Journal of Social Structure最新文献

英文中文

Reaching for Unique Resources: Structural Holes and Specialization in Scientific Collaboration Networks 获取独特资源：科学协作网络的结构漏洞与专业化

Q2 Social Sciences

Journal of Social Structure

Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.21307/joss-2020-001

M. Bojanowski, Dominika Czerniawska

Abstract On some fundamental level, we can think of scholars as actors possessing, or controlling, various types of resources. Collaboration in science is understood here as a process of pooling and exchanging such resources. We show how diversity of resources engaged in scientific collaboration is related to the structure of collaboration networks. We demonstrate that scholars within their personal networks simultaneously (1) diversify resources in collaboration ties surrounded by structural holes and (2) specialize resources in collaboration ties embedded in dense collaboration groups. These complementary mechanisms decrease individual efforts required to maintain effective collaborations in complex social settings. To this end, we develop a concept of “pairwise redundancy” capturing structural redundancy of ego’s neighbors vis-à-vis each other.

在某种基本层面上，我们可以把学者看作是拥有或控制各种资源的行动者。在这里，科学合作被理解为汇集和交换这些资源的过程。我们展示了参与科学合作的资源多样性是如何与合作网络结构相关的。我们证明，学者在其个人网络中同时(1)在被结构洞包围的协作关系中分散资源，(2)在密集协作群体中嵌入的协作关系中专一化资源。这些互补机制减少了在复杂的社会环境中维持有效合作所需的个人努力。为此，我们提出了“成对冗余”的概念，捕捉自我相邻节点相对-à-vis的结构冗余。

引用次数: 3

A Longitudinal Network Analysis of the German Knowledge Economy from 2009 to 2019: Spatio-Temporal Dynamics at the City–Firm Nexus 2009-2019年德国知识经济的纵向网络分析：城市-企业Nexus的时空动态

Q2 Social Sciences

Journal of Social Structure

Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.21307/joss-2020-005

Silke Zöllner, Stefan Lüthi, A. Thierstein

Abstract Multi-location knowledge-intensive firms span their value chains and thus their locations across space. Increased globalization alters the spatial configuration of such networks of knowledge creation. Longitudinal social network analysis allows detecting temporal changes in the arrangement of nodes and edges in the network and resulting changes in the overall structure. We use this approach to study for Germany the spatio-temporal dynamics of knowledge-intensive services firms – advanced producer services (APS) – in the years between 2009 and 2019. Multi-location APS firms are considered as vanguard of spatial structural change and thus lending to study their location choice behavior. A common approach is to analyze a one-mode intercity network where cities are the nodes. We take a different approach and include the firms’ perspectives. We work directly with the original data structure of a two-mode network including cities and firms as two node sets and we apply stochastic actor-oriented models for network dynamics. Results show that the spatio-temporal dynamics are characterized by both agglomeration and network economies. On a local scale, APS firms continue their location expansion over time and concentrate in agglomerations where many other APS firms and a greater availability of workforce are present. Simultaneously, they also choose new locations in agglomerations further apart from their present locations. On a supra-local scale, the network grows denser over time. Agglomerations that are attractive for APS firms in 2009 become even more attractive in 2019. Our analysis contributes to an understanding of how interactions amongst cities and firms on a local scale give rise to the empirically observed network patterns on a supra-local scale.

摘要多地点知识密集型企业跨越其价值链，从而跨越空间。日益全球化改变了这种知识创造网络的空间结构。纵向社交网络分析允许检测网络中节点和边缘排列的时间变化，以及由此导致的整体结构的变化。我们使用这种方法为德国研究了2009年至2019年间知识密集型服务公司——先进生产性服务公司（APS）的时空动态。多地点APS公司被认为是空间结构变化的先锋，因此有助于研究其地点选择行为。一种常见的方法是分析以城市为节点的单向城际网络。我们采取了不同的方法，并纳入了公司的观点。我们直接处理包括城市和企业作为两个节点集的双模网络的原始数据结构，并将面向随机参与者的模型应用于网络动力学。研究结果表明，时空动态具有集聚经济和网络经济的双重特征。在当地范围内，APS公司随着时间的推移继续其位置扩张，并集中在许多其他APS公司和更多劳动力的聚集地。同时，他们也在远离现有位置的聚集区中选择新的位置。在超局部规模上，网络会随着时间的推移而变得更加密集。2009年对APS公司有吸引力的聚集在2019年变得更有吸引力。我们的分析有助于理解城市和企业之间在地方尺度上的互动如何产生超地方尺度上经验观察到的网络模式。

