Pub Date : 2020-05-03DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1789276
R. Wortman
ABSTRACT Article II of the Outer Space Treaty requires a re-examination for applicability to the modern operating environment of space. This paper conducts this examination and analyzes multiple strategic visions for new approaches to national appropriation in space. Using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analytic methodology, four approaches to a rewrite of Article II are compared to determine a method most applicable for space activities. Variables used to assess each approach focus on palatability of member states to agree and ratify changes to Article II, as well as appropriate change to ensure Article II is modernized for today’s space industry. The results of the research reflect that both United Nations’ oversight through a strict allocation program and a non-regulated free prospecting model to encourage innovation are optimal. These approaches diverge in ideology and vision for how space should be regulated, though both reflect an appropriate level of change and opportunity for the space industry. Also, these two approaches minimize confusion by providing clear guidelines for resource and territorial rights. The analysis herein shows that a rational approach can be implemented when analyzing possible rewrites for Article II. On this basis, it is suggested that the United Nations conduct its own analysis to ensure the space industry is properly regulated.
{"title":"Research viewpoint modernizing the outer space treaty for national appropriation","authors":"R. Wortman","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2020.1789276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1789276","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Article II of the Outer Space Treaty requires a re-examination for applicability to the modern operating environment of space. This paper conducts this examination and analyzes multiple strategic visions for new approaches to national appropriation in space. Using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analytic methodology, four approaches to a rewrite of Article II are compared to determine a method most applicable for space activities. Variables used to assess each approach focus on palatability of member states to agree and ratify changes to Article II, as well as appropriate change to ensure Article II is modernized for today’s space industry. The results of the research reflect that both United Nations’ oversight through a strict allocation program and a non-regulated free prospecting model to encourage innovation are optimal. These approaches diverge in ideology and vision for how space should be regulated, though both reflect an appropriate level of change and opportunity for the space industry. Also, these two approaches minimize confusion by providing clear guidelines for resource and territorial rights. The analysis herein shows that a rational approach can be implemented when analyzing possible rewrites for Article II. On this basis, it is suggested that the United Nations conduct its own analysis to ensure the space industry is properly regulated.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"12 1","pages":"170 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84479421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-03DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1786303
W. Cobb
ABSTRACT The decision to locate many of NASA’s major facilities are rooted in the political dynamics of the 1960s seeking to placate powerful Southern members of the U.S. Congress. When looked at nationally, public support for NASA and space exploration tends to be muted; might that opinion vary if respondents are more closely located to NASA’s centers, particularly in the South? Using long-term data from the General Social Survey, regional differences in public support for greater space exploration funding were examined. Despite NASA’s heavy presence in the South, not to mention its economic impact, individuals in the South are considerably less likely to support more space spending. Comparatively, respondents in the Mountain and Pacific regions are comparatively more likely to support space funding. Thus, to the extent that region matters in influencing spending attitudes, being in the South is a negative factor. These findings add to the body of knowledge regarding the political dynamics of space policy that play a role as NASA looks to return to the Moon in the near term.
{"title":"The South and NASA: Public Opinion Differences and Political Consequence","authors":"W. Cobb","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2020.1786303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1786303","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The decision to locate many of NASA’s major facilities are rooted in the political dynamics of the 1960s seeking to placate powerful Southern members of the U.S. Congress. When looked at nationally, public support for NASA and space exploration tends to be muted; might that opinion vary if respondents are more closely located to NASA’s centers, particularly in the South? Using long-term data from the General Social Survey, regional differences in public support for greater space exploration funding were examined. Despite NASA’s heavy presence in the South, not to mention its economic impact, individuals in the South are considerably less likely to support more space spending. Comparatively, respondents in the Mountain and Pacific regions are comparatively more likely to support space funding. Thus, to the extent that region matters in influencing spending attitudes, being in the South is a negative factor. These findings add to the body of knowledge regarding the political dynamics of space policy that play a role as NASA looks to return to the Moon in the near term.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"56 1","pages":"122 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76143701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-03DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1786300
Andrea J. Harrington
ABSTRACT Despite sixty-plus years of technological development, space activities are still ultra-hazardous in nature. These activities range from essential to modern life, like telecommunications, to futuristic and forward thinking, such as space tourism. In order for these activities to not only continue but also develop and grow, their inherent risk must be managed. Political will is lacking at an international level to create new binding rules for activities in space. Likewise, states are reluctant to unilaterally impose stricter, even if ultimately beneficial, regulations on their entities for fear that their domestic industries will flee abroad to greener pastures, creating a regulatory prisoner’s dilemma. States also usually require certain levels of insurance and indemnification to protect themselves against potentially costly mishaps. Likewise, banks and investors will often require insurance to protect their investments, as space business tends to be costly. Thus, a disproportionate amount of responsibility and authority can be transferred to a small number of global space insurers. They may be uniquely positioned to enforce, or at least promote, mechanisms to increase safety and sustainability in the commercial space industry. Increasing safety and sustainability in outer space may help to keep insurance premium costs from growing out of control for these hazardous activities. This article analyzes the sociolegal literature on risk and insurance as governance and applies these concepts to the space sector, considering the possibility that space insurers have become de facto regulators in space and exploring the implications of that possibility.
