Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2021.1988572
Maria Lucas-Rhimbassen, L. Rapp, L. Mallowan
ABSTRACT This viewpoint essay addresses salient issues raised by the commodification of space resources, and the shifting legal frameworks struggling to adapt and to evolve on par with the rapid developments of the economy and the commercial aspects of the space sector, and, particularly, with the competition law problems arising from these developments. In this context, this paper address antitrust issues of emerging commercial space law (lex mercatoria spatialis) rooted in cyber infrastructure, such as decentralized distributed technology (DLT), which is especially prone to concentration and consortium-building dynamics. This consolidated tokenization of space resources and rights, via dematerialized layers of processes and loopholes, can be kept in check by a space antitrust framework based on axioms and tenets reminiscent of the ethical principles as enshrined within the regime of international space law (corpus juris spatialis) to be pursued under the philosophy of an academic perspective antitrust philosophy called “noble competition” as first proposed by Stucke and Ezrachi. The authors posit that the space sector is the perfect arena to test such a new framework.
这篇观点文章讨论了空间资源商品化所带来的突出问题，以及随着经济和空间部门商业方面的快速发展而努力适应和发展的不断变化的法律框架，特别是这些发展所产生的竞争法问题。在此背景下，本文讨论了基于网络基础设施的新兴商业空间法(lex mercatoria spatialis)的反垄断问题，例如分散的分布式技术(DLT)，这种技术特别容易出现集中和财团建设动态。这种空间资源和权利的统一标记化，通过非物质化的过程和漏洞，可以通过一个基于公理和原则的空间反垄断框架来加以控制，该框架让人想起国际空间法(corpus juris spatialis)制度中所载的伦理原则，该框架将在学术视角下的反垄断哲学下进行，该哲学被称为“高贵竞争”，由Stucke和Ezrachi首先提出。作者认为，太空部门是测试这种新框架的完美场所。
{"title":"Uncommon Commons, Commodities and Tokens in Outer Space: A Critical Viewpoint on New Competition Issues","authors":"Maria Lucas-Rhimbassen, L. Rapp, L. Mallowan","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2021.1988572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2021.1988572","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This viewpoint essay addresses salient issues raised by the commodification of space resources, and the shifting legal frameworks struggling to adapt and to evolve on par with the rapid developments of the economy and the commercial aspects of the space sector, and, particularly, with the competition law problems arising from these developments. In this context, this paper address antitrust issues of emerging commercial space law (lex mercatoria spatialis) rooted in cyber infrastructure, such as decentralized distributed technology (DLT), which is especially prone to concentration and consortium-building dynamics. This consolidated tokenization of space resources and rights, via dematerialized layers of processes and loopholes, can be kept in check by a space antitrust framework based on axioms and tenets reminiscent of the ethical principles as enshrined within the regime of international space law (corpus juris spatialis) to be pursued under the philosophy of an academic perspective antitrust philosophy called “noble competition” as first proposed by Stucke and Ezrachi. The authors posit that the space sector is the perfect arena to test such a new framework.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"88 1","pages":"116 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74812838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2021.1983969
Aleksandr Vladimirovich Khodykin, V. Zvonovsky
ABSTRACT Cosmonauts represent a specific group of people, whose social bonds, actions, and collective representations are transforming in response to the special conditions of outer space, in which the activity experience is unique for humans. This work studies the reflections of social aspects of the professional activity of cosmonauts in their interviews. The conclusions of the study show that working in a confined space of an orbital station is connected with psychological difficulties; that cosmonaut crews exhibit high psychological compatibility; that cosmonauts have a strong friendships and family connections; that there is effective intercultural communication, which facilitates the joint work in international crews; that democratic management style is the most widespread in crews; that actual work in outer space is considerably different from ground-based training; that the skills obtained during trainings allows to minimize problems encountered; that spaceflight changes people’s mindset; and that people feel global social and environmental problems of the Earth more deeply.
