Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2023.2219193
Riccardo Allegri
Abstract With the illegal Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, there has been increasing talk of hybrid warfare. However, due to its wide use, this term has been emptied of its meaning. Because of this, the Full Spectrum Conflict (FLC) concept will be adopted. Operations that employ asymmetrical tactics are not extraneous to Russian strategic thinking and have various characteristics that allow them to be traced back to complexity theory and in particular to Complex Adaptive Systems. A similar argument also applies to Information Warfare, one of the most important tools of Full Spectrum Conflicts. Starting from Clausewitz, we will try to describe war, the modern FSCs, and Information Warfare as Complex Adaptive Systems. Then we will try to demonstrate how, by controlling the information flow during the Russian annexation of Crimea, Moscow applied complexity to the adversary on the one hand and stabilized the Crimean social system on the other.
{"title":"Russian Full Spectrum Conflicts and information warfare as Complex Adaptive Systems: The 2014 Crimean case study","authors":"Riccardo Allegri","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2219193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2219193","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With the illegal Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, there has been increasing talk of hybrid warfare. However, due to its wide use, this term has been emptied of its meaning. Because of this, the Full Spectrum Conflict (FLC) concept will be adopted. Operations that employ asymmetrical tactics are not extraneous to Russian strategic thinking and have various characteristics that allow them to be traced back to complexity theory and in particular to Complex Adaptive Systems. A similar argument also applies to Information Warfare, one of the most important tools of Full Spectrum Conflicts. Starting from Clausewitz, we will try to describe war, the modern FSCs, and Information Warfare as Complex Adaptive Systems. Then we will try to demonstrate how, by controlling the information flow during the Russian annexation of Crimea, Moscow applied complexity to the adversary on the one hand and stabilized the Crimean social system on the other.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"42 1","pages":"528 - 555"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41966757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2023.2219196
A. Ibrayeva, S. Kozhirova, Y. Nechayeva, Aiym Shukyzhanova, R. Zhanbulatova
Abstract This article contributes to the discussion of the relationship between the border factor and geopolitics in the post-Soviet area and strives to identify the drivers and obstacles in the sphere of territorial integration between Kazakhstan and Russia. The aim of the article is to characterize the geopolitical landscape of thses countries and to reveal the ambivalent context of Kazakhstan’s cooperation with regions across Russian-Kazakhstani border proceeding from the analysis of the interests of key players in Central Asia and the current status of the cross-border cooperation between two countries.
{"title":"Cross-border geopolitics: Ambivalent aspect of the border issue in relationship between Kazakhstan and Russia","authors":"A. Ibrayeva, S. Kozhirova, Y. Nechayeva, Aiym Shukyzhanova, R. Zhanbulatova","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2219196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2219196","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article contributes to the discussion of the relationship between the border factor and geopolitics in the post-Soviet area and strives to identify the drivers and obstacles in the sphere of territorial integration between Kazakhstan and Russia. The aim of the article is to characterize the geopolitical landscape of thses countries and to reveal the ambivalent context of Kazakhstan’s cooperation with regions across Russian-Kazakhstani border proceeding from the analysis of the interests of key players in Central Asia and the current status of the cross-border cooperation between two countries.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"42 1","pages":"587 - 601"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44510391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2023.2219192
P. W. Zhao, Sayed Mahdi Munadi
Abstract China’s rapid naval modernization has sparked global attention, as the People’s Liberation Army Navy surpassed the United States Navy in 2020 as the largest maritime force in the world. However, in this development, most attention has been directed at Chinese naval developments in its eastern maritime periphery, in relation to the South and East China Seas and the Taiwan Strait. However, concrete actions regarding China’s maritime strategy are also undertaken in China’s western maritime periphery, specifically in relation to the Port of Gwadar. This paper, therefore, investigates the role of Gwadar within China’s maritime strategy through the geopolitical frameworks of Mahan and Mackinder.