{"title":"Insurance as Governance for Outer Space Activities","authors":"Andrea J. Harrington","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2020.1786300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1786300","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite sixty-plus years of technological development, space activities are still ultra-hazardous in nature. These activities range from essential to modern life, like telecommunications, to futuristic and forward thinking, such as space tourism. In order for these activities to not only continue but also develop and grow, their inherent risk must be managed. Political will is lacking at an international level to create new binding rules for activities in space. Likewise, states are reluctant to unilaterally impose stricter, even if ultimately beneficial, regulations on their entities for fear that their domestic industries will flee abroad to greener pastures, creating a regulatory prisoner’s dilemma. States also usually require certain levels of insurance and indemnification to protect themselves against potentially costly mishaps. Likewise, banks and investors will often require insurance to protect their investments, as space business tends to be costly. Thus, a disproportionate amount of responsibility and authority can be transferred to a small number of global space insurers. They may be uniquely positioned to enforce, or at least promote, mechanisms to increase safety and sustainability in the commercial space industry. Increasing safety and sustainability in outer space may help to keep insurance premium costs from growing out of control for these hazardous activities. This article analyzes the sociolegal literature on risk and insurance as governance and applies these concepts to the space sector, considering the possibility that space insurers have become de facto regulators in space and exploring the implications of that possibility.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"84 1","pages":"121 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83816584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-03DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1787015
Vijay Kumar, S. Subramanian, K. Raju
ABSTRACT The physical presence of humans as astronauts beginning in 1961 highlights the collective achievement of humanity and opens up new avenues of outer space activities. Astronauts are granted the status of “envoys of mankind in outer space,” thereby making them eligible for certain protections and privileges. Today, in the era of commercial space, the applicability of these protections and privileges is questioned in regard to commercial human spaceflight and space tourism. In this context, the definition of astronauts is explored by assessing the various international legal documents on outer space, especially the Outer Space Treaty, Rescue Agreement, and the Liability Convention. This paper examines whether space tourists should be considered “astronauts” and “envoys of mankind.” The paper argues for a broader interpretation of the existing legal regime of outer space and suggests a new legal document for commercial human spaceflight.
{"title":"Viewpoint Research “Envoys of Mankind” in the Era of Commercial Human Spaceflight","authors":"Vijay Kumar, S. Subramanian, K. Raju","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2020.1787015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1787015","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The physical presence of humans as astronauts beginning in 1961 highlights the collective achievement of humanity and opens up new avenues of outer space activities. Astronauts are granted the status of “envoys of mankind in outer space,” thereby making them eligible for certain protections and privileges. Today, in the era of commercial space, the applicability of these protections and privileges is questioned in regard to commercial human spaceflight and space tourism. In this context, the definition of astronauts is explored by assessing the various international legal documents on outer space, especially the Outer Space Treaty, Rescue Agreement, and the Liability Convention. This paper examines whether space tourists should be considered “astronauts” and “envoys of mankind.” The paper argues for a broader interpretation of the existing legal regime of outer space and suggests a new legal document for commercial human spaceflight.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"36 1","pages":"144 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83670103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-03DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1788902
Raja Qaiser Ahmed, M. Arif, Mahvish Malik
ABSTRACT There are tangible indicators that India, being a revisionist state and with a mature space program, aspires to join the club of states with space weapon capability. It is argued that India’s quest for space weaponization is detrimental to strategic stability and deterrence of the South Asian region. Re-conceptualizing and revising existing space laws to develop a new legal framework to address momentum towards the weaponization of outer space is important in this context. This paper assesses the emerging trend of space militarization leading to space weaponization and its implications for South Asian security.
