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Legislative: Providing Veteran-Specific Healthcare 立法:提供退伍军人专用医疗保健
Q3 Nursing Pub Date : 2016-05-01 DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.VOL21NO02LEGCOL01
Jillian J Weber, Angela Clark
There are currently 22 million veterans living in the United States. While 8.92 million veterans are enrolled in the Veterans Administration (VA) Health Care System, nearly 60% of veterans are relying on services outside the VA system (National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics, 2014). As such, it is imperative that civilian nurses understand service eligibility and veteran-foeused care for this unique population.It is a common misconception that all veterans are eligible to receive full healthcare benefits within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). However, veterans are only eligible for health benefits if they meet specific requirements, such as certain minimum lengths of service and type of discharge as described below (Szvmendera, 2015). Due to the specificity of these requirements, as well as the complicated eligibility process for receiving care in the VHA system, less than half of veterans receive healthcare services within the VHA system (National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics. 2014). Health disparities among this population have been well documented (Montgomery, Dichter, Thomasson, Roberts. & Byrne, 2015). Additionally, with the introduction of the Veterans Choice Act in 2014, veterans increasingly are accessing civilian healthcare services (VA. 2014).Today nurses are at the forefront of the healthcare delivery system and are often the first to provide services to veterans. As nurses, we must be prepared to assist veterans in determining eligibility and understand how to help veterans navigate the VA system, so as to increase their access to care. A better understanding of this process can ensure high quality, veteran-specific patient care, and potentially decrease the health disparities within the veteran population.Determining Veteran Status and EligibilityThe VA offers a variety of benefits to veterans of the armed forces, including multiple types of financial assistance, healthcare, housing, and education (Szvmendera, 2015). To be eligible for benefits, a former service member who enlisted after September 8, 1980, must have served a minimum of twenty-four continuous months of active duty. There are no minimum service obligations prior to this date. However, health benefits for injuries incurred during active military service (service-connected disability) are exempt from this service obligation (Szvmendera. 2015). Discharge criteria require that an individual be released from military duty with either an honorable discharge or general discharge (Moulta-Ali 8i Pananoala, 2015). Although a dishonorable discharge automatically disqualifies an individual for VA benefits, other-than-honorable discharges or bad conduct discharges can be determined by special consideration (Moulta-Ali &. Pananoala. 2015).Once former service members are determined eligible for benefits, their healthcare services are provided under a component of the VA called the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). The VHA is an integrated hea
目前有2200万退伍军人生活在美国。892万退伍军人加入了退伍军人管理局(VA)的医疗保健系统,但近60%的退伍军人依靠VA系统以外的服务(国家退伍军人分析和统计中心,2014年)。因此,文职护士必须了解这一特殊人群的服务资格和退伍军人护理。一个常见的误解是,所有退伍军人都有资格获得退伍军人健康管理局(VHA)的全部医疗保健福利。然而,退伍军人只有在满足特定要求的情况下才有资格获得健康福利,例如如下所述的某些最低服务年限和出院类型(Szvmendera, 2015年)。由于这些要求的特殊性,以及在VHA系统中接受护理的复杂资格流程,不到一半的退伍军人在VHA系统内接受医疗服务(国家退伍军人分析和统计中心,2014年)。这一人群的健康差异已被充分记录(Montgomery, Dichter, Thomasson, Roberts)。& Byrne, 2015)。此外,随着2014年《退伍军人选择法》的出台,退伍军人越来越多地获得民用医疗保健服务(VA. 2014)。今天,护士处于医疗保健服务系统的最前沿,往往是第一个为退伍军人提供服务的人。作为护士,我们必须准备好帮助退伍军人确定资格,并了解如何帮助退伍军人在VA系统中导航,从而增加他们获得护理的机会。更好地了解这一过程可以确保高质量、针对退伍军人的患者护理,并有可能减少退伍军人群体中的健康差异。