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Introduction: the Dissemination of the Digital Humanities within Research on Biblical, Early Jewish and Christian Studies 导言:数字人文在圣经、早期犹太教和基督教研究中的传播
Pub Date : 2019-05-14 DOI: 10.1163/9789004399297_002
C. Clivaz, Sarah Bowen Savant
This third volume of Digital Biblical Studies (DBS) represents a turning point in the birth of the series, as well as in the dissemination of the Digital Humanities within “Biblical, Early Jewish and Christian Studies”. The title acknowledges the three research groups devoted, since 2012 and 2013, to the Digital Humanities at the annual meetings of the Society of Biblical Literature (SBL), the inter-national SBL (ISBL), and the European Association of Biblical Studies (EABS). Our introduction will comment on the development of the Digital Humanities and offer a preview of the contents of this volume.
数字圣经研究(DBS)的第三卷代表了该系列诞生的转折点,以及在“圣经,早期犹太和基督教研究”中传播数字人文学科。自2012年和2013年以来,三个研究小组在圣经文学学会(SBL)、国际圣经文学学会(ISBL)和欧洲圣经研究协会(EABS)的年会上致力于数字人文学科。我们的介绍将评论数字人文学科的发展,并提供本卷内容的预览。
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引用次数: 0
Teaching Epigraphy in the Digital Age 数字时代的铭文教学
Pub Date : 2019-05-14 DOI: 10.1163/9789004399297_011
H. Parker, C. Rollston
Fields of knowledge are always in transition, with data continuing to accumulate and analyses of the data constantly nuancing previous understandings. No exception to this is the field of Northwest Semitic epigraphy. Northwest Semitic epigraphy is the broad study of ancient inscriptions written in the daughter languages of Proto-Northwest Semitic (e.g., Hebrew, Aramaic, Phoenician, Moabite, Ammonite, Edomite, and Ugaritic). It is concerned with linguistic, grammatical, syntactic, lexicographic, onomastic, historical, palaeographical, and/or genre studies.2 Within this article, we will delineate certain aspects of the history of this field and will discuss the traditional means of studying ancient texts in light of new technological innovations. Our primary goal is to demarcate how these innovations are impacting the ways we do research, as well as how they can facilitate the presentation of our research and the ways we teach students in our field. The focus of this article is linear alphabetic Northwest Semitic scripts; nonetheless, similar techniques and methodologies can be used for other epigraphic fields.
知识领域总是处于过渡阶段,数据不断积累,对数据的分析不断使以前的理解变得微妙。西北闪族铭文领域也不例外。西北闪米特铭文学是对原始西北闪米特的子语言(如希伯来语、阿拉姆语、腓尼基语、摩押语、阿孟语、以东语和乌加里特语)所写的古代铭文的广泛研究。它涉及语言学、语法、句法、词典学、词汇学、历史、古文字和/或体裁研究在本文中,我们将描述这一领域历史的某些方面,并将讨论在新技术创新的背景下研究古代文本的传统方法。我们的主要目标是界定这些创新如何影响我们的研究方式,以及它们如何促进我们的研究展示和我们在本领域教授学生的方式。本文的研究重点是西北闪族文字的线性字母;尽管如此,类似的技术和方法可以用于其他铭文领域。
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引用次数: 1
Using Natural Language Processing to Search for Textual References 使用自然语言处理搜索文本引用
Pub Date : 2019-05-14 DOI: 10.1163/9789004399297_008
Brett Graham
In natural languages, as opposed to computer languages like C or Pascal, the words and syntax are not artificially defined; instead, they develop naturally. Typical examples of natural languages are those that are spoken in human communication, such as the English, French, and Japanese languages. However, the term natural language can also refer to written text, such as Facebook postings, emails or even text messages. As well as changing over time, natural languages also vary among different cultures and people groups. So, for example, the words and syntax that a teenager might use to write a text message on their phone are likely to be different to the words and syntax that Shakespeare used to write Othello. Within computer science, the term Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to way computers are