{"title":"Emerging Trends of Space Weaponization: India’s Quest for Space Weapons and Implications for Security in South Asia","authors":"Raja Qaiser Ahmed, M. Arif, Mahvish Malik","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2020.1788902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1788902","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There are tangible indicators that India, being a revisionist state and with a mature space program, aspires to join the club of states with space weapon capability. It is argued that India’s quest for space weaponization is detrimental to strategic stability and deterrence of the South Asian region. Re-conceptualizing and revising existing space laws to develop a new legal framework to address momentum towards the weaponization of outer space is important in this context. This paper assesses the emerging trend of space militarization leading to space weaponization and its implications for South Asian security.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"40 1","pages":"158 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82052201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1719003
Bohumil Doboš, Jakub Pražák, Marie Němečková
ABSTRACT Asteroid and comet collisions present low-chance, high-impact risks for the Earth. As such, it is unlikely that space powers will invest into capabilities aiming at the development of new deflection technologies leaving planetary defense with two readily available methods – kinetic impactor and nuclear warhead. Legally and normatively, the use of a nuclear device in outer space is in the current state of affairs forbidden. In the case of an emergency with an impending impact, such an approach is needed. This article suggests that establishment of an exception in international space law strengthens the nuclear regime while allowing for an effective deflection in the space domain if the need arises.
{"title":"Atomic Salvation: A Case for Nuclear Planetary Defense","authors":"Bohumil Doboš, Jakub Pražák, Marie Němečková","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2020.1719003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1719003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Asteroid and comet collisions present low-chance, high-impact risks for the Earth. As such, it is unlikely that space powers will invest into capabilities aiming at the development of new deflection technologies leaving planetary defense with two readily available methods – kinetic impactor and nuclear warhead. Legally and normatively, the use of a nuclear device in outer space is in the current state of affairs forbidden. In the case of an emergency with an impending impact, such an approach is needed. This article suggests that establishment of an exception in international space law strengthens the nuclear regime while allowing for an effective deflection in the space domain if the need arises.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"68 1","pages":"73 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87018426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1718999
T. Brown
ABSTRACT Space is a warfighting domain. States around the world are proliferating technologies for space warfare. The design concept of an inflatable spherical solar power satellite, known as the Power Star, revolutionizes space warfare. The Power Star offers a variety of dual uses with both commercial and military applications, and a renewable energy technology that replaces fossil fuels in the global economy. At the same time, the Power Star is a space-based directed energy weapon, and encompasses a communication, cyber, and electronic warfare suite that detects and tracks enemy satellites, missiles, hypersonic weapons, and aircraft, and engages in space-borne jamming. A mega constellation of Power Stars delivers fire power and effects across orbit and the atmosphere on a global scale. In combination with a variety of co-orbiting satellites, a space force fleet of Power Stars exercises effective control of orbit and allows a space force to act decisively in space warfare.
{"title":"Revolutionizing Space Warfare: “Power Star” Space Solar Power Concept","authors":"T. Brown","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2020.1718999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1718999","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Space is a warfighting domain. States around the world are proliferating technologies for space warfare. The design concept of an inflatable spherical solar power satellite, known as the Power Star, revolutionizes space warfare. The Power Star offers a variety of dual uses with both commercial and military applications, and a renewable energy technology that replaces fossil fuels in the global economy. At the same time, the Power Star is a space-based directed energy weapon, and encompasses a communication, cyber, and electronic warfare suite that detects and tracks enemy satellites, missiles, hypersonic weapons, and aircraft, and engages in space-borne jamming. A mega constellation of Power Stars delivers fire power and effects across orbit and the atmosphere on a global scale. In combination with a variety of co-orbiting satellites, a space force fleet of Power Stars exercises effective control of orbit and allows a space force to act decisively in space warfare.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"10 1","pages":"51 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74388924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1723353
Ekta Rathore, Biswanath Gupta
ABSTRACT International law concerning outer space is developing at a steady pace since humankind’s first step towards space exploration in 1958with the launch of Sputnik 1 and Explorer 1. Since then, space is a growing area of political and economic significance. While significant steps by the international community of states in the form of treaty obligations and principles in international space law are apparent, it is yet to be ascertained whether, and if at all, there are customary international laws or jus cogens principles in place regarding outer space and the issues of governance therein. This paper enumerates and discusses the different principles of outer space law and determines if these principles attain the status of jus cogens.