确定退伍军人的身份和资格VA为武装部队的退伍军人提供各种福利,包括多种类型的经济援助,医疗保健,住房和教育(Szvmendera, 2015)。1980年9月8日以后入伍的退伍军人必须至少连续服了24个月的现役,才有资格享受福利。在此日期之前没有最低服务义务。但是,现役军人服役期间受伤的健康津贴(与服役有关的残疾)不受这一服役义务的限制(Szvmendera, 2015年)。退役标准要求个人在光荣退役或普通退役的情况下退役(Moulta-Ali 8i Pananoala, 2015)。尽管被开除军籍会自动取消个人获得退伍军人福利的资格,但非光荣退伍或行为不良的退伍可以通过特殊考虑来确定(Moulta-Ali &;Pananoala。2015)。一旦退伍军人确定有资格享受福利,他们的医疗保健服务将由退伍军人事务部的一个组成部分——退伍军人健康管理局(VHA)提供。VHA是一个综合卫生系统,由VA医疗中心(VAMCs)、社区门诊诊所(cboc)、社区生活中心(CLCs)、兽医中心和美国各地的养老院组成(VA. 2016)。退伍军人可以接受各种服务,包括初级保健、专业护理、心理保健和康复服务。为了应对日益增长的对退伍军人医疗保健服务的需求,以及最近与退伍军人预约等待时间过长有关的举报人活动,《退伍军人选择法》于2014年实施。《选择法案》指导退伍军人选择计划;该计划允许符合VA条件的退伍军人接受非VA护理,如果他们必须等待超过30天才能获得VA护理,或者如果他们距离最近的VA医疗机构超过40英里(VA. 20141)。今天,在美国,有在战时和和平时期服役的退伍军人以及二战以来的每次重大冲突中服役的退伍军人寻求医疗服务。…
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引用次数: 2
Why Causal Inference Matters to Nurses: The Case of Nurse Staffing and Patient Outcomes 为什么因果推理对护士很重要:护士配备和患者预后的案例
Q3 Nursing Pub Date : 2016-05-01 DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol21No02Man02
D. Costa, O. Yakusheva
Since the early 1990s researchers have steadily built a broad evidence base for the association between nurse staffing and patient outcomes. However, the majority of the studies in the literature employ designs that are unable to robustly examine causal pathways to meaningful improvement in patient outcomes. A focus on causal inference is essential to moving the field of nursing research forward, and as part of the essential skill-set for all nurses as consumers of research. In this article, we aim to describe the importance of causal inference in nursing research and discuss study designs that are more likely to produce causal findings. We first review the conceptual framework supporting this discussion and then use selected examples from the literature, typifying three key study designs – cross-sectional, longitudinal, and randomized control trials (RCTs). The discussion will illustrate strengths and limitation of existing evidence, focusing on the causal pathway between nurse staffing and outcomes. The article conclusion considers implications for future research.
自20世纪90年代初以来,研究人员已经为护士人员配备与患者预后之间的关系建立了广泛的证据基础。然而,文献中的大多数研究采用的设计无法强有力地检查患者预后有意义改善的因果途径。对因果推理的关注是推动护理研究领域向前发展的关键,也是作为研究消费者的所有护士的基本技能的一部分。在这篇文章中,我们的目的是描述因果推理在护理研究中的重要性,并讨论更有可能产生因果结果的研究设计。我们首先回顾了支持这一讨论的概念框架,然后从文献中选择了一些例子,对三种关键的研究设计进行了分类——横断面试验、纵向试验和随机对照试验(rct)。讨论将说明现有证据的优势和局限性,重点是护士人员配备和结果之间的因果途径。文章的结论考虑了对未来研究的影响。
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引用次数: 5
Serving on Organizational Boards: What Nurses Need to Know 服务于组织委员会:护士需要知道什么
Q3 Nursing Pub Date : 2016-02-15 DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.VOL21NO02PPT01
Ann M Stalter, D. Arms
If you have ever thought about serving on a board or being actively involved in meetings aimed at making policy decisions, but are not sure you have the knowledge, skills or abilities to serve competently, this article is for you! In this article, the authors describe six competencies needed by nurses who are serving on boards and/or policy committees so as to contribute in a productive manner. These competencies include a professional commitment to serving on a governing board; knowledge about board types, bylaws, and job descriptions; an understanding of standard business protocols, board member roles, and voting processes; a willingness to use principles for managing and leading effective and efficient board meetings; an appreciation for the ethical and legal processes for conducting meetings; and the ability to employ strategies for maintaining control during intense/uncivil situations. They also discuss strategies for demonstrating these competencies and describe personal responsibilities of board members. The authors conclude that a knowledge of these rules and standards is essential in order for nurses to assume leadership roles that will enhance the health of today’s and tomorrow’s societies.