{"title":"Reflection of Social Aspects of Professional Activity of Cosmonauts","authors":"Aleksandr Vladimirovich Khodykin, V. Zvonovsky","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2021.1983969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2021.1983969","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cosmonauts represent a specific group of people, whose social bonds, actions, and collective representations are transforming in response to the special conditions of outer space, in which the activity experience is unique for humans. This work studies the reflections of social aspects of the professional activity of cosmonauts in their interviews. The conclusions of the study show that working in a confined space of an orbital station is connected with psychological difficulties; that cosmonaut crews exhibit high psychological compatibility; that cosmonauts have a strong friendships and family connections; that there is effective intercultural communication, which facilitates the joint work in international crews; that democratic management style is the most widespread in crews; that actual work in outer space is considerably different from ground-based training; that the skills obtained during trainings allows to minimize problems encountered; that spaceflight changes people’s mindset; and that people feel global social and environmental problems of the Earth more deeply.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"20 1","pages":"18 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77819060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2021.2000323
Ahmad Khan, Zulfqar Khan
ABSTRACT The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), according to Chinese policymakers, is a “Project of the Century.” At the same time, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is its flagship project to develop extensive infrastructure across Pakistan. The principal partner countries have invited the regional countries to participate in expanding the ambit of CPEC’s role in the South, the Middle East, and the Central Asian regions. China, in the backdrop of the extension of CPEC, sees the expansion of its space program. Currently, China’s space program faces international export embargoes on selling its space-based services to the high-end technology countries, which are part of the international space export control regime. This study focuses on China’s ambitions to extend the role of CPEC under the BRI as an opportunity to expand its space services to minimize the influence of the U.S.-led export embargo on Chinese space technology and cooperation. In addition, the study stresses that CPEC allows China to expand its space services market in the South, the Middle East, and Central Asian countries, thereby eventually leading to the selling of its space services and technologies to high-end technology countries.
{"title":"Regionalism and Space Activities: China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and Space Power in South Asia","authors":"Ahmad Khan, Zulfqar Khan","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2021.2000323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2021.2000323","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), according to Chinese policymakers, is a “Project of the Century.” At the same time, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is its flagship project to develop extensive infrastructure across Pakistan. The principal partner countries have invited the regional countries to participate in expanding the ambit of CPEC’s role in the South, the Middle East, and the Central Asian regions. China, in the backdrop of the extension of CPEC, sees the expansion of its space program. Currently, China’s space program faces international export embargoes on selling its space-based services to the high-end technology countries, which are part of the international space export control regime. This study focuses on China’s ambitions to extend the role of CPEC under the BRI as an opportunity to expand its space services to minimize the influence of the U.S.-led export embargo on Chinese space technology and cooperation. In addition, the study stresses that CPEC allows China to expand its space services market in the South, the Middle East, and Central Asian countries, thereby eventually leading to the selling of its space services and technologies to high-end technology countries.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"1 1","pages":"76 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77766669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2021.1994338
G. D. Miller
ABSTRACT One of the major issues for spacefaring states is the extent to which space deterrence can be effective. This article contributes to our general understanding of space deterrence in two ways. First, it identifies some of the characteristics of nuclear weapons that appear, at least in theory, to contribute to deterrence and examines the extent to which those characteristics exist in the space domain. Second, it elaborates on three different aspects of space deterrence, including: the use of space capabilities to target another state’s space assets (deterrence in space); the use of space capabilities to target another state’s terrestrial assets (deterrence from space); and the use of terrestrial capabilities to target another state’s space assets (deterrence against space). Most of the nine characteristics of nuclear weapons examined here exist when deterring from space, while only a few exist for deterring against space, and almost none are present when deterring in space. In the absence of many characteristics that enhance nuclear deterrence, states must find other ways to enhance space deterrence. It may be possible to focus future technological development on certain types of capabilities that will allow states to prevent war both across domains and within the space domain.
