Pub Date : 2004-04-01DOI: 10.1179/096797804225012891
A. Bell
Abstract The opening presentation at the symposium '55 years of ferroelectrics' reflected on Eric Cross's early years in the UK, at the University of Leeds and subsequently at the Electrical Research Association. He worked first on barium titanate, in the mid 1940s a brand new material, and later on sodium niobate and the thermodynamic theory of ferroelectrics. So before he left for the USA to join the Materials Research Lab at Penn State, he had already begun to address a number of topics to which he would continue to return throughout his working life.
{"title":"55 years of ferroelectrics","authors":"A. Bell","doi":"10.1179/096797804225012891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/096797804225012891","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The opening presentation at the symposium '55 years of ferroelectrics' reflected on Eric Cross's early years in the UK, at the University of Leeds and subsequently at the Electrical Research Association. He worked first on barium titanate, in the mid 1940s a brand new material, and later on sodium niobate and the thermodynamic theory of ferroelectrics. So before he left for the USA to join the Materials Research Lab at Penn State, he had already begun to address a number of topics to which he would continue to return throughout his working life.","PeriodicalId":350675,"journal":{"name":"British Ceramic Transactions","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133212988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-04-01DOI: 10.1179/096797804225012819
R. Newnham
Abstract For the past 40 years, Eric Cross has been the worldwide leader of the international ferroelectrics community, organising meetings, advising students and colleagues, and building up an outstanding research programme at Penn State University. This paper describes the beginnings of the Penn State programme and some of the people involved, including George Brindley, Wilhelm Buessem, Ray Pepinsky and Rustum Roy. Three important events in its history were the work on multilayer capacitors with Erie Technological Products and Sprague Electric leading to the formation of the NSF Center for Dielectric Studies; the longstanding programme on piezoelectric transducers sponsored by the ONR which led to new families of composite ferroelectrics, to phased array ultrasound, and to near perfect electromechanical coupling factors; and the electrostriction measurements on relaxor ferroelectrics which played a key role in the development of reliable active optics systems. These were exciting times, and I am proud to have been a member of the Penn State ferroelectrics group and to express my gratitude to Eric Cross for his advice, leadership and friendship. He has a great mind and a big heart.
{"title":"Early days at MRL","authors":"R. Newnham","doi":"10.1179/096797804225012819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/096797804225012819","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For the past 40 years, Eric Cross has been the worldwide leader of the international ferroelectrics community, organising meetings, advising students and colleagues, and building up an outstanding research programme at Penn State University. This paper describes the beginnings of the Penn State programme and some of the people involved, including George Brindley, Wilhelm Buessem, Ray Pepinsky and Rustum Roy. Three important events in its history were the work on multilayer capacitors with Erie Technological Products and Sprague Electric leading to the formation of the NSF Center for Dielectric Studies; the longstanding programme on piezoelectric transducers sponsored by the ONR which led to new families of composite ferroelectrics, to phased array ultrasound, and to near perfect electromechanical coupling factors; and the electrostriction measurements on relaxor ferroelectrics which played a key role in the development of reliable active optics systems. These were exciting times, and I am proud to have been a member of the Penn State ferroelectrics group and to express my gratitude to Eric Cross for his advice, leadership and friendship. He has a great mind and a big heart.","PeriodicalId":350675,"journal":{"name":"British Ceramic Transactions","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132239835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1179/096797804225012701
Mohamed Ali Hajjaji, S. Kacim
Abstract Clay - calcite mixes containing up to 20 wt-% calcite were fired at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1075 ° C and investigated by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy as well as by measuring some common ceramic properties. It was found that for < 10 wt-% calcite additions the sintering process is controlled by viscous flow, whereas at greater levels of addition sintering proceeds mainly by diffusion. Moreover, a metastable phase identified as grossular developed and disappeared at the expense of anorthite. The absence of wollastonite is also discussed. Attempts to predict phase formation on the basis of the CaOSiO2-Al2O3 phase diagram show that predictions hold only for the mixtures richest in calcite.
