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When the Medium Was the Mission最新文献

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What’s the Matter with Networks? 网络出了什么问题?
Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479801480.003.0002
Jenna Supp-Montgomerie
The first chapter takes up the promise of perfect technology and theories of materialism to clarify religion’s role in the establishment of the global telegraph network. Among the primary agents for Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail’s machine were US Protestant missionaries who equated the adoption of new technology with a process of civilization that would lead to religious conversion. For many of these missionaries, especially Cyrus Hamlin, urging the world toward Protestantism entailed also urging the world toward new technology: the medium was the mission. The chapter traces the role of technology in missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and the twisting story of telegraphy in the Ottoman Empire—a volatile mix of connection and disconnection as colonial interests, imperial goals, and diverse forms of resistance wove the network through the land and then used the network to take down the empire itself.
第一章从完美技术的承诺和唯物主义理论出发,阐明宗教在全球电报网络建立中的作用。塞缪尔·莫尔斯和阿尔弗雷德·韦尔的机器的主要代理人是美国新教传教士,他们将新技术的采用等同于导致宗教皈依的文明过程。对这些传教士中的许多人来说,尤其是赛勒斯·哈姆林(Cyrus Hamlin),推动世界走向新教也就意味着推动世界走向新技术:媒介就是使命。这一章追溯了技术在美国外交使团委员会的任务中的作用,以及奥斯曼帝国电报的扭曲故事——随着殖民利益、帝国目标和各种形式的抵抗交织在一起,连接和断开的不稳定混合在一起,然后利用网络摧毁了帝国本身。
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引用次数: 0
The End of Distance and the End of War 距离的终结和战争的终结
Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479801480.003.0004
Jenna Supp-Montgomerie
This chapter addresses the potent US utopianism that greeted the Atlantic Telegraph Cable of 1858. US Americans tethered perfection to new telegraph technology with all the idealism utopia has come to connote but without the spatial or temporal inaccessibility that we traditionally associate with the “no-place” coined by Thomas More in his 1516 Utopia. In most formulations, utopia is set in a far-off land or distant future. Yet for many US Americans, the moment the Atlantic Telegraph Cable was strung across the ocean and Morse code was sent pulsing beneath the waves, this technologically empowered utopian world began to arrive. With an anchoring focus on the Oneida Community, a small religious community that became obsessed with the telegraph’s possibilities for unity among all people and with God, this chapter argues that in the mid-nineteenth-century United States, utopia was not understood as a distant land or future event. Rather, the utopianism of this network imaginary demands a redefinition of utopia as proximate.
本章论述了1858年大西洋电报电报问世时,美国那种强大的乌托邦主义。美国人将新的电报技术与理想主义乌托邦所隐含的一切联系在一起,但没有我们传统上与托马斯·莫尔在1516年的乌托邦中创造的“无所不在”联系在一起的空间或时间上的不可达性。在大多数表述中,乌托邦被设定在遥远的土地或遥远的未来。然而,对许多美国人来说,当大西洋电报电缆穿过大洋,莫尔斯电码在海浪下脉冲发送的那一刻,这个技术支持的乌托邦世界开始到来。本章以奥奈达社区(Oneida Community)为锚定焦点,这是一个小型宗教社区,沉迷于电报实现所有人与上帝团结的可能性。本章认为,在19世纪中期的美国,乌托邦并不被理解为遥远的土地或未来的事件。相反,这种网络想象的乌托邦主义要求将乌托邦重新定义为近似的。
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引用次数: 0
The Great Fizzle 伟大的失败
Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479801480.003.0003
Jenna Supp-Montgomerie
This chapter explores the promise of social unity through networks by looking at the religious nationalism that emerged in the United States around the Atlantic telegraph. As Americans tensely watched the struggle to transmit the world’s first transatlantic telegram, a diverse community—from Protestant missionaries to civic leaders—spoke of the newly united world that electric speech would create in explicitly Christian terms. Public statements that claimed the telegraph as destined and blessed by God were not merely religious ways of speaking about the telegraph; the affective weight born by this Christian vocabulary and imagery forged the affiliation of the telegraph with dreams of global unity in particularly durable ways. This chapter examines alternative imaginaries of obsolete telegraphs (e.g., grapevine telegraph, spiritual telegraph, optical telegraph) that have lost cultural meaning to demonstrate that affect, not the technology itself, produced and sustained network imaginaries of national and global connection. The fragile cable of 1858 and the united “whole world” it was said to create point to the materiality and contingency inherent in the discursive and affective labor of forming public culture.
