Most agree that enterprise architecture (EA) artifacts include not only representation models, but also design principles [35]. While EA modeling and EA models are covered broadly in the EA state-of-the-art, design activity issues and design principles in particular are still neglected. While there has been some work on EA principles recently, their use has not been systematically surveyed so far. This is surprising because EA principles play an important role in practice. Based on a review of the state-of-the-art of EA principle understanding, we summarize findings from a survey among 70 participants from Swiss and German companies. While EA principles are widely defined, well documented, based on IT strategy and generally perceived as useful, deficiencies are apparent regarding stakeholder involvement, business architecture principles (definition as well as usage), regular principle reviews, and business alignment.
{"title":"How are Enterprise Architecture Design Principles Used?","authors":"R. Winter, Stephan Aier","doi":"10.1109/EDOCW.2011.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOCW.2011.27","url":null,"abstract":"Most agree that enterprise architecture (EA) artifacts include not only representation models, but also design principles [35]. While EA modeling and EA models are covered broadly in the EA state-of-the-art, design activity issues and design principles in particular are still neglected. While there has been some work on EA principles recently, their use has not been systematically surveyed so far. This is surprising because EA principles play an important role in practice. Based on a review of the state-of-the-art of EA principle understanding, we summarize findings from a survey among 70 participants from Swiss and German companies. While EA principles are widely defined, well documented, based on IT strategy and generally perceived as useful, deficiencies are apparent regarding stakeholder involvement, business architecture principles (definition as well as usage), regular principle reviews, and business alignment.","PeriodicalId":351015,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE 15th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123559615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sabine Buckl, F. Matthes, Ivan Monahov, S. Roth, Christopher Schulz, Christian M. Schweda
Enterprise architecture (EA) management provides an engineering approach for the continuous advancement of the enterprise as a whole. The high number of involved components and their dense web of interdependencies nevertheless form a major challenge for such approach and demand high initial investment into documentations, communications, and analysis. Aforementioned fact has in the past been an impediment for successful EA management in practice. In the field of software engineering recently lightweight and agile methods have become more and more important. These methods aim at quickly creating results, while staying flexible in respect to the design goals to attain. In this article we explore to which extent the de-facto standard for agile methods, namely Scrum, can be applied to EA management. Thereby, we derive challenges for an agile EA management approach and revisit current approaches regarding their agility. Finally, we outline how agile EA management can be implemented based on the method of Scrum.
{"title":"Towards an Agile Design of the Enterprise Architecture Management Function","authors":"Sabine Buckl, F. Matthes, Ivan Monahov, S. Roth, Christopher Schulz, Christian M. Schweda","doi":"10.1109/EDOCW.2011.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOCW.2011.33","url":null,"abstract":"Enterprise architecture (EA) management provides an engineering approach for the continuous advancement of the enterprise as a whole. The high number of involved components and their dense web of interdependencies nevertheless form a major challenge for such approach and demand high initial investment into documentations, communications, and analysis. Aforementioned fact has in the past been an impediment for successful EA management in practice. In the field of software engineering recently lightweight and agile methods have become more and more important. These methods aim at quickly creating results, while staying flexible in respect to the design goals to attain. In this article we explore to which extent the de-facto standard for agile methods, namely Scrum, can be applied to EA management. Thereby, we derive challenges for an agile EA management approach and revisit current approaches regarding their agility. Finally, we outline how agile EA management can be implemented based on the method of Scrum.","PeriodicalId":351015,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE 15th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130413786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marlies van Steenbergen, Ralph Foorthuis, N. Mushkudiani, Wiel A. G. Bruls, S. Brinkkemper, Rik Bos
Enterprise Architecture (EA) is rapidly becoming an established discipline. However, this does not mean that the practice of EA is already fully standardized. Practitioners as well as researchers report various techniques being used in the EA practice. And although EA has various potential benefits, evidence of real benefits is only just emerging. This paper presents empirical evidence of the relations between EA techniques used and EA benefits perceived, as well as the influence of contextual factors. The evidence is based on the results of a survey (n=293) held among both architects and stakeholders of EA in a wide variety of organizations. Employing multivariate regression analysis we found that the combination of project compliance, EA choices being explicitly linked to business goals and organized knowledge exchange between architects is a strong predictor for EA being perceived as a good instrument. We also established that significant differences exist in EA practice effectiveness between different economic sectors. Government appears to reap less benefits from EA than other sectors. The empirical evidence furthermore shows only a small influence of organizational size and number of architects on EA effectiveness.