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引用次数: 3

Comment on Geodesic Cycle Length Distributions in Delusional and Other Social Networks Delusional和其他社交网络中测地周期长度分布的评价

Q2 Social Sciences

Journal of Social Structure

Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.21307/joss-2020-003

J. Martin

I am delighted to see Stivala’s piece on geodesic cycle length, which responds to and goes considerably beyond my 2017 JOSS. This article (1) regularizes the terminology I used; (2) replicates my analyses using exponential random graph models; and (3) applies these models to other data sets to examine the degree to which these models predict geodesic cycle length. All of these constitute a welcome (and impressively done) contribution. Yet, I also have a sense that some of the motivation of this paper is to establish the superiority of the ERGM approach, and to treat all others as, at best, fallbacks. Given that part of my reason to write the first paper was precisely to try to help us avoid the monoculture that I see developing with the use of ERGMs, Stivala’s contribution provides an excellent opportunity for social networkers to consider the implications and strengths of different models, and different ways of understanding our task as analysts.

我很高兴看到斯蒂瓦拉关于测地循环长度的文章，它回应并大大超越了我2017年的JOSS。这篇文章（1）规范了我使用的术语；（2）使用指数随机图模型复制我的分析；以及（3）将这些模型应用于其他数据集，以检验这些模型预测测地循环长度的程度。所有这些都是一个值得欢迎的（令人印象深刻的）贡献。然而，我也有一种感觉，这篇论文的一些动机是建立ERGM方法的优越性，并将所有其他方法充其量视为倒退。鉴于我写第一篇论文的部分原因正是为了帮助我们避免我所看到的随着ERGM的使用而发展起来的单一文化，Stivala的贡献为社交网络用户提供了一个极好的机会，让他们思考不同模型的含义和优势，以及理解我们作为分析师的任务的不同方式。

引用次数: 6

Reply to “Comment on Geodesic Cycle Length Distributions in Delusional and Other Social Networks” 对“关于妄想和其他社交网络中测地周期长度分布的评论”的回复

Q2 Social Sciences

Journal of Social Structure

Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.21307/joss-2020-004

A. Stivala

Abstract Martin (2020) describes a misinterpretation of exponential random graph (ERGM) parameters in my contribution (Stivala 2020), with the use of this parametric model obscuring, rather than illuminating, the data. He suggests that this is symptomatic of a trend in the social networks community towards a methodological monoculture focussed on the use of ERGMs. In this Reply I try to clarify how this situation arose in this specific case, and address some more general issues Martin raises, including the use of nodal covariates, what we can learn from ERGMs, and methodological monoculturalism in social network research.

摘要Martin（2020）在我的贡献（Stivala 2020）中描述了对指数随机图（ERGM）参数的误解，使用该参数模型掩盖而不是阐明了数据。他认为，这是社交网络社区朝着专注于ERGM使用的方法单一文化发展的趋势的症状。在这篇回复中，我试图澄清这种情况是如何在这个特定的案例中出现的，并解决Martin提出的一些更普遍的问题，包括节点协变量的使用，我们可以从ERGM中学到什么，以及社交网络研究中的方法论单一文化主义。

引用次数: 2

The multiplex social environments of young Black men who have sex with men: How online and offline social structures impact HIV prevention and sex behavior engagement. 年轻黑人男男性行为的多重社会环境:线上和线下社会结构如何影响艾滋病预防和性行为参与。

Q2 Social Sciences

Journal of Social Structure

Pub Date : 2019-08-01 DOI: 10.21307/joss-2019-007

Lindsay E Young, Kayo Fujimoto, Leigh Alon, Liang Zhang, John A Schneider

In the United States, young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) remain disproportionately affected by HIV. The social networks in which YBMSM are embedded are generally understood to be critical factors in understanding their vulnerability. In this study, we acknowledge the relational richness of YBMSMs' social environments (what we define as multiplexity) and their increasing prioritization of online social networking sites (SNS). Specifically, we investigate whether protective and/or risky features of YBMSMs' Facebook friendships and group affiliations are related to their HIV prevention and sex behavior engagement, while also accounting for features of their offline confidant (or support) and sex networks. Using data from a population-based cohort study of YBMSM living in Chicago (N=268), we perform a series of multiple logistic regression analyses to examine associations between features of YBMSMs' Facebook, confidant, and sexual networks with three prevention outcomes and three sex behavior outcomes, while also controlling for factors at the individual and structural levels. Results show that network features play a more significant role in predicting engagement in sex behaviors than prevention behaviors. Specifically, having more confidants, having confidants who are family members, meeting sex partners online, having more YBMSM Facebook friends, belonging to Facebook groups with an LGBTQ focus, and having greater subject diversity in one's Facebook group affiliations were significantly associated with one or more sex behavior outcomes. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings for HIV prevention intervention efforts.