{"title":"Preventing War with a Warfighting Domain: Nuclear Deterrence Lessons for Space","authors":"G. D. Miller","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2021.1994338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2021.1994338","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT One of the major issues for spacefaring states is the extent to which space deterrence can be effective. This article contributes to our general understanding of space deterrence in two ways. First, it identifies some of the characteristics of nuclear weapons that appear, at least in theory, to contribute to deterrence and examines the extent to which those characteristics exist in the space domain. Second, it elaborates on three different aspects of space deterrence, including: the use of space capabilities to target another state’s space assets (deterrence in space); the use of space capabilities to target another state’s terrestrial assets (deterrence from space); and the use of terrestrial capabilities to target another state’s space assets (deterrence against space). Most of the nine characteristics of nuclear weapons examined here exist when deterring from space, while only a few exist for deterring against space, and almost none are present when deterring in space. In the absence of many characteristics that enhance nuclear deterrence, states must find other ways to enhance space deterrence. It may be possible to focus future technological development on certain types of capabilities that will allow states to prevent war both across domains and within the space domain.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"1 1","pages":"33 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80314285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2021.1987150
Travis S. Cottom
ABSTRACT When U.S. Space Policy Directive-3 (SPD-3) was released in June 2018, the Trump Administration was addressing a major issue facing the space community, space traffic management (STM). Since its release, there has been limited progress on creating a civil STM system mostly due to U.S. congressional disagreement on department or administration placement. However, after two years the Department of Commerce (DOC) was eventually granted authority and funding to lead U.S. civil STM efforts. Once DOC assumes STM operations from the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), it offers the United States an opportunity to lead as a space power and gain an advantage in the multipolar strategic space competition. This article begins with a brief history of DOD’s role in space situational awareness, STM, and the culmination point that made DOD want to rid itself of STM responsibilities. The article then discusses two major studies that explored establishing a civil STM agency while identifying issues that the agency would face once created. The article provides an overview of SPD-3 and examines and addresses its objectives. Finally, the article concludes with opportunities a U.S. led STM system can bring in terms of cooperation and the effects it will have on the overall multipolar strategic space competition.
{"title":"Creating a Space Traffic Management System and Potential Geopolitical Opportunities","authors":"Travis S. Cottom","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2021.1987150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2021.1987150","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT When U.S. Space Policy Directive-3 (SPD-3) was released in June 2018, the Trump Administration was addressing a major issue facing the space community, space traffic management (STM). Since its release, there has been limited progress on creating a civil STM system mostly due to U.S. congressional disagreement on department or administration placement. However, after two years the Department of Commerce (DOC) was eventually granted authority and funding to lead U.S. civil STM efforts. Once DOC assumes STM operations from the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), it offers the United States an opportunity to lead as a space power and gain an advantage in the multipolar strategic space competition. This article begins with a brief history of DOD’s role in space situational awareness, STM, and the culmination point that made DOD want to rid itself of STM responsibilities. The article then discusses two major studies that explored establishing a civil STM agency while identifying issues that the agency would face once created. The article provides an overview of SPD-3 and examines and addresses its objectives. Finally, the article concludes with opportunities a U.S. led STM system can bring in terms of cooperation and the effects it will have on the overall multipolar strategic space competition.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"213 1","pages":"92 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74487042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2021.2000322
Nicol Svárovská
ABSTRACT Expanding the concept of sustainability from Earth to outer space is a recent, yet inevitable development, which originates in the comprehension that the Earth’s orbital space is a finite resource. The growing number of actors and operations in outer space have led to the proliferation of space debris, posing numerous risks to the long-term sustainability of space activities. Against this background, the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities adopted by the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) in 2019 call for enhanced international cooperation, effectively addressing such challenges. UNCOPUOS Member States agreed on the fact that international cooperation is required, however, what has not been agreed upon is the nature of such cooperation. The following paper elaborates on the concept of responsibility for space debris removal, looking for analogies in climate change law, namely the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR). Reviewing the literature on space debris regulations, this paper proposes a system based on the correlation between space activities of states and the responsibility for space debris removal. Acknowledging the principles of international space law and the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, key obstacles regarding space debris removal and recommendations strengthening international cooperation are discussed.