{"title":"Achieving Enterprise Architecture Benefits: What Makes the Difference?","authors":"Marlies van Steenbergen, Ralph Foorthuis, N. Mushkudiani, Wiel A. G. Bruls, S. Brinkkemper, Rik Bos","doi":"10.1109/EDOCW.2011.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOCW.2011.36","url":null,"abstract":"Enterprise Architecture (EA) is rapidly becoming an established discipline. However, this does not mean that the practice of EA is already fully standardized. Practitioners as well as researchers report various techniques being used in the EA practice. And although EA has various potential benefits, evidence of real benefits is only just emerging. This paper presents empirical evidence of the relations between EA techniques used and EA benefits perceived, as well as the influence of contextual factors. The evidence is based on the results of a survey (n=293) held among both architects and stakeholders of EA in a wide variety of organizations. Employing multivariate regression analysis we found that the combination of project compliance, EA choices being explicitly linked to business goals and organized knowledge exchange between architects is a strong predictor for EA being perceived as a good instrument. We also established that significant differences exist in EA practice effectiveness between different economic sectors. Government appears to reap less benefits from EA than other sectors. The empirical evidence furthermore shows only a small influence of organizational size and number of architects on EA effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":351015,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE 15th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130414633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
System execution traces are useful artifacts for validating enterprise distributed software system quality-of-service (QoS) properties, such as end-to-end response time, service time, and throughput. With proper planning during development phase of the software lifecycle, it is possible to ensure such traces contain required properties to facilitate analysis for QoS validation. In some case, however, it is not possible to ensure system execution traces contain the necessary properties for QoS analysis. Consequently, this makes it hard to analyze such system execution traces for validation of QoS properties. This paper therefore presents preliminary work on the System Execution Trace Adaptation Framework (SETAF) for adapting system execution traces to support analysis of It also presents preliminary results from applying SETAF to externally developed applications. The initial results show that it is possible to validate QoS properties by adapting system execution traces at analysis time instead of modifying the application's existing source code.
{"title":"Towards Adapting System Execution Traces for Validation of Enterprise Distributed System QoS Properties","authors":"T. Peirs, James H. Hill","doi":"10.1109/EDOCW.2011.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOCW.2011.45","url":null,"abstract":"System execution traces are useful artifacts for validating enterprise distributed software system quality-of-service (QoS) properties, such as end-to-end response time, service time, and throughput. With proper planning during development phase of the software lifecycle, it is possible to ensure such traces contain required properties to facilitate analysis for QoS validation. In some case, however, it is not possible to ensure system execution traces contain the necessary properties for QoS analysis. Consequently, this makes it hard to analyze such system execution traces for validation of QoS properties. This paper therefore presents preliminary work on the System Execution Trace Adaptation Framework (SETAF) for adapting system execution traces to support analysis of It also presents preliminary results from applying SETAF to externally developed applications. The initial results show that it is possible to validate QoS properties by adapting system execution traces at analysis time instead of modifying the application's existing source code.","PeriodicalId":351015,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE 15th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops","volume":"725 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124330539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gonçalo Antunes, J. Barateiro, Christoph Becker, J. Borbinha, Ricardo Vieira
Enterprise Architecture approaches are used to provide rigorous descriptions of the organization-wide environment, manage the alignment of deployed services to the organization's mission, end ensure a clear separation of the concerns addressed in an architecture. Thus, an effective Enterprise Architecture approach assists in the management of relations and dependencies of any components of the organization environment and supports the integration and evolution of the architecture. However, the quality of that approach is strongly influenced by the precision of the architecture context description, a fact which is not always recognized. This paper focuses on the architecture context description and addresses the gap between the stakeholders' concerns and the resulting architecture. Based on a combination of established references and standards, we show how an explicit integration of the architecture context into the architecture model improves the linking of concerns and key elements of the architecture vision. We apply our approach to a subject of increasing concern in the Information Systems area: longevity of information. Digital preservation is an interdisciplinary problem, but existent initiatives address it in a very domain-centric way, making it impossible to integrate documented knowledge into an overall organization architecture. We analyze several references and models and derive a description of the architecture context and a capability model that supports incremental development through an explicit distinction between systems and their capabilities. The presented approach allows not just any organization to assess their current digital preservation awareness and evolve their architectures to address this challenge, but in particular demonstrates the added value of an explicit architecture context model in an Enterprise Architecture approach.
