of rigor. The courts require that the government's evidence be relevant and reliable, however, and this requirement opens the door to Constitutional challenges. Recently, stores that sell sexually-explicit merchandise strictly for off-premise use have challenged the relevance of the government's secondary effects evidence to off-site adult businesses. The typical challenge argues (1) that off-site adult businesses are a distinct business model; (2) that no study has reported secondary effects for off-site adult businesses; and (3) that common sense dictates that off-site adult stores could not generate secondary effects. In 2002, agreeing with this argument, a 5th Circuit Court of Appeals panel struck down a San Antonio ordinance regulating off-site adult businesses. In the wake the 5th Circuit's Encore Videos decision, off-site adult businesses have used the same argument to challenge government ordinances throughout the U.S. In some cases, courts have agreed with the argument. In other cases, to avoid litigation, governments have agreed not to enforce regulations against off-site adult businesses. If the argument can be adapted to other adult business models, the Constitutionality of all adult business regulations are questioned. In this essay, we examine the legal, logical, and empirical bases of the argument used by off-site adult businesses to challenge the Constitutionality of ordinances. After describing the evolution of the U.S. Supreme Court's secondary effects doctrine, we apply the routine activity theory of crime to the off-site adult business model. Criminological theory predicts that all adult business models, including the off-site model, will have secondary effects. To test the theory, we report the results of a case study of an off-site adult business. Like other adult business models, this off-site store has large, significant crime-related secondary effect. Finally, we discuss the legal implications of the case study findings.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128095670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews the British research literature on fear of crime. Organised in three sections, the review begins with an analysis of how fear of crime has been variously been defined and measured. The second section outlines (a) levels of fear of crime and (b) trends and trajectories over the past few decades. The third examines the various explanations put forward for the roots and dynamics of public insecurities about crime.
{"title":"Public Insecurities About Crime: A Review of the British Research Literature","authors":"J. Jackson, S. Farrall, M. Hough, B. Bradford","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1303610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1303610","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the British research literature on fear of crime. Organised in three sections, the review begins with an analysis of how fear of crime has been variously been defined and measured. The second section outlines (a) levels of fear of crime and (b) trends and trajectories over the past few decades. The third examines the various explanations put forward for the roots and dynamics of public insecurities about crime.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132265883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the occurrence of fights, assaults, arguments and threats of violence between adult male prisoners in an English category C prison. The self-narratives of 40 men are analysed to investigate whether some prisoners engage in more confrontations than others due to a psychological need to protect their identity. The findings indicate that how an individual understands and constructs their self-narrative can influence their involvement in aggressive behaviour. Implications for interventions attempting to reduce aggression are explored.
{"title":"What are You Looking at?: Prisoner Confrontations and the Search for Respect","authors":"M. Butler","doi":"10.1093/bjc/azn053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azn053","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the occurrence of fights, assaults, arguments and threats of violence between adult male prisoners in an English category C prison. The self-narratives of 40 men are analysed to investigate whether some prisoners engage in more confrontations than others due to a psychological need to protect their identity. The findings indicate that how an individual understands and constructs their self-narrative can influence their involvement in aggressive behaviour. Implications for interventions attempting to reduce aggression are explored.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133830387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a response to an increase in violent juvenile crime from the mid-1980s through the mid 1990s, state governments passed harsher laws governing the transfer of juveniles to the adult criminal system. This paper finds that changes in juvenile transfer laws cannot be definitively linked to increases or decreases in juvenile criminal activity. Controlling for other factors, two types of juvenile transfer laws (statutory exclusions and direct file provisions) show negative correlations with juvenile crime, but other types show positive correlations with juvenile crime. Even after attempting to account for the endogeneity of the transfer laws, there does not appear to be a consistent relationship between juvenile transfer laws and juvenile criminal activity.
{"title":"The Relationship between Juvenile Transfer Laws and Juvenile Crime","authors":"J. Cohn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1289963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1289963","url":null,"abstract":"As a response to an increase in violent juvenile crime from the mid-1980s through the mid 1990s, state governments passed harsher laws governing the transfer of juveniles to the adult criminal system. This paper finds that changes in juvenile transfer laws cannot be definitively linked to increases or decreases in juvenile criminal activity. Controlling for other factors, two types of juvenile transfer laws (statutory exclusions and direct file provisions) show negative correlations with juvenile crime, but other types show positive correlations with juvenile crime. Even after attempting to account for the endogeneity of the transfer laws, there does not appear to be a consistent relationship between juvenile transfer laws and juvenile criminal activity.","PeriodicalId":350529,"journal":{"name":"Criminology eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130493128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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