{"title":"Clay - calcite mixes: sintering and phase formation","authors":"Mohamed Ali Hajjaji, S. Kacim","doi":"10.1179/096797804225012701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/096797804225012701","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Clay - calcite mixes containing up to 20 wt-% calcite were fired at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1075 ° C and investigated by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy as well as by measuring some common ceramic properties. It was found that for < 10 wt-% calcite additions the sintering process is controlled by viscous flow, whereas at greater levels of addition sintering proceeds mainly by diffusion. Moreover, a metastable phase identified as grossular developed and disappeared at the expense of anorthite. The absence of wollastonite is also discussed. Attempts to predict phase formation on the basis of the CaOSiO2-Al2O3 phase diagram show that predictions hold only for the mixtures richest in calcite.","PeriodicalId":350675,"journal":{"name":"British Ceramic Transactions","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126866577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1179/096797804225012738
A. Chakraborty
Abstract The characterisation by various spectroscopic techniques of amorphous mullite precursors formed from monophasic (SH) and diphasic (DG) gels is reviewed. In a new approach, both types of precursor have been heated with CaCO3 and the crystalline phases formed during solid state reaction monitored using an X-ray powder diffraction technique. The formation of a calcium aluminosilicate phase (gehlenite) rather than calcium aluminate suggests that both precursors consist of an amorphous aluminosilicate phase of composition close to that of 3:2 mullite.
{"title":"Characterisation of monophasic and diphasic mullite precursors by solid state reaction study","authors":"A. Chakraborty","doi":"10.1179/096797804225012738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/096797804225012738","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The characterisation by various spectroscopic techniques of amorphous mullite precursors formed from monophasic (SH) and diphasic (DG) gels is reviewed. In a new approach, both types of precursor have been heated with CaCO3 and the crystalline phases formed during solid state reaction monitored using an X-ray powder diffraction technique. The formation of a calcium aluminosilicate phase (gehlenite) rather than calcium aluminate suggests that both precursors consist of an amorphous aluminosilicate phase of composition close to that of 3:2 mullite.","PeriodicalId":350675,"journal":{"name":"British Ceramic Transactions","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124501515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1179/096797804225012693
S. Riyas, P. N. Mohan Das
Abstract Metal oxides supported on TiO2 are gaining in importance as a result of their applications in catalysis. Reactions carried out over TiO2 supported catalysts include hydrodesulphurisation (HDS), partial or selective oxidation, hydrogenation of carbon monoxide, selective catalytic reduction of NOx, coal liquefaction, and ammonia synthesis. Catalytic activity depends on the phase of the TiO2 skeleton (anatase, rutile, or brookite). Catalytic activity is high for anatase, but decreases when it transforms to rutile on heating at high temperature for extended periods. In the present study, the effect of doping with Fe2O3 or Cr2O3 on the anatase to rutile transformation was investigated. Samples prepared by coprecipitation and wet impregnation were heated in air at various temperatures. The calcined samples were characterised by chemical analysis, XRD, surface area measurements, SEM, and grain size measurements. It was observed that the degree of anatase transformation was higher on doping with 15% Fe2O3 or Cr2O3 than with 5%. The method of preparation plays a major role in the transformation, coprecipitated samples always giving higher rutile percentages than wet impregnated ones. The activation energy for the transformation is lower for 15% than for 5% doped samples and for coprecipitated than for wet impregnated ones.