{"title":"Common but Differentiated Responsibilities for Space Debris Removal","authors":"Nicol Svárovská","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2021.2000322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2021.2000322","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Expanding the concept of sustainability from Earth to outer space is a recent, yet inevitable development, which originates in the comprehension that the Earth’s orbital space is a finite resource. The growing number of actors and operations in outer space have led to the proliferation of space debris, posing numerous risks to the long-term sustainability of space activities. Against this background, the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities adopted by the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) in 2019 call for enhanced international cooperation, effectively addressing such challenges. UNCOPUOS Member States agreed on the fact that international cooperation is required, however, what has not been agreed upon is the nature of such cooperation. The following paper elaborates on the concept of responsibility for space debris removal, looking for analogies in climate change law, namely the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR). Reviewing the literature on space debris regulations, this paper proposes a system based on the correlation between space activities of states and the responsibility for space debris removal. Acknowledging the principles of international space law and the Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities, key obstacles regarding space debris removal and recommendations strengthening international cooperation are discussed.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"13 1","pages":"1 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85155723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2021.1878415
Alan Mckenna
ABSTRACT This essay is a conceptual and historical critique of the astropolitical proposals for global security in Everett C. Dolman’s Astropolitik: Classical Geopolitics in the Space Age (2002) and Daniel Deudney’s Dark Skies: Space Expansionism, Planetary Geopolitics, and the Ends of Humanity (2020). It focuses on the divergent views on space weaponization and world political order presented by the two authors. It reflects on previous critique of their work, examines strengths and weaknesses in their arguments, and highlights their shared common ground. The essay places their debate in a historical context by tracing the origins of the concept of space superiority and the Outer Space Treaty, and considers their ideas in relation to U.S. space policy in the 21st century. The critique concludes that the proposals advanced by both authors are problematic. In response, it suggests a rapprochement in the form of a United Nations Space Agency and Space Guard.
{"title":"In Search of Global Security: Everett C. Dolman’s Astropolitik and Daniel Deudney’s Dark Skies","authors":"Alan Mckenna","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2021.1878415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2021.1878415","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This essay is a conceptual and historical critique of the astropolitical proposals for global security in Everett C. Dolman’s Astropolitik: Classical Geopolitics in the Space Age (2002) and Daniel Deudney’s Dark Skies: Space Expansionism, Planetary Geopolitics, and the Ends of Humanity (2020). It focuses on the divergent views on space weaponization and world political order presented by the two authors. It reflects on previous critique of their work, examines strengths and weaknesses in their arguments, and highlights their shared common ground. The essay places their debate in a historical context by tracing the origins of the concept of space superiority and the Outer Space Treaty, and considers their ideas in relation to U.S. space policy in the 21st century. The critique concludes that the proposals advanced by both authors are problematic. In response, it suggests a rapprochement in the form of a United Nations Space Agency and Space Guard.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"61 1","pages":"199 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89093083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2021.1878413
Munikrishnappa Anilkumar, A. Ramaprasad, C. Singai, S. Sreeganga
ABSTRACT The Indian Space Activities Bill of 2017 (SAB 2017) seeks to promote exploration and growth of space activities in India. The Government of India solicited feedback on SAB 2017 from stakeholders and the public. As it is yet to become law, there is a need to examine SAB 2017 to better understand its proposed pathways to promote space activities effectively. For this purpose, a comprehensive ontological framework of space policy and law based on the extant research and policy literature on the topic is presented. It is a systemic framework, which helps in identifying gaps and recommending pathways for regulating space activities. In this article, the application of an ontological framework is put forward by assessing SAB 2017. The SAB 2017 is assessed by mapping its 31 sections onto the ontology and analyzing the data to highlight the bill’s emphases on the elements, dimensions, and themes encapsulated in the ontology. Lastly, recommendations to bridge the gaps in SAB 2017 for promoting an effective and systematic growth of India’s space activities are advanced.