在美国，与男性发生性关系的年轻黑人男性(YBMSM)仍然不成比例地受到艾滋病毒的影响。人们普遍认为，YBMSM所处的社会网络是了解其脆弱性的关键因素。在本研究中，我们承认年轻男同性恋者社交环境的关系丰富性(我们将其定义为多样性)以及他们对在线社交网站(SNS)的日益重视。具体来说，我们调查了YBMSMs的Facebook友谊和团体关系的保护性和/或风险特征是否与他们的艾滋病毒预防和性行为参与有关，同时也考虑了他们的离线知己(或支持)和性网络的特征。利用一项基于人群的队列研究数据(N=268)，我们进行了一系列多元逻辑回归分析，以检验YBMSM的Facebook、知己和性网络特征与三种预防结果和三种性行为结果之间的关系，同时还控制了个体和结构层面的因素。结果表明，网络特征对性行为投入的预测作用比预防行为更显著。具体来说，有更多的知己，有家庭成员的知己，在网上结识性伴侣，有更多的YBMSM Facebook好友，属于关注LGBTQ的Facebook群组，以及在Facebook群组中拥有更大的主题多样性，这些都与一种或多种性行为结果显著相关。最后，我们讨论了我们的研究结果对艾滋病预防干预工作的影响。

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引用次数: 6

The role of maternal social networks on the outcomes of a home-based childhood obesity prevention pilot intervention. 母亲社会网络在家庭儿童肥胖预防试点干预结果中的作用。

Q2 Social Sciences

Journal of Social Structure

Pub Date : 2019-08-01 DOI: 10.21307/joss-2019-004

Kayla de la Haye, Brooke M Bell, Sarah-Jeanne Salvy

Background: Despite evidence that obesity and related behaviors are influenced by social networks and social systems, few childhood obesity initiatives have focused on social network factors as moderators of intervention outcomes, or targets for intervention strategies.

Objectives: This pilot study examines associations between maternal social network characteristics hypothesized to influence health behaviors, and the target outcomes of a family-centered childhood obesity prevention initiative. The pilot intervention entailed the provision of healthy eating and activity components as part of an existing home visiting program (HVP) delivered to mothers and infants, to test the feasibility of this approach for improving mother diet, physical activity, and weight status; and infant diet and weight trajectory.

Methods: Mothers and their infants (N=50 dyads) receiving services from our HVP partner were recruited and randomized to receive the HVP core curriculum with or without a nutrition and physical activity enhancement module for six months. Assessments of mothers' social network characteristics, mother/infant food intake and mother physical activity, and mothers' postpartum weight retention and children's growth velocity were conducted at baseline and post-intervention.

Results: Several features of mothers' social networks, including the receipt of health-related social support, were significantly associated with the focal intervention outcomes (p < .05) at follow-up, controlling for study condition.

Conclusions: Integrating childhood obesity prevention into HVPs appears promising. Future family-based interventions to prevent childhood obesity may be enhanced by including social network intervention strategies. For example, by addressing family network characteristics that impede healthy behavior change, or enhancing networks by fostering social support for healthy behavior and weight change.

背景：尽管有证据表明肥胖及其相关行为受到社会网络和社会系统的影响，但很少有儿童肥胖倡议将社会网络因素作为干预结果的调节因素或干预策略的目标。目的：这项试点研究考察了假设影响健康行为的母亲社会网络特征与以家庭为中心的儿童肥胖预防计划的目标结果之间的关系。试点干预包括提供健康饮食和活动成分，作为向母亲和婴儿提供的现有家访计划（HVP）的一部分，以测试这种方法改善母亲饮食、体育活动和体重状况的可行性；以及婴儿饮食和体重轨迹。方法：从我们的HVP伙伴那里接受服务的母亲和他们的婴儿（N=50对）被招募并随机接受HVP核心课程，包括或不包括营养和体育活动增强模块，为期六个月。在基线和干预后对母亲的社交网络特征、母亲/婴儿的食物摄入和母亲的身体活动、母亲产后体重保持率和儿童的生长速度进行了评估。结果：母亲社交网络的几个特征，包括接受与健康相关的社会支持，与随访时的局部干预结果显著相关（p＜0.05），控制了研究条件。结论：将儿童肥胖预防纳入HVP似乎很有希望。未来预防儿童肥胖的基于家庭的干预措施可以通过纳入社会网络干预策略来加强。例如，通过解决阻碍健康行为改变的家庭网络特征，或通过培养对健康行为和体重变化的社会支持来增强网络。