{"title":"Effect of Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 on anatase - rutile transformation in TiO2","authors":"S. Riyas, P. N. Mohan Das","doi":"10.1179/096797804225012693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/096797804225012693","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Metal oxides supported on TiO2 are gaining in importance as a result of their applications in catalysis. Reactions carried out over TiO2 supported catalysts include hydrodesulphurisation (HDS), partial or selective oxidation, hydrogenation of carbon monoxide, selective catalytic reduction of NOx, coal liquefaction, and ammonia synthesis. Catalytic activity depends on the phase of the TiO2 skeleton (anatase, rutile, or brookite). Catalytic activity is high for anatase, but decreases when it transforms to rutile on heating at high temperature for extended periods. In the present study, the effect of doping with Fe2O3 or Cr2O3 on the anatase to rutile transformation was investigated. Samples prepared by coprecipitation and wet impregnation were heated in air at various temperatures. The calcined samples were characterised by chemical analysis, XRD, surface area measurements, SEM, and grain size measurements. It was observed that the degree of anatase transformation was higher on doping with 15% Fe2O3 or Cr2O3 than with 5%. The method of preparation plays a major role in the transformation, coprecipitated samples always giving higher rutile percentages than wet impregnated ones. The activation energy for the transformation is lower for 15% than for 5% doped samples and for coprecipitated than for wet impregnated ones.","PeriodicalId":350675,"journal":{"name":"British Ceramic Transactions","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122980739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1179/096797804225012729
J. Calbo, S. Šorli, M. Llusar, M. A. Tena, G. Monrós
Abstract Black ceramic pigments are usually prepared from a mixture of transition metal oxides, including toxic and hazardous elements such as Ni, Co, Cr, and Mn. Spinel type black ceramic pigments based on Ni(Fe,Cr)2O4 prepared by a ceramic method have been optimised to reduce toxic and hazardous components. Ni (an A1 carcinogen as classified by ACGIH)has been partially substituted by inert elements such as Mg and Zn and the content of Cr (an A1 carcinogen in hexavalent form) has been minimised, to obtain a black ceramic pigment in which the important properties (colour and stability) are maintained. The black pigments obtained have been glazed and compared with commercial pigments. While maintaining adequate colouring properties, the concentration of toxic elements in the composition has been reduced.
{"title":"Minimisation of toxicity in nickel ferrite black pigment","authors":"J. Calbo, S. Šorli, M. Llusar, M. A. Tena, G. Monrós","doi":"10.1179/096797804225012729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/096797804225012729","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Black ceramic pigments are usually prepared from a mixture of transition metal oxides, including toxic and hazardous elements such as Ni, Co, Cr, and Mn. Spinel type black ceramic pigments based on Ni(Fe,Cr)2O4 prepared by a ceramic method have been optimised to reduce toxic and hazardous components. Ni (an A1 carcinogen as classified by ACGIH)has been partially substituted by inert elements such as Mg and Zn and the content of Cr (an A1 carcinogen in hexavalent form) has been minimised, to obtain a black ceramic pigment in which the important properties (colour and stability) are maintained. The black pigments obtained have been glazed and compared with commercial pigments. While maintaining adequate colouring properties, the concentration of toxic elements in the composition has been reduced.","PeriodicalId":350675,"journal":{"name":"British Ceramic Transactions","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128983414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1179/096797804225012675
A. Mergen
Abstract Bauxite ore extracted from Seydis¸ehir-Konya in Turkey has been used for the production of sintered bauxite. The high iron and calcium in the bauxite were decreased to low levels by hydrochloric acid leaching. Temperature and acid concentration significantly affected the level of iron extraction from bauxite. The aluminium dissolution during acid leaching at 6M and below 70°C was ≤2%, and calcium dissolution was over 95%. XRD and XRF of leached bauxite revealed that the level of iron within the bauxite was decreased below 2% and that no significant TiO2 or SiO2 dissolved during leaching. XRD of leached bauxite sintered at 1400-1700°C for 4 h revealed only corundum (α -Al2O3) and mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO2). SEM investigation showed that bauxite grains were in the form of large aggregates. The maximum bulk density obtained at 1700°C was low compared with commercial refractory bauxites and the leached bauxite therefore needed to be sintered for longer times at 1700°C or at higher temperatures.