{"title":"An Ontological Analysis of Space Policy and Law: India’s Space Activities Bill of 2017","authors":"Munikrishnappa Anilkumar, A. Ramaprasad, C. Singai, S. Sreeganga","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2021.1878413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2021.1878413","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Indian Space Activities Bill of 2017 (SAB 2017) seeks to promote exploration and growth of space activities in India. The Government of India solicited feedback on SAB 2017 from stakeholders and the public. As it is yet to become law, there is a need to examine SAB 2017 to better understand its proposed pathways to promote space activities effectively. For this purpose, a comprehensive ontological framework of space policy and law based on the extant research and policy literature on the topic is presented. It is a systemic framework, which helps in identifying gaps and recommending pathways for regulating space activities. In this article, the application of an ontological framework is put forward by assessing SAB 2017. The SAB 2017 is assessed by mapping its 31 sections onto the ontology and analyzing the data to highlight the bill’s emphases on the elements, dimensions, and themes encapsulated in the ontology. Lastly, recommendations to bridge the gaps in SAB 2017 for promoting an effective and systematic growth of India’s space activities are advanced.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"34 1","pages":"183 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87978535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1972542
J. Lampkin
ABSTRACT Green criminological scholarship has expanded considerably in the previous two decades. However, criminologists are yet to acknowledge the space related environmental harms caused by humankind. Consequently, this article makes the case for an astro-green criminology and has two central aims. The first is to discuss the importance of astro-green criminology by examining the environmental harms related to human exploration of outer space. The second is to ‘map the terrain’ of future research into astro-green crimes and harms. This includes the proposal of five quintessential areas of study: space refuse and debris; space mining; emissions pollutions from space related activities; protecting extraterrestrial heritage sites; and the future uses of the extraterrestrial world by humans.
{"title":"Mapping the Terrain of an Astro-Green Criminology: A Case for Extending the Green Criminological Lens outside of Planet Earth","authors":"J. Lampkin","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2020.1972542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1972542","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Green criminological scholarship has expanded considerably in the previous two decades. However, criminologists are yet to acknowledge the space related environmental harms caused by humankind. Consequently, this article makes the case for an astro-green criminology and has two central aims. The first is to discuss the importance of astro-green criminology by examining the environmental harms related to human exploration of outer space. The second is to ‘map the terrain’ of future research into astro-green crimes and harms. This includes the proposal of five quintessential areas of study: space refuse and debris; space mining; emissions pollutions from space related activities; protecting extraterrestrial heritage sites; and the future uses of the extraterrestrial world by humans.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"28 1","pages":"238 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81171927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2021.1907994
Sylwia K. Mazur, Dobrochna Minich, K. Szocik
ABSTRACT The idea of creating a sustainable human settlement on Mars is gaining momentum. In this context, the creation of norms and rules is important. The first wave of Mars settlers will be in unique position given the fact that they will create settlement in a completely new environment. The aim of this study is to examine legal and ethical challenges in regard to human settlement on Mars. In connection to legal issues, the focus is on adjustment of law carried from Earth. When discussing ethical aspects, special attention is given to human enhancement applied for space missions.
{"title":"Research Viewpoint Legal, Political, and Ethical Challenges of Mars Settlement","authors":"Sylwia K. Mazur, Dobrochna Minich, K. Szocik","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2021.1907994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2021.1907994","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The idea of creating a sustainable human settlement on Mars is gaining momentum. In this context, the creation of norms and rules is important. The first wave of Mars settlers will be in unique position given the fact that they will create settlement in a completely new environment. The aim of this study is to examine legal and ethical challenges in regard to human settlement on Mars. In connection to legal issues, the focus is on adjustment of law carried from Earth. When discussing ethical aspects, special attention is given to human enhancement applied for space missions.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"27 1","pages":"223 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86815234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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