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引用次数: 0

Social Networks and Health: Micro Processes and Macro Structures 社会网络与健康：微观过程与宏观结构

Q2 Social Sciences

Journal of Social Structure

Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.21307/joss-2019-003

C. Marcum, L. Koehly

Abstract Since its nascency, the field of social network analysis has been intrinsically linked to human health and well-being. In fact, the very first empirical article ever published in Sociometry evaluated a psychiatric treatment to inter-personal distress that employed the spontaneous interactions unfolding in a triad of physician, patient, and proxy actors (Moreno, 1937). This was a first attempt in a research context to show that there may be direct effects that tie patterns of social relations to individual well-being in small groups. Moreno & Jennings (1938) also made the early and astute argument that the social structure observed through measurement of social relations is inseparable from biological and psychological frames of reference: they are all inherently interdependent. More than 80 years of research in this area has since been developed and yet the field is still flush with opportunities to learn about the interplay between social networks and health. In this special issue of the Journal of Social Structure, we highlight the work of leading scientists in this field.

摘要自诞生以来，社会网络分析领域就与人类的健康和福祉有着内在的联系。事实上，有史以来发表在《社会计量学》上的第一篇实证文章评估了一种针对人际痛苦的精神治疗方法，该方法采用了医生、患者和代理行为者三者的自发互动（Moreno，1937）。这是在研究背景下首次尝试表明，在小群体中，将社会关系模式与个人幸福感联系起来可能会产生直接影响。Moreno和Jennings（1938）也提出了早期而敏锐的论点，即通过测量社会关系观察到的社会结构与生物和心理参照系密不可分：它们都是内在相互依存的。自那以后，该领域的研究已经发展了80多年，但该领域仍然有很多机会了解社交网络与健康之间的相互作用。在《社会结构杂志》的这期特刊中，我们重点介绍了该领域顶尖科学家的工作。

引用次数: 1

Do People Who Identify as Popular Become Popular in a New Network? A 9-Month Longitudinal Network Analysis 自认为受欢迎的人会在新的网络中变得受欢迎吗?9个月的纵向网络分析

Q2 Social Sciences

Journal of Social Structure

Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.21307/JOSS-2019-001

Christopher J. Carpenter, Xun Zhu, Rachel A. Smith

Abstract Although scholars have argued that people actively shape and reshape their social networks (e.g., Parks, 2016), this aspect of relational development has received little attention. This study sought to determine if people’s self-perceptions of interpersonal communication skills translated into behavior that led to relationship formation in a new network. A 9-month longitudinal social network analysis (N = 94) of the residents of a first-year university residence hall using Facebook tie data was conducted to assess network changes. Results indicate that both self-perceived network centrality in a hypothetical friendship sociogram (Smith & Fink, 2015) and self-reported connector scores (Boster et al., 2011) are good longitudinal predictors of relationship development. Those who began by self-identifying as central, became central.

摘要尽管学者们认为人们积极塑造和重塑自己的社交网络（例如，Parks，2016），但关系发展的这一方面却很少受到关注。这项研究试图确定人们对人际沟通技能的自我认知是否转化为导致新网络中关系形成的行为。使用Facebook领带数据对大学一年级宿舍的居民进行了为期9个月的纵向社交网络分析（N=94），以评估网络变化。结果表明，在假设的友谊社交图中，自我感知的网络中心性（Smith&Fink，2015）和自我报告的连接者得分（Boster et al.，2011）都是关系发展的良好纵向预测因素。那些从自我认同为中心开始的人，成为了中心。

引用次数: 5

Exploring Patterns of Social Relationships among Food Bloggers on Twitter Using a Social Network Analysis Approach 用社交网络分析方法探讨推特上美食博客的社交关系模式