{"title":"The role of Gwadar in China’s maritime strategy: A geostrategic dialogue between Mahan and Mackinder","authors":"P. W. Zhao, Sayed Mahdi Munadi","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2219192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2219192","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract China’s rapid naval modernization has sparked global attention, as the People’s Liberation Army Navy surpassed the United States Navy in 2020 as the largest maritime force in the world. However, in this development, most attention has been directed at Chinese naval developments in its eastern maritime periphery, in relation to the South and East China Seas and the Taiwan Strait. However, concrete actions regarding China’s maritime strategy are also undertaken in China’s western maritime periphery, specifically in relation to the Port of Gwadar. This paper, therefore, investigates the role of Gwadar within China’s maritime strategy through the geopolitical frameworks of Mahan and Mackinder.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"42 1","pages":"489 - 508"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43344009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2023.2238522
Khuram Iqbal, Muneeb Salman, Tahir Abbas Sial
Abstract Written military doctrines are generally seen as declaration of intent and strategic objectives by military forces. Pakistan has typically stayed averse to the trend of formal military doctrines owing to its strategic culture. However, in a first precedent Pakistan Navy released a formal military service doctrine in 2018. Yet it remained short of being a truly comprehensive formal naval doctrine. This article explores the naval doctrinal developments in Pakistan since the end of last century, its relationship with the ensuing major power competition in the Indian Ocean region, and its possible implications on doctrinal development in Pakistan.
{"title":"Major power competition in the Indian Ocean and doctrinal development in Pakistan","authors":"Khuram Iqbal, Muneeb Salman, Tahir Abbas Sial","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2238522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2238522","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Written military doctrines are generally seen as declaration of intent and strategic objectives by military forces. Pakistan has typically stayed averse to the trend of formal military doctrines owing to its strategic culture. However, in a first precedent Pakistan Navy released a formal military service doctrine in 2018. Yet it remained short of being a truly comprehensive formal naval doctrine. This article explores the naval doctrinal developments in Pakistan since the end of last century, its relationship with the ensuing major power competition in the Indian Ocean region, and its possible implications on doctrinal development in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"42 1","pages":"509 - 527"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47140359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2023.2206780
S. Koch
Professor Keith B. Payne is without contemporary peer in the quality and quantity of his analyses of the history and continued need for nuclear deterrence. His latest publication, Chasing a Grand Illusion: Replacing Deterrence With Disarmament, has a novel focus—both for his own work and virtually all other studies of nuclear deterrence and disarmament. Most opponents of nuclear disarmament dismiss the arguments of the other side in just a few sentences, as unworthy of serious analysis. In contrast, Dr. Payne’s new study takes advocacy of nuclear disarmament as an important, if basically flawed, position. Thus, he has devoted almost all of this new study to analyzing the stated arguments for the elimination of nuclear weapons and the dangerous impracticality of those ambitions. The title of the study—Chasing a Grand Illusion—captures well Dr. Payne’s approach; the belief in the possibility of peace through nuclear disarmament is definitely illusory, but important. Another rare—and perhaps novel—feature of Dr. Payne’s study is its foundation in his long years of thorough, careful study and analysis of nuclear deterrence. It is fitting that his acknowledgements section opens with an expression of gratitude to some professors and mentors who had a strong influence on his early professional development. This study could not have been written by someone without Dr. Payne’s deep familiarity with relevant historical as well as contemporary analyses—see his discussion of the thoughts of St. Augustine! Perhaps even more important, it could not have been written by someone without Dr. Payne’s profound understanding and analysis of the subject. Because he has no peers in that regard, only he alone could have written Chasing a Grand Illusion. An especially noteworthy feature of Dr. Payne’s analysis is that, just as he does not dismiss disarmament advocacy as unworthy of serious consideration, he does not condemn its foundational vision. He summarizes well his approach to the subject in the study’s Preface:
{"title":"Chasing a grand illusion: Replacing deterrence with disarmament","authors":"S. Koch","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2206780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2206780","url":null,"abstract":"Professor Keith B. Payne is without contemporary peer in the quality and quantity of his analyses of the history and continued need for nuclear deterrence. His latest publication, Chasing a Grand Illusion: Replacing Deterrence With Disarmament, has a novel focus—both for his own work and virtually all other studies of nuclear deterrence and disarmament. Most opponents of nuclear disarmament dismiss the arguments of the other side in just a few sentences, as unworthy of serious analysis. In contrast, Dr. Payne’s new study takes advocacy of nuclear disarmament as an important, if basically flawed, position. Thus, he has devoted almost all of this new study to analyzing the stated arguments for the elimination of nuclear weapons and the dangerous impracticality of those ambitions. The title of the study—Chasing a Grand Illusion—captures well Dr. Payne’s approach; the belief in the possibility of peace through nuclear disarmament is definitely illusory, but important. Another rare—and perhaps novel—feature of Dr. Payne’s study is its foundation in his long years of thorough, careful study and analysis of nuclear deterrence. It is fitting that his acknowledgements section opens with an expression of gratitude to some professors and mentors who had a strong influence on his early professional development. This study could not have been written by someone without Dr. Payne’s deep familiarity with relevant historical as well as contemporary analyses—see his discussion of the thoughts of St. Augustine! Perhaps even more important, it could not have been written by someone without Dr. Payne’s profound understanding and analysis of the subject. Because he has no peers in that regard, only he alone could have written Chasing a Grand Illusion. An especially noteworthy feature of Dr. Payne’s analysis is that, just as he does not dismiss disarmament advocacy as unworthy of serious consideration, he does not condemn its foundational vision. He summarizes well his approach to the subject in the study’s Preface:","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"42 1","pages":"462 - 463"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43268692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2023.2206776