programmed to understand natural languages. At a basic level, NLP involves three steps – lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and semantic analysis. The complexity of each of these steps is perhaps best illustrated through looking at how three well-known programs incorporate NLP; namely, Microsoft Word, the Google search engine, and Apple’s Siri. If you were to type (or copy and paste) the following string – “Can I be worn jeens to church?” – into Microsoft Word then it will perform simple lexical analysis by grouping the characters into tokens (i.e. words) using the whitespace and punctuation as separators. Having done this, the program will then consult its dictionary and recognize that “jeens” is not a valid entry. As a result, it will place this word in red, somewhat like this:
在自然语言中,与C或Pascal等计算机语言相反,单词和语法不是人为定义的;相反,它们是自然发展的。自然语言的典型例子是那些在人类交流中使用的语言,如英语、法语和日语。然而,自然语言这个术语也可以指书面文本,比如Facebook上的帖子、电子邮件甚至短信。随着时间的推移,自然语言在不同的文化和人群中也有所不同。例如,青少年在手机上写短信时使用的单词和语法可能与莎士比亚写《奥赛罗》时使用的单词和语法不同。在计算机科学中,自然语言处理(NLP)一词指的是计算机被编程来理解自然语言的方式。在基本层面上,NLP包括三个步骤——词法分析、句法分析和语义分析。每个步骤的复杂性可以通过以下三个著名的程序来最好地说明:即微软的Word、谷歌的搜索引擎和苹果的Siri。如果你要输入(或复制粘贴)下面的字符串——“我可以穿牛仔裤去教堂吗?”-输入Word,然后它将执行简单的词法分析,通过使用空白和标点作为分隔符将字符分组为令牌(即单词)。完成这些操作后,程序将查阅字典并识别“jeens”不是一个有效条目。结果,它会将这个单词显示为红色,有点像这样:
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引用次数: 3
“What no eye has seen”: Using a Digital Microscope to Edit Papyrus Fragments of Early Christian Apocryphal Writings “没有眼睛看到的”:使用数码显微镜编辑早期基督教伪经作品的莎草纸碎片
Pub Date : 2019-05-14 DOI: 10.1163/9789004399297_005
Brent Landau, Adeline Harrington, J. C. Henriques
Scholars working with ancient papyri are often confronted with manuscripts that are challenging to read. Aside from the basic fact that papyri are often preserved in fragmentary condition, the deciphering of letters in the portions that remain frequently presents challenges. Sometimes only small parts of letters are preserved; at other times the ink may have faded away to near invisibility; and at still other times the letters are rendered almost unrecognizable by blotches of ink. Papyri may also be covered with an obscuring layer of silt as the result of inadequate conservation or a lack of conservation altogether, leaving scholars unclear as to what is ink and what is dirt. Faced with such challenges, editors still labor valiantly to produce accurate transcriptions of ancient texts. Nevertheless, uncertainties in readings still remain, and texts that have been edited more than once will sometimes have very different transcriptions. The difficulties in deciding which readings to prefer may even lead to the conclusion that such decisions are hopelessly arbitrary. A relatively new technology, however, may be able to resolve some of these papyrological impasses, at least in part: digital microscopes. Although some of the leading repositories of papyri collections have had analog microscopes available for use by researchers for some time, digital microscopes have three significant advantages over analog microscopes. First, a digital microscope can be connected to a computer via a USB port, allowing for the image to be seen on a computer screen, rather than straining through a tiny eyehole. Second, a digital microscope can take photographs of the manuscript under magnification, allowing an editor to provide key photographic evidence in favor of one reading over another – and this paper will include a selection of photographs taken with a digital microscope. Third, some digital microscopes – including the one used by the authors – have the added feature of ultraviolet and infrared lighting modes, and these different light spectra can greatly improve the legibility of ink in some cases.