本章通过观察在美国大西洋电报周围出现的宗教民族主义,探讨了通过网络实现社会团结的希望。当美国人紧张地注视着世界上第一份跨大西洋电报的传输过程时,一个多元化的社区——从新教传教士到公民领袖——用明确的基督教术语谈论着电子演讲将创造的新统一的世界。公开声明称电报是上帝的命定和祝福,这不仅仅是对电报的宗教说法;这种基督教词汇和意象所产生的情感重量以特别持久的方式锻造了电报与全球统一梦想的联系。本章考察了已经失去文化意义的过时电报(例如,葡萄藤电报,精神电报,光学电报)的替代想象,以证明影响,而不是技术本身,产生并维持了国家和全球连接的网络想象。1858年那份脆弱的电报和据说它所创造的统一的“整个世界”指向了形成公共文化的话语和情感劳动中固有的物质性和偶然性。
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引用次数: 0
“Received but Not Intelligible” “收到但听不懂”
Pub Date : 2021-02-16 DOI: 10.18574/nyu/9781479801480.003.0005
Jenna Supp-Montgomerie
This chapter explores the promises and failures of communication through an analysis of what was sent on the Atlantic Telegraph Cable of 1858. It is a strange sort of content analysis, however, since most of the communication on the cable consisted of mere signals before the cable was capable of transmitting code, and even much of the code the cable could transmit consisted of a single letter. The V—a Beethovenian dot-dot-dot-dash in Morse code—became the primary way to reestablish connection after failure. These transmissions read more like babble than meaning, more like a stutter than speech. As such, they help to illustrate the constitutive disconnections that make communication possible and, in particular, highlight the telegraph’s inauguration of a new form of language that neither represented things in the world nor referenced a system of meaning: the signal. With particular attention to the work of Ferdinand de Saussure, Jacques Lacan, and James Carey, this chapter turns to infrastructure as a supplement to structural and poststructural theories of communication and argues that the creative, affective force of religion made these essentially meaningless signals matter. Even before the Atlantic Telegraph Cable could transmit speech, it carried the hefty imaginary of a divinely sanctioned global unity.
本章通过分析1858年大西洋电报电缆上发送的内容来探讨通信的承诺和失败。然而,这是一种奇怪的内容分析,因为在电缆能够传输代码之前,电缆上的大部分通信仅仅由信号组成,甚至电缆可以传输的大部分代码都由一个字母组成。莫尔斯电码中的V-a贝多芬式的点-点-点-破折号成为故障后重建连接的主要方式。这些传输读起来更像是胡言乱语而不是真正的意思,更像是结巴而不是说话。因此,它们有助于说明使交流成为可能的结构上的脱节,尤其突出了电报开创了一种新的语言形式,这种语言既不代表世界上的事物,也不参考意义系统:信号。本章特别关注费迪南德·德·索绪尔、雅克·拉康和詹姆斯·凯里的工作,将基础设施作为对结构和后结构传播理论的补充,并认为宗教的创造性和情感力量使这些本质上毫无意义的信号变得重要。甚至在大西洋电报电缆能够传输语音之前,它就承载了一个神圣认可的全球统一的巨大想象。
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引用次数: 0
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When the Medium Was the Mission
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