如果你曾经想过在董事会任职或积极参与制定政策决策的会议,但不确定你是否有足够的知识、技能或能力来胜任,这篇文章就是为你准备的!在这篇文章中,作者描述了在董事会和/或政策委员会任职的护士需要的六种能力,以便以富有成效的方式做出贡献。这些能力包括在管理委员会任职的专业承诺;了解董事会类型、章程和职位描述;了解标准业务协议、董事会成员角色和投票流程;愿意运用原则来管理和领导有效和高效的董事会会议;了解召开会议的道德和法律程序;以及在紧张/不文明的情况下运用策略保持控制的能力。他们还讨论了展示这些能力的策略,并描述了董事会成员的个人责任。作者得出结论,这些规则和标准的知识是必不可少的,为了护士承担领导角色,将提高今天和明天的社会健康。
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引用次数: 3
Internationally Educated Nurses’ and Their Contributions to the Patient Experience 国际教育护士及其对患者体验的贡献
Q3 Nursing Pub Date : 2016-01-31 DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol21No01Man05
Ndolo Njie-Mokonya
Internationally educated nurses (IEN) are a group who reflect Canada’s diverse population as a result of rising immigration trends. There is increasing diversity of the general population in Canada and health service disparities exist. Reducing these disparities among the healthcare workforce and the patients they care for is important to meet language and other cultural needs of patients from different ethnic backgrounds. This article describes a study that examined internationally educated nurses’ transition experiences in the field of nursing with the objective of describing their unique contributions to the patient care experience. A review of the literature provides background information, followed by the study methods, findings, and discussion. Descriptive phenomenology guided this qualitative study that included 11 participants. Findings from this study illustrate how IENs perceive themselves as an asset to nursing and patient care. Implications for the future of nursing education, practice, research, and administration are offered. Healthcare providers that reflect the diversity of Canada’s population and can offer unique cultural perspective have potential to improve the patient experience during a hospital stay.
国际教育护士(IEN)是一个反映加拿大人口多样化的群体,这是移民趋势上升的结果。加拿大一般人口的多样性日益增加,保健服务存在差异。减少医疗保健工作人员和他们所照顾的患者之间的这些差异对于满足来自不同种族背景的患者的语言和其他文化需求非常重要。本文描述了一项研究,研究了在护理领域受过国际教育的护士的过渡经验,目的是描述他们对患者护理经验的独特贡献。回顾文献提供背景资料,其次是研究方法,发现和讨论。描述现象学指导了这项包括11名参与者的定性研究。这项研究的发现说明了IENs如何将自己视为护理和患者护理的资产。对未来护理教育、实践、研究和管理的启示。反映加拿大人口多样性并能提供独特文化视角的医疗保健提供者有可能改善患者住院期间的体验。
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引用次数: 4
The Patient Experience and Patient Satisfaction: Measurement of a Complex Dynamic 患者体验和患者满意度:复杂动态的测量
Q3 Nursing Pub Date : 2016-01-31 DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol21No01Man01
B. Berkowitz
The concept of patient experience is surprisingly complex and generally linked with patient satisfaction. As reimbursement and performance policies have become more normative within healthcare, the patient experience has become a metric to measure payment systems for quality. However, we still have much to learn about the concept of patient experience and its influence on how patients report satisfaction with their care. This article discusses challenges for measurement of the patient experience, such as lack of consistent terminology and multiple contributing factors, by reviewing a brief selection of selected literature to help readers appreciate the complexity of measurement. Several examples from clinical practice will consider regulation, organizational environments, and research that can offer clarity around important factors that impact a patient’s experience and subsequent satisfaction with the provision of care.