{"title":"Production of sintered high alumina refractories from Turkish bauxite ore","authors":"A. Mergen","doi":"10.1179/096797804225012675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/096797804225012675","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bauxite ore extracted from Seydis¸ehir-Konya in Turkey has been used for the production of sintered bauxite. The high iron and calcium in the bauxite were decreased to low levels by hydrochloric acid leaching. Temperature and acid concentration significantly affected the level of iron extraction from bauxite. The aluminium dissolution during acid leaching at 6M and below 70°C was ≤2%, and calcium dissolution was over 95%. XRD and XRF of leached bauxite revealed that the level of iron within the bauxite was decreased below 2% and that no significant TiO2 or SiO2 dissolved during leaching. XRD of leached bauxite sintered at 1400-1700°C for 4 h revealed only corundum (α -Al2O3) and mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO2). SEM investigation showed that bauxite grains were in the form of large aggregates. The maximum bulk density obtained at 1700°C was low compared with commercial refractory bauxites and the leached bauxite therefore needed to be sintered for longer times at 1700°C or at higher temperatures.","PeriodicalId":350675,"journal":{"name":"British Ceramic Transactions","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123457512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1179/096797804225012657
N. H. Kim, H. W. Kim
Abstract Growth of ZnO thin films with c axis (002) orientation has been demonstrated at room temperature on Si(100), SiO2, and amorphous ZnO substrates by the rf magnetron sputtering method. The structural properties of the ZnO thin films were investigated with varying rf power. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that increasing rf power helped to increase the c axis lattice constant and grain size, regardless of substrate material. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the structural morphology of the ZnO films was not dependent on the substrate material.
{"title":"Room temperature preparation of c axis oriented ZnO films on Si(100), SiO2, and ZnO substrates by rf magnetron sputtering","authors":"N. H. Kim, H. W. Kim","doi":"10.1179/096797804225012657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/096797804225012657","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Growth of ZnO thin films with c axis (002) orientation has been demonstrated at room temperature on Si(100), SiO2, and amorphous ZnO substrates by the rf magnetron sputtering method. The structural properties of the ZnO thin films were investigated with varying rf power. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that increasing rf power helped to increase the c axis lattice constant and grain size, regardless of substrate material. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the structural morphology of the ZnO films was not dependent on the substrate material.","PeriodicalId":350675,"journal":{"name":"British Ceramic Transactions","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122776576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1179/096797804225012666
N. Khalil
Abstract Knowledge of relative heat resistance as well as thermo-mechanical behaviour of refractory castables is very important for their use as linings in high temperature furnaces and refining vessels in the metallurgical, cement, and petrochemical industries. The present work aims at studying these properties for different types of refractory castable. Two classes of castable were prepared, namely ultralow and zero cement, containing either high alumina cement or hydratable alumina as bonding agent. For each class, two different castable systems were prepared, one containing an alumina-silica mixture in its matrix and the other containing magnesia-alumina. In all castables studied, calcined alumina was used as aggregate. The prepared castable samples were subjected to firing temperatures up to 1500°C. Relative heat resistance, bending strength before and after thermal cycling, hot modulus of rupture, and creep deformation were measured according to international standard specifications. It was concluded that a limited content of cement (ultralow cement castables) is beneficial with the magnesia-alumina mix in the matrix owing to the formation of calcium hexaluminate-magnesium aluminate-corundum (matrix advantage system) that results in excellent relative heat resistance as well as thermome-chanical properties. Zero cement castables on the other hand are recommended for use with the alumina-silica mixture, since the absence of cement improves the chances of mullite formation without glassy phases, thereby enhancing the properties of such refractory castables.