{"title":"Modeling Contextual Concerns in Enterprise Architecture","authors":"Gonçalo Antunes, J. Barateiro, Christoph Becker, J. Borbinha, Ricardo Vieira","doi":"10.1109/EDOCW.2011.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOCW.2011.9","url":null,"abstract":"Enterprise Architecture approaches are used to provide rigorous descriptions of the organization-wide environment, manage the alignment of deployed services to the organization's mission, end ensure a clear separation of the concerns addressed in an architecture. Thus, an effective Enterprise Architecture approach assists in the management of relations and dependencies of any components of the organization environment and supports the integration and evolution of the architecture. However, the quality of that approach is strongly influenced by the precision of the architecture context description, a fact which is not always recognized. This paper focuses on the architecture context description and addresses the gap between the stakeholders' concerns and the resulting architecture. Based on a combination of established references and standards, we show how an explicit integration of the architecture context into the architecture model improves the linking of concerns and key elements of the architecture vision. We apply our approach to a subject of increasing concern in the Information Systems area: longevity of information. Digital preservation is an interdisciplinary problem, but existent initiatives address it in a very domain-centric way, making it impossible to integrate documented knowledge into an overall organization architecture. We analyze several references and models and derive a description of the architecture context and a capability model that supports incremental development through an explicit distinction between systems and their capabilities. The presented approach allows not just any organization to assess their current digital preservation awareness and evolve their architectures to address this challenge, but in particular demonstrates the added value of an explicit architecture context model in an Enterprise Architecture approach.","PeriodicalId":351015,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE 15th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops","volume":"2007 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125567465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, we describe an experimental platform for semantic integration of data models. Organized into components, the goal of the development of the platform has been accommodation of multiple use cases related to telecommunications. The components of the platform provide for interfacing and knowledge management functionalities. Anticipated use cases within telecommunications operability range from simple data exposition and federation to a platform for running applications benefiting from communications and reasoning capabilities.
{"title":"Semantic Integration Platform","authors":"V. Räisänen","doi":"10.1109/EDOCW.2011.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOCW.2011.13","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we describe an experimental platform for semantic integration of data models. Organized into components, the goal of the development of the platform has been accommodation of multiple use cases related to telecommunications. The components of the platform provide for interfacing and knowledge management functionalities. Anticipated use cases within telecommunications operability range from simple data exposition and federation to a platform for running applications benefiting from communications and reasoning capabilities.","PeriodicalId":351015,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE 15th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125582074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cristian Ruz, F. Baude, Bastien Sauvan, Adrian Mos, Alain Boulze
We present an integrated approach to design, monitor and manage the lifecycle of applications based on the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) principles and capable of taking advantage of cloud computing environments. The integrated framework takes profit of publicly available open source tools and standards in an effective and coherent way, and covers the steps from business and architectural design of the application, to deployment and runtime support. We exemplify our approach with a walkthrough in a simple yet illustrative scenario.
{"title":"Flexible SOA Lifecycle on the Cloud Using SCA","authors":"Cristian Ruz, F. Baude, Bastien Sauvan, Adrian Mos, Alain Boulze","doi":"10.1109/EDOCW.2011.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOCW.2011.51","url":null,"abstract":"We present an integrated approach to design, monitor and manage the lifecycle of applications based on the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) principles and capable of taking advantage of cloud computing environments. The integrated framework takes profit of publicly available open source tools and standards in an effective and coherent way, and covers the steps from business and architectural design of the application, to deployment and runtime support. We exemplify our approach with a walkthrough in a simple yet illustrative scenario.","PeriodicalId":351015,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE 15th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123655986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, enterprise architecture (EA) management has become an intensively discussed approach in both industry and academia for managing the complexity of an enterprise from a holistic perspective. While there is a strong academic and practical interest in EA frameworks and EA modeling, there is a notable insecurity about the cost benefit ratio of EA. In this paper, we address this research problem with a qualitative research design. We conduct a series of semi-structured interviews with industry experts on enterprise architecture in order to identify classes of EA goals, corresponding EA frameworks adoption to achieve these goals and employed EA benefit assessment approaches. The findings point to, among others, a fairly stable set of EA goals that shift over time and EA frameworks that lack modularity and adjustment capabilities to easily customize towards these goals. This paper is part of an ongoing exploratory research that aims at researching which benefits emanate from EA.