研究古代纸莎草的学者经常会遇到难以阅读的手稿。除了纸莎草纸经常以碎片的形式保存这一基本事实外,破译剩下部分的字母也经常带来挑战。有时只有一小部分字母被保存下来;在其他时候,墨水可能已经褪色到几乎看不见;还有一些时候,这些字母被墨迹弄得几乎认不出来了。纸莎草纸也可能被一层模糊的淤泥覆盖,这是由于保护不足或完全缺乏保护的结果,使学者们不清楚什么是墨水,什么是污垢。面对这样的挑战,编辑们仍然勇敢地工作,以准确地抄写古代文本。然而,阅读中的不确定性仍然存在,并且多次编辑的文本有时会有非常不同的转录。在决定选择哪种读物时遇到的困难甚至可能导致这样的结论:这种决定是无可救药的武断。然而,一项相对较新的技术可能能够解决这些纸病理学上的僵局,至少部分是:数字显微镜。虽然一些主要的纸莎草收藏库已经有模拟显微镜供研究人员使用一段时间了,但数字显微镜与模拟显微镜相比有三个显著的优势。首先,数码显微镜可以通过USB接口连接到电脑上,这样就可以在电脑屏幕上看到图像,而不是通过一个小小的眼孔。其次,数码显微镜可以拍摄放大后的手稿照片,允许编辑提供关键的照片证据,支持一种阅读方式,而不是另一种阅读方式——这篇论文将包括用数码显微镜拍摄的一些照片。第三,一些数码显微镜——包括作者使用的——有紫外线和红外线照明模式的附加功能,这些不同的光谱在某些情况下可以大大提高墨水的易读性。
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引用次数: 0
Electronic Transcriptions of New Testament Manuscripts and their Accuracy, Documentation and Publication 电子抄本的新约手稿和他们的准确性,文件和出版
Pub Date : 2019-05-14 DOI: 10.1163/9789004399297_009
H. Houghton
The adoption of digital tools to edit the Greek New Testament has fundamentally changed the methodology of creating such an edition. In the past, data was painstakingly gathered in the form of collations of manuscripts against a standard printed text, which were then combined to create an apparatus of readings.1 The base text used for collation was a fixed point against which everything was measured; once the apparatus was constructed, the individual collations were no longer required. In contrast, electronic editing software (in particular, the widely-adopted Collate program and its successors) is based not on a single apparatus but on multiple files, each of which consists of a complete electronic transcription of a single manuscript witness.2 The apparatus is compiled automatically from these files, using an algorithm to improve alignment and creating meta-files to assist with the normalisation of the data. This has at least four distinct advantages over the previous method: the performance of the mechanical task of compilation by a computer is much quicker, less susceptible to human error, reproducible and reconfigurable. A collation can be re-run from the same files with different settings or a different selection of witnesses. It is therefore the complete electronic transcriptions rather than
采用数字工具编辑希腊文新约从根本上改变了制作这种版本的方法。在过去,数据是以将手稿与标准印刷文本对照整理的形式辛苦地收集起来的,然后将它们组合在一起,形成一种阅读装置用于整理的基本文本是一个固定的点,所有的东西都是根据它来测量的;一旦仪器建成,就不再需要单独的排序了。相比之下,电子编辑软件(特别是广泛采用的Collate程序及其后继程序)不是基于单一设备,而是基于多个文件,每个文件都由单个手稿证人的完整电子转录组成设备从这些文件自动编译,使用算法来改进对齐和创建元文件,以协助数据的规范化。与之前的方法相比,这种方法至少有四个明显的优点:由计算机执行机械编译任务的速度要快得多,不易受人为错误的影响,可重复性和可重构性。可以从具有不同设置或不同证人选择的相同文件重新运行排序。因此,它是完整的电子转录而不是
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引用次数: 0
The Power of Visual Culture and the Fragility of the Text 视觉文化的力量与文本的脆弱性
Pub Date : 2019-05-14 DOI: 10.1163/9789004399297_004
Peter Phillips
The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details.