患者体验的概念非常复杂,通常与患者满意度有关。随着报销和绩效政策在医疗保健领域变得更加规范,患者体验已成为衡量支付系统质量的指标。然而,关于患者体验的概念及其对患者如何报告其护理满意度的影响,我们仍有很多需要学习的地方。本文讨论了测量患者体验的挑战,例如缺乏一致的术语和多种促成因素,通过回顾选定的文献的简要选择,以帮助读者了解测量的复杂性。临床实践中的几个例子将考虑法规、组织环境和研究,这些可以明确影响患者体验和随后对护理提供满意度的重要因素。
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引用次数: 137
Contributing to a Quality Patient Experience: Applying Evidence Based Practice to Support Changes in Nursing Dress Code Policies 促进高质量的患者体验:应用基于证据的实践来支持护理着装规范政策的变化
Q3 Nursing Pub Date : 2016-01-31 DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol21No01Man04
M. West, D. Wantz, P. Campbell, Greta Rosler, Dawn Troutman, Crystal Muthler
The public image of nurse professionalism is important. Attributes of a professional nurse, such as caring, attentive, empathetic, efficient, knowledgeable, competent, and approachable, or lack thereof, can contribute positively or negatively to the patient experience. Nurses at a hospital in central northeast Pennsylvania offer their story as they considered the impact of a wide variety of individual uniform and dress choices. This article describes an evidence based practice project and survey created to increase understanding of patient perceptions regarding the professional image of nurses in this facility. Exploring patient perception of nurse image provided insight into what patients view as important. A team approach included the voice of nurses at different levels in the process. Ultimately, this work informed a revision of the health system nursing dress code. The study team also reflects on challenges, next steps in the process, and offers recommendations based on their experiences.
护士专业精神的公众形象很重要。专业护士的特质,如关怀、细心、善解人意、高效、知识渊博、胜任和平易近人,或缺乏这些特质,会对患者的体验产生积极或消极的影响。宾夕法尼亚州中北部一家医院的护士讲述了她们的故事,她们认为各种各样的个人制服和着装选择会产生影响。这篇文章描述了一个基于证据的实践项目和调查,旨在提高患者对该机构护士专业形象的理解。探索患者对护士形象的感知提供了洞察患者认为什么是重要的。一个团队的方法包括在这个过程中不同层次护士的声音。最终,这项工作为卫生系统护理着装规范的修订提供了依据。研究小组还反思了挑战和下一步工作,并根据他们的经验提出了建议。
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引用次数: 6
Nurse Engagement: What are the Contributing Factors for Success? 护士敬业度:成功的因素是什么?
Q3 Nursing Pub Date : 2016-01-31 DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol21No01Man02
Christina Dempsey, Barbara A Reilly
The concept of nurse engagement is often used to describe nurses’ commitment to and satisfaction with their jobs. In reality, these are just two facets of engagement. Additional considerations include nurses’ level of commitment to the organization that employs them, and their commitment to the nursing profession itself. Because nurse engagement correlates directly with critical safety, quality, and patient experience outcomes, understanding the current state of nurse engagement and its drivers must be a strategic imperative. This article will discuss the current state of nurse engagement, including variables that impact engagement. We also briefly describe the potential impact of compassion fatigue and burnout, and ways to offer compassionate connected care for the caregiver. Such insight is integral to the profession's sustainability under the weight of demographic, economic, and technological pressures being felt across the industry, and is also fundamental to the success of strategies to improve healthcare delivery outcomes across the continuum of care.