Keith B. Payne, Matthew R. Costlow, D. Trachtenberg
{"title":"Deterring China in the Taiwan Strait","authors":"Keith B. Payne, Matthew R. Costlow, D. Trachtenberg","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2206776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2206776","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"42 1","pages":"323 - 461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46368333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2023.2206784
C. Walton
{"title":"China’s Good War: How World War II is Shaping a New Nationalism","authors":"C. Walton","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2206784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2206784","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"42 1","pages":"464 - 465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46263924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2023.2182114
C. Dale Walton
{"title":"Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union","authors":"C. Dale Walton","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2182114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2182114","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"42 1","pages":"321 - 322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47424490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2023.2182112
C. Robinson, Christopher B Wyatt
Abstract The collapse of Western-supported Afghan forces in mid-2021 emphasizes how difficult building whole armies can be. The Liberian experience 2004–2009 holds relevant lessons. After the civil war ended, the US State Department engaged two private military contractors to recreate a new Liberian army from the ashes. But scholarship so far on the Liberian army reconstruction process has been mixed, partially obscuring some of the core truths of the program. On reflection, the reasons for the very mixed results appear to be, first, that the idea of SSR itself is flawed, which is partially why “Security and Justice programming” is rising in prominence—local ownership in such armies is shared upwards through a multi-faceted patronage chain; second, that the Liberian state never had any meaningful history of military professionalism; and that creating an entire army was far more complicated than the usual tasks assigned to private contractors. The complete absence of any experienced leadership in the first months was devastating.
{"title":"Why did the 2004–09 Liberia SSR Program not succeed in creating an accountable and effective army?","authors":"C. Robinson, Christopher B Wyatt","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2182112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2182112","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The collapse of Western-supported Afghan forces in mid-2021 emphasizes how difficult building whole armies can be. The Liberian experience 2004–2009 holds relevant lessons. After the civil war ended, the US State Department engaged two private military contractors to recreate a new Liberian army from the ashes. But scholarship so far on the Liberian army reconstruction process has been mixed, partially obscuring some of the core truths of the program. On reflection, the reasons for the very mixed results appear to be, first, that the idea of SSR itself is flawed, which is partially why “Security and Justice programming” is rising in prominence—local ownership in such armies is shared upwards through a multi-faceted patronage chain; second, that the Liberian state never had any meaningful history of military professionalism; and that creating an entire army was far more complicated than the usual tasks assigned to private contractors. The complete absence of any experienced leadership in the first months was devastating.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"42 1","pages":"287 - 307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41541348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.1080/01495933.2023.2182107
Todd Leventhal
Abstract The U.S. government should establish a nongovernmental institute of expert spokespersons to counter foreign disinformation and propaganda more effectively. Such an institute would provide a media-friendly source of information and perspective from experts totally immersed in the relevant subject matters. They would debunk false charges, but also reframe the discussion to reveal disinformers’ records of lies as well as the quirks of human belief that make many people susceptible to false claims. Government can play an essential role in uncovering the secret machinations of hostile state actors, but typically chooses spokespersons who are managers rather than subject matter experts. Not only do they lack in-depth knowledge of often obscure subjects, but also lack the autonomy to freely discuss highly controversial subjects. Nongovernmental expert spokespersons would suffer neither deficiency.
{"title":"The need to up our game in countering disinformation","authors":"Todd Leventhal","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2182107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2182107","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The U.S. government should establish a nongovernmental institute of expert spokespersons to counter foreign disinformation and propaganda more effectively. Such an institute would provide a media-friendly source of information and perspective from experts totally immersed in the relevant subject matters. They would debunk false charges, but also reframe the discussion to reveal disinformers’ records of lies as well as the quirks of human belief that make many people susceptible to false claims. Government can play an essential role in uncovering the secret machinations of hostile state actors, but typically chooses spokespersons who are managers rather than subject matter experts. Not only do they lack in-depth knowledge of often obscure subjects, but also lack the autonomy to freely discuss highly controversial subjects. Nongovernmental expert spokespersons would suffer neither deficiency.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"42 1","pages":"173 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42887426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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