{"title":"Heat resistance and thermomechanical behaviour of ultralow and zero cement castables","authors":"N. Khalil","doi":"10.1179/096797804225012666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/096797804225012666","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Knowledge of relative heat resistance as well as thermo-mechanical behaviour of refractory castables is very important for their use as linings in high temperature furnaces and refining vessels in the metallurgical, cement, and petrochemical industries. The present work aims at studying these properties for different types of refractory castable. Two classes of castable were prepared, namely ultralow and zero cement, containing either high alumina cement or hydratable alumina as bonding agent. For each class, two different castable systems were prepared, one containing an alumina-silica mixture in its matrix and the other containing magnesia-alumina. In all castables studied, calcined alumina was used as aggregate. The prepared castable samples were subjected to firing temperatures up to 1500°C. Relative heat resistance, bending strength before and after thermal cycling, hot modulus of rupture, and creep deformation were measured according to international standard specifications. It was concluded that a limited content of cement (ultralow cement castables) is beneficial with the magnesia-alumina mix in the matrix owing to the formation of calcium hexaluminate-magnesium aluminate-corundum (matrix advantage system) that results in excellent relative heat resistance as well as thermome-chanical properties. Zero cement castables on the other hand are recommended for use with the alumina-silica mixture, since the absence of cement improves the chances of mullite formation without glassy phases, thereby enhancing the properties of such refractory castables.","PeriodicalId":350675,"journal":{"name":"British Ceramic Transactions","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131083935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-02-01DOI: 10.1179/bct.2004.103.1.1
M. Edirisinghe
British Ceramic T ransactions (BCT ) in its current and previous formats is over 100 volumes rich in ceramic literature. However, the growth in the subject area of ceramics has also seen rather dramatic changes in the past 50 years, and it may be that BCT has not fully embraced these developments. In the early to mid twentieth century emphasis was on traditional or clay ceramics with demand only for whiteware (tiles, sanitaryand toiletware), building materials (bricks, cement, concrete), refractories, and glass. Microand nanoscale processing and forming and ceramic synthesis from precursors were rather irrelevant to the ceramics discipline. The 1950s heralded a new dawn with the development of a group of materials termed special ceramics (now known as engineering ceramics) oVering potential high tech applications. Today we further classify engineering ceramics into structural, functional, and bio-ceramics, but the euphoria of the late 1980s and 90s that structural ceramics such as 34 and SiC would become leading engineering materials, particularly in engines, has resulted in heartbreak and despair in the ceramics community. In contrast, developments in functional ceramics (electrical, electronic, superconducting, and optical ) and bioceramics (e.g. implants and devices for the human body) have shown a clear upward surge, and the latter particularly has helped the ceramics community to make novel and productive alliances with the medical fraternity.
{"title":"From the Editor","authors":"M. Edirisinghe","doi":"10.1179/bct.2004.103.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/bct.2004.103.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"British Ceramic T ransactions (BCT ) in its current and previous formats is over 100 volumes rich in ceramic literature. However, the growth in the subject area of ceramics has also seen rather dramatic changes in the past 50 years, and it may be that BCT has not fully embraced these developments. In the early to mid twentieth century emphasis was on traditional or clay ceramics with demand only for whiteware (tiles, sanitaryand toiletware), building materials (bricks, cement, concrete), refractories, and glass. Microand nanoscale processing and forming and ceramic synthesis from precursors were rather irrelevant to the ceramics discipline. The 1950s heralded a new dawn with the development of a group of materials termed special ceramics (now known as engineering ceramics) oVering potential high tech applications. Today we further classify engineering ceramics into structural, functional, and bio-ceramics, but the euphoria of the late 1980s and 90s that structural ceramics such as 34 and SiC would become leading engineering materials, particularly in engines, has resulted in heartbreak and despair in the ceramics community. In contrast, developments in functional ceramics (electrical, electronic, superconducting, and optical ) and bioceramics (e.g. implants and devices for the human body) have shown a clear upward surge, and the latter particularly has helped the ceramics community to make novel and productive alliances with the medical fraternity.","PeriodicalId":350675,"journal":{"name":"British Ceramic Transactions","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120976283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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