{"title":"Emergence of Jus Cogens Principles in Outer Space Law","authors":"Ekta Rathore, Biswanath Gupta","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2020.1723353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1723353","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT International law concerning outer space is developing at a steady pace since humankind’s first step towards space exploration in 1958with the launch of Sputnik 1 and Explorer 1. Since then, space is a growing area of political and economic significance. While significant steps by the international community of states in the form of treaty obligations and principles in international space law are apparent, it is yet to be ascertained whether, and if at all, there are customary international laws or jus cogens principles in place regarding outer space and the issues of governance therein. This paper enumerates and discusses the different principles of outer space law and determines if these principles attain the status of jus cogens.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"10 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81397162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1729061
Ram S. Jakhu, Kuan-Wei Chen, B. Goswami
ABSTRACT This paper situates the ongoing debate and recently changing political narrative around the fundamental principle of “peaceful purposes” as enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty. The origins and evolution of the meaning of peaceful purposes are discussed. Further, the paper advances arguments on numerous fronts for the international community to not fall for the misinterpretation of the Outer Space Treaty that is proffered by actors advocating for non-peaceful uses and for making outer space a warfighting domain. In this context, practical suggestions on ways to preserve outer space for peaceful purposes are advanced.
{"title":"Threats to Peaceful Purposes of Outer Space: Politics and Law","authors":"Ram S. Jakhu, Kuan-Wei Chen, B. Goswami","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2020.1729061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1729061","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper situates the ongoing debate and recently changing political narrative around the fundamental principle of “peaceful purposes” as enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty. The origins and evolution of the meaning of peaceful purposes are discussed. Further, the paper advances arguments on numerous fronts for the international community to not fall for the misinterpretation of the Outer Space Treaty that is proffered by actors advocating for non-peaceful uses and for making outer space a warfighting domain. In this context, practical suggestions on ways to preserve outer space for peaceful purposes are advanced.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"54 1","pages":"22 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90668274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1726002
Ahmad Khan
Space is a top strategic priority in China and vital to national power. This is reflected in the advances in China’s space program over the last two decades where China solidified its technological prowess to manufacture satellites at a rapid pace, as well as develop a reliable launching capability to lift payloads into different orbits. These technological developments are a result of China’s understanding of the strategic importance of space for civilian and military purposes. Chinese assets in space are growing with a variety of civilian and military satellites and applications. Currently, China is second in the world in terms of the number of operational satellites after the United States. China’s development of cost-effective space technology, as compared to Russia and the United States, opened a new avenue for space program cooperation with developing states. Above all, China’s space capabilities provide it with an opportunity to position and assert itself as a global power. Brian Harvey writes extensively on China. His previous two books entitled, The Chinese Space Program: From Conception to Future Capabilities and China’s Space Program: From Conception to Manned Spaceflight, were published in 1998 and 2004 respectively. In 2013, Harvey published another book on China, and in 2019 the second edition of this book under review here was released. Harvey’s consistency in publishing on China’s space program makes him an academic authority on Chinese space activities. The book under review comprises nine chapters, which compiles previous work and highlights technological development in the Chinese space program. A read of Harvey’s book provides an excellent opportunity to comprehensively understand the technology and projects of China’s space program. This adds to the body of literature on this topic.
{"title":"China in Space: The Great Leap Forward","authors":"Ahmad Khan","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2020.1726002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1726002","url":null,"abstract":"Space is a top strategic priority in China and vital to national power. This is reflected in the advances in China’s space program over the last two decades where China solidified its technological prowess to manufacture satellites at a rapid pace, as well as develop a reliable launching capability to lift payloads into different orbits. These technological developments are a result of China’s understanding of the strategic importance of space for civilian and military purposes. Chinese assets in space are growing with a variety of civilian and military satellites and applications. Currently, China is second in the world in terms of the number of operational satellites after the United States. China’s development of cost-effective space technology, as compared to Russia and the United States, opened a new avenue for space program cooperation with developing states. Above all, China’s space capabilities provide it with an opportunity to position and assert itself as a global power. Brian Harvey writes extensively on China. His previous two books entitled, The Chinese Space Program: From Conception to Future Capabilities and China’s Space Program: From Conception to Manned Spaceflight, were published in 1998 and 2004 respectively. In 2013, Harvey published another book on China, and in 2019 the second edition of this book under review here was released. Harvey’s consistency in publishing on China’s space program makes him an academic authority on Chinese space activities. The book under review comprises nine chapters, which compiles previous work and highlights technological development in the Chinese space program. A read of Harvey’s book provides an excellent opportunity to comprehensively understand the technology and projects of China’s space program. This adds to the body of literature on this topic.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"32 1","pages":"92 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82500115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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