Q2 Social Sciences

Journal of Social Structure

Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.21307/joss-2019-038

Allison D. Hepworth, Jessica Kropczynski, Justin A. Walden, Rachel A. Smith

Abstract Background and objective. Nutrition information conveyed by popular entities through online social networking sites (i.e., social media influencers) has the potential to impact consumer eating behavior through mechanisms of social influence. Little is known about how online communities of food-related social media influencers are structured, which could reveal influencers’ opportunities to observe and spread nutrition-related content and information design practices. This study explored patterns of social relationships (social capital, conservation of resources, and homophily) within a network of prominent food bloggers on Twitter (N = 44). Methods. Data on Twitter following/follower relationships and Twitter use (number of tweets, favorited tweets) were collected from bloggers’ Twitter profiles. Bloggers represented eight topical subcategories of food blogs (e.g., family cooking, cocktails) and comprised a one-mode social network with directed ties indicating Twitter following/follower relationships. Structural evidence of patterns of social relationships was investigated through social network visualization, centrality measures (in-degree/out-degree centrality, density, reciprocity), and inferential tests. Results. The overall network density of directed ties was 21%, with wide variability in individual blogger centrality across multiple measures. Cocktails, cooking, special diets, and culinary travel bloggers had more dense ties to bloggers in their own subcategories. Within the network, favorited tweets and outreach (Twitter following relationships) were positively associated with popularity (Twitter follower relationships). Conclusions. Food bloggers in this study formed a partially connected network, supporting the conservation of resources framework. Homophily was evident in some, but not all, topical subcategories. Associations among Twitter use, outreach, and popularity generally supported the social capital framework. Future studies should explore influencers’ motivations for connecting on social networking sites, and how content and information design practices spread among influencers.

摘要背景和目的。流行实体通过在线社交网站（即社交媒体影响者）传达的营养信息有可能通过社会影响机制影响消费者的饮食行为。人们对食品相关社交媒体影响者的在线社区是如何构建的知之甚少，这可能会揭示影响者观察和传播营养相关内容和信息设计实践的机会。这项研究探讨了推特上著名美食博主网络中的社会关系模式（社会资本、资源保护和同性恋）（N=44）。方法。从博主的推特个人资料中收集了推特关注/追随者关系和推特使用情况（推特数量、受欢迎推特）的数据。博客代表了美食博客的八个主题子类别（例如，家庭烹饪、鸡尾酒），并构成了一个单一模式的社交网络，具有指示推特粉丝/追随者关系的定向关系。通过社交网络可视化、中心性测量（度内/度外中心性、密度、互易性）和推理测试，研究了社会关系模式的结构证据。后果定向联系的总体网络密度为21%，在多个衡量标准中，个人博客中心性的差异很大。鸡尾酒、烹饪、特殊饮食和烹饪旅行博主与自己子类别的博主有着更紧密的联系。在网络中，受欢迎的推文和外联（推特粉丝关系）与受欢迎程度（推特追随者关系）呈正相关。结论。在这项研究中，美食博主形成了一个部分连接的网络，支持资源保护框架。在某些（但不是所有）主题子类别中，同质性是明显的。推特的使用、推广和受欢迎程度之间的关联通常支持社会资本框架。未来的研究应该探索影响者在社交网站上建立联系的动机，以及内容和信息设计实践如何在影响者中传播。

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引用次数: 5

Do Men Discuss Birth Control? A Social Network Analysis in Bangladesh 男人会讨论节育吗?孟加拉国的社会网络分析

Q2 Social Sciences

Journal of Social Structure

Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.21307/JOSS-2019-002

Bhanu Bhatia

Abstract Family planning programs have made significant contributions to lowering fertility levels in several developing nations. These advances often focus on women as the main agents of population control, ignoring the important role of men. However, in many countries/cultures decisions about fertility are highly embedded in social relationships at all levels, which make it imperative to investigate men’s position in the social structure. This study explores the relationship structures between men in Bangladesh using social network analysis to explore new possibilities for cost-effective healthcare strategies that have more far-reaching effects than the status quo. The results of this research show that men are embedded in un-fragmented and diffuse communication structures, formed across age and educational divide, beyond the bounds of kinship relations and village boundaries. Not only do men not shy away from discussion of contraceptives, but also approve and support their use. Men’s networks, thus, provide a potentially rich, but untapped, channel of communication for effectively and efficiently disseminating population control initiatives.

摘要在几个发展中国家，计划生育方案为降低生育率做出了重大贡献。这些进步往往侧重于妇女作为人口控制的主要推动者，而忽视了男子的重要作用。然而，在许多国家/文化中，关于生育率的决定高度嵌入各级社会关系中，因此必须调查男性在社会结构中的地位。这项研究利用社会网络分析探讨了孟加拉国男性之间的关系结构，以探索具有成本效益的医疗策略的新可能性，这些策略比现状具有更深远的影响。这项研究的结果表明，男性嵌入了非碎片化和分散的沟通结构中，这种沟通结构跨越了年龄和教育鸿沟，超越了亲属关系和村庄边界。男性不仅不回避对避孕药具的讨论，而且赞成和支持使用避孕药具。因此，男子网络为有效和高效地传播人口控制倡议提供了一个潜在的丰富但尚未开发的沟通渠道。

引用次数: 0

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