全文可以和/或复制使用,并给第三方以任何形式或媒介,未经许可或电荷,为个人研究或研究,教育,或not-for-pro t目的提供:•一个完整的书目指的是原始源•链接是由元数据记录在滴•全文并不以任何方式改变了全文不得在任何形式或媒介销售没有正式版权所有者的许可。有关详细信息,请参阅完整的DRO政策。
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引用次数: 3
Synagogue Modeling Project Report: a Multi-faceted Approach to 3D, Academic Modeling 犹太教堂建模项目报告:一个多方面的方法来3D,学术建模
Pub Date : 2019-05-14 DOI: 10.1163/9789004399297_014
B. Erickson
With the click of a button, my body is transported through time and space. A flicker of light catches my eye. I look up. Flames dance upon the plaster walls, casting eerie shadows on the mosaic floor upon which I stand. I am in a synagogue. An ancient synagogue. Yet at the same moment, in the same space, I am also standing in my office. I feel like I could reach out and touch the mosaic floor. As I try to do so, I notice another hand stretching forth, a hand that is stylized in the mosaic below me. It is the hand of God, reaching from the heavens to stay Abraham’s sacrifice of Isaac. I am standing in the ancient synagogue of Beth Alpha on a mosaic scene depicting the Aqedah of Genesis 22. I get on my hands and knees to examine the scene more closely. Each tessera of the mosaic stands out more clearly as my eyes draw nearer to the floor. I can almost count each individual piece of stone. I begin to count, but a sound from another world snaps me back to reality. My phone is ringing. I remove the virtual reality (VR) headset as my office comes back into focus. The light from the flicker of ancient oil lamps is overtaken by the luminescence of a lightbulb. I have removed myself from Beth Alpha but Beth Alpha has not yet left my memory. The distance between objects, the number of steps I traveled, and how the moonlight poured through the windows – these are some of the experiences I remember from my time exploring one of the 3D environments created for study with virtual reality.
只要按一下按钮,我的身体就能穿越时空。一道闪光引起了我的注意。我抬起头。火焰在石膏墙上舞动,在我站立的马赛克地板上投下诡异的阴影。我在犹太教堂里。古老的犹太教堂。然而,在同一时刻,在同一空间,我也站在我的办公室里。我觉得我可以伸手触摸马赛克地板。正当我试着这么做的时候,我注意到另一只手伸出来了,一只在我下面的马赛克中很有风格的手。这是上帝的手,从天上伸出来阻止亚伯拉罕献祭以撒。我正站在古老的贝斯阿尔法犹太教堂里,在一幅描绘《创世纪》22章中阿基达的马赛克画面上。我趴在地上,更仔细地观察现场。当我的眼睛越靠近地面,马赛克的每一个细节就越清晰。我几乎可以数出每一块石头。我开始数,但一个来自另一个世界的声音把我拉回了现实。我的电话响了。当我的办公室重新回到焦点时,我摘下了虚拟现实(VR)耳机。古老油灯闪烁的光芒被灯泡的光芒所取代。我已经离开了贝丝·阿尔法,但贝丝·阿尔法还没有离开我的记忆。物体之间的距离,我走过的步数,以及月光如何从窗户倾泻而下——这些都是我在探索一个用虚拟现实技术为学习创建的3D环境时所记得的一些体验。
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引用次数: 0
Qualitative Analysis of Semantic Language Models 语义语言模型的定性分析
Pub Date : 2019-05-14 DOI: 10.1163/9789004399297_007
Thibault Clérice, M. Munson
The task of automatically extracting semantic information from raw textual data is an increasingly important topic in computational linguistics and has begun to make its way into non-linguistic humanities research.1 That this task has been accepted as an important one in computational linguistics is shown by its appearance in the standard text books and handbooks for computational linguistics such as Manning and Schuetze Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing2 and Jurafsky and Martin Speech and Language Processing.3 And according to the Association for Computational Linguistics Wiki,4 there have been 25 published experiments which used the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) standardized synonym questions to test the performance of algorithmic extraction of semantic information since 1997 with scores ranging from 20% to 100% accuracy. The question addressed by this paper, however, is not whether semantic information can be automatically