{"title":"An Experts' Perspective on Enterprise Architecture Goals, Framework Adoption and Benefit Assessment","authors":"Matthias Lange, J. Mendling","doi":"10.1109/EDOCW.2011.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOCW.2011.41","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, enterprise architecture (EA) management has become an intensively discussed approach in both industry and academia for managing the complexity of an enterprise from a holistic perspective. While there is a strong academic and practical interest in EA frameworks and EA modeling, there is a notable insecurity about the cost benefit ratio of EA. In this paper, we address this research problem with a qualitative research design. We conduct a series of semi-structured interviews with industry experts on enterprise architecture in order to identify classes of EA goals, corresponding EA frameworks adoption to achieve these goals and employed EA benefit assessment approaches. The findings point to, among others, a fairly stable set of EA goals that shift over time and EA frameworks that lack modularity and adjustment capabilities to easily customize towards these goals. This paper is part of an ongoing exploratory research that aims at researching which benefits emanate from EA.","PeriodicalId":351015,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE 15th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125828976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. A. D. Silva, Reda Bendraou, J. Robin, Xavier Blanc
Software process models formalize the way a group of agents (e.g. developers, testers, managers etc) interact in order to produce a desired outcome (e.g. a product, an artifact etc). In this context, a "deviation" is a mismatch between the process executed by the agents and the process model. Existing approaches for deviation detection and handling force the agents to either pursue a deviation-free process execution, which is unrealistic, or to selectively ignore them, which may be risky to the desired outcome of the project. In this paper, we propose an approach that allows agents to deviate from the process specification, but also allows them to correct these deviations later in the process enactment. Additionally, they are informed about the risks implied by each non-handled deviation. During the correction phase, the process agents are assisted by the means of a set of correction plans that are automatically generated by the approach. These plans aim at reducing the risk of non resolved deviations. This paper presents a preliminary evaluation of this approach as a prototype implementation.
{"title":"Flexible Deviation Handling during Software Process Enactment","authors":"M. A. D. Silva, Reda Bendraou, J. Robin, Xavier Blanc","doi":"10.1109/EDOCW.2011.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOCW.2011.37","url":null,"abstract":"Software process models formalize the way a group of agents (e.g. developers, testers, managers etc) interact in order to produce a desired outcome (e.g. a product, an artifact etc). In this context, a \"deviation\" is a mismatch between the process executed by the agents and the process model. Existing approaches for deviation detection and handling force the agents to either pursue a deviation-free process execution, which is unrealistic, or to selectively ignore them, which may be risky to the desired outcome of the project. In this paper, we propose an approach that allows agents to deviate from the process specification, but also allows them to correct these deviations later in the process enactment. Additionally, they are informed about the risks implied by each non-handled deviation. During the correction phase, the process agents are assisted by the means of a set of correction plans that are automatically generated by the approach. These plans aim at reducing the risk of non resolved deviations. This paper presents a preliminary evaluation of this approach as a prototype implementation.","PeriodicalId":351015,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE 15th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128816297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In parallel to the effort of creating Open Linked Data for the World Wide Web there is a number of projects aimed for developing the same technologies but in the context of their usage in closed environments such as private enterprises. In the paper, we present results of research on interlinking structured data for use in Idea Management Systems - a still rare breed of knowledge management systems dedicated to innovation management. In our study, we show the process of extending an ontology that initially covers only the Idea Management System structure towards the concept of linking with distributed enterprise data and public data using Semantic Web technologies. Furthermore we point out how the established links can help to solve the key problems of contemporary Idea Management Systems.
{"title":"Exploiting Structured Linked Data in Enterprise Knowledge Management Systems: An Idea Management Case Study","authors":"Adam Westerski, C. Iglesias","doi":"10.1109/EDOCW.2011.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOCW.2011.14","url":null,"abstract":"In parallel to the effort of creating Open Linked Data for the World Wide Web there is a number of projects aimed for developing the same technologies but in the context of their usage in closed environments such as private enterprises. In the paper, we present results of research on interlinking structured data for use in Idea Management Systems - a still rare breed of knowledge management systems dedicated to innovation management. In our study, we show the process of extending an ontology that initially covers only the Idea Management System structure towards the concept of linking with distributed enterprise data and public data using Semantic Web technologies. Furthermore we point out how the established links can help to solve the key problems of contemporary Idea Management Systems.","PeriodicalId":351015,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE 15th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134451737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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