extracted from textual data. The studies listed in the preceding paragraph have already proven this. It is also not about trying to find the best algorithm to use to do this. Instead, this paper aims to make this widely used and accepted task more useful outside of purely linguistic studies by considering how one can qualitatively assess the results returned by such algorithms. That is, it aims to move the assessment of the results returned by semantic extraction algorithms closer to the actual hermeneutical tasks carried out in the, e.g., historical, cultural, or theological interpretation of texts. We believe that this critical projection of algorithmic results back onto the
从原始文本数据中自动提取语义信息是计算语言学中一个日益重要的课题,并已开始进入非语言人文学科的研究领域这一任务已被认为是计算语言学中的一项重要任务,它出现在计算语言学的标准教科书和手册中,如Manning和Schuetze的《统计自然语言处理基础》和Jurafsky和Martin的《语音和语言处理》。根据计算语言学协会的Wiki,已经发表了25项使用托福(作为外语的英语测试)的实验。自1997年以来,标准化同义词问题测试了算法提取语义信息的性能,准确率从20%到100%不等。然而,本文解决的问题不是语义信息是否可以从文本数据中自动提取。前文所列的研究已经证明了这一点。它也不是试图找到最好的算法来做这件事。相反,本文的目的是通过考虑如何定性地评估这种算法返回的结果,使这种广泛使用和接受的任务在纯语言学研究之外更有用。也就是说,它旨在将对语义提取算法返回的结果的评估更接近于在文本的历史、文化或神学解释中执行的实际解释学任务。我们相信这个关键的投影算法的结果回到
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引用次数: 0
HarvardX’s Early Christianity: The Letters of Paul: a Retrospective on Online Teaching and Learning 哈佛dx的《早期基督教:保罗书信:在线教学回顾》
Pub Date : 2019-05-14 DOI: 10.1163/9789004399297_012
J. Quigley, L. Nasrallah
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引用次数: 0
Manuscripts, Monks, and Mufattishīn: Digital Access and Concerns of Cultural Heritage in the Yale Monastic Archaeology Project 手稿、僧侣和穆法提斯:耶鲁修道院考古项目中文化遗产的数字获取和关注
Pub Date : 2019-05-14 DOI: 10.1163/9789004399297_006
S. Davis
and Arabic Manuscripts in the Monastery of the Syrians: A Preliminary Report,” in: Studia Patristica XCII: Papers Presented at the Seventeenth International Conference on Patristic Studies , held in Oxford 2015, Volume 18, Markus, Vincent, 2017, Louvain: Peeters, 179-185. More recently, I have presented three reports updating our progress, with a special focus on the biblical collection and on historical information gleaned from scribal and readerly insertions in those manuscripts, at the Eleventh International Congress of Coptic Studies (Claremont, CA, July 2016), at the 2016 Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meeting (San Antonio, TX, November 2016), and at the Oxford seminar, New Perspectives on Mediterranean History (Balliol College, Oxford University, June 2017). These presentations formed the basis of a new article entitled “Marginalia Coptica et Arabica: Traces of Scribes, Patrons, Restorers, and Readers in the Biblical Collection at the Monastery of the Syrians (Dayr al-Suryān),” to be published in: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Coptic Studies , Claremont, CA, July 25th-30th 2016, Louvain: Peeters, 2019, forthcoming.
和叙利亚修道院的阿拉伯语手稿:初步报告,”见:Studia Patristica XCII:在牛津2015年举行的第十七届教父研究国际会议上发表的论文,卷18,Markus, Vincent, 2017, Louvain: Peeters, 179-185。最近,我在第十一届国际科普特研究大会(Claremont, CA, 2016年7月)、2016年圣经文学协会年会(San Antonio, texas, 2016年11月)和牛津大学研讨会“地中海历史新视角”(Balliol College, Oxford University)上发表了三份报告,更新了我们的进展,特别关注圣经收集和从手稿中的抄写和读者插入中收集到的历史信息。2017年6月)。这些介绍形成了题为“旁注Coptica et Arabica:抄写员,赞助人,修复者和读者在叙利亚修道院(Dayr al-Suryān)圣经收藏的痕迹”的新文章的基础,将发表在:科普特研究第十一届国际大会论文集,克莱蒙特,CA, 2016年7月25日至30日,鲁汶:彼得斯,2019年,即将到来。
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引用次数: 0
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Ancient Manuscripts in Digital Culture
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