护士敬业度的概念经常被用来描述护士对工作的承诺和满意度。实际上,这只是参与的两个方面。其他考虑因素包括护士对雇用他们的组织的承诺程度,以及他们对护理职业本身的承诺。由于护士敬业度与关键的安全、质量和患者体验结果直接相关,因此了解护士敬业度的现状及其驱动因素必须成为一项战略要务。本文将讨论护士敬业度的现状,包括影响敬业度的变量。我们还简要描述了同情疲劳和倦怠的潜在影响,以及为照顾者提供同情连接护理的方法。在整个行业都感受到的人口、经济和技术压力的重压下,这种洞察力对于该行业的可持续性是不可或缺的,也是在整个护理连续体中改善医疗保健交付结果的战略成功的基础。
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引用次数: 80
Overview and Summary: The Patient Experience: Capturing the Intricacies of Contributing Factors 概述和总结:病人的经验:捕捉影响因素的复杂性
Q3 Nursing Pub Date : 2016-01-31 DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol21No01ManOS
J. Becker
Working as a patient experience champion is a dream come true for me as both a nurse and a leader. Looking back, my desire to provide an exceptional experience started when I was a teen working in a long term care center as a certified nursing assistant; I just didn't know that was what I was doing at the time. What I did understand was this: when I anticipated and met the patients' needs, they were happier and my day seemed more meaningful. This provided a very simple measure of satisfaction at a time when patient satisfaction data was nonexistent. We all know healthcare providers who epitomize a high performing, caring individual who each of us hope to encounter when receiving care. Some of these individuals come by it naturally, while others have refined a skill set to achieve that level of caring and compassion. Regardless, we have all experienced excellent service in some form, whether in healthcare or another industry, and we know what it feels like to receive excellent service.I "experienced" healthcare highs and lows through my own 6 month-event leading to a diagnosis of a chronic condition with unknown etiology and also through experiences of family members: two sisters diagnosed with breast cancer and a father going through open heart surgery. What became very clear to me, as my family and I moved through services in various healthcare organizations over a 15 year span, was that progress toward providing an exceptional experience every time occurred slower than one would expect, but when healthcare organizations got it right, phenomenal experience was the phrase that came to mind. As a patient experience leader, my observations over my career are much the same as those viewed through my eyes as a patient and family member. Yes, overall progress has been slow. However, as a healthcare leader, I understand the complexities that exist.The progress, though slow to date, is currently showing promise in many respects. Conferences focusing solely on the patient experience are readily available, senior leaders are listing the patient experience as one of the top organizational priorities, employee evaluations often include patient satisfaction metrics, and data transparency is improving. There are many more areas of advancement in the patient experience realm and all of them demonstrate a heightened awareness of the integral part patient experience plays in the overall health of an organization through reimbursement, loyalty and outcomes. Furthermore, movement in organizations toward tackling the obstacles limiting exceptional experiences is gathering momentum, as evidenced by the addition of new patient experience leader roles at the senior leader level and additional dedicated employee and financial resources. One would expect a quicker pace in progress with these additional resources and increased knowledge gathered and shared within the industry.At a recent conference, I heard numerous references to the human-centered experience versus the
作为一名护士和领导者,成为一名患者体验冠军对我来说是一个梦想成真。回首往事,当我还是一名十几岁的青少年,在一家长期护理中心担任持证护理助理时,我就开始渴望提供一种特殊的体验;我只是不知道我当时在做什么。我真正明白的是:当我预见并满足病人的需求时,他们会更快乐,我的一天似乎更有意义。在病人满意度数据不存在的时候,这提供了一个非常简单的满意度测量方法。我们都知道,医疗服务提供者是我们每个人在接受护理时都希望遇到的高绩效、有爱心的人的缩影。有些人天生就有同情心,而另一些人则磨练了一套技能来达到这种程度的关怀和同情。无论如何,我们都经历过某种形式的优质服务,无论是在医疗保健还是其他行业,我们都知道接受优质服务是什么感觉。在我自己6个月的时间里,我“经历”了医疗保健的高潮和低谷,最终被诊断出一种病因不明的慢性疾病,也经历了家庭成员的经历:两个姐妹被诊断出患有乳腺癌,一个父亲接受了心脏手术。当我和我的家人在15年的时间里在不同的医疗机构服务时,我很清楚的是,每次提供特殊体验的进展都比人们想象的要慢,但是当医疗机构做对了,非凡的体验是我脑海中出现的短语。作为一名患者体验领导者,我在职业生涯中的观察与我作为患者和家庭成员所看到的大致相同。是的,总体进展缓慢。然而,作为医疗保健行业的领导者,我理解存在的复杂性。虽然到目前为止进展缓慢,但目前在许多方面显示出希望。专门讨论患者体验的会议随时可用,高层领导将患者体验列为组织的首要任务之一,员工评估通常包括患者满意度指标,数据透明度正在提高。在患者体验领域还有更多的进步领域,所有这些领域都表明,通过报销、忠诚度和结果,人们对患者体验在组织整体健康中所起的不可或缺的作用有了更高的认识。此外,在组织中,解决限制特殊经验障碍的运动正在积聚势头,在高级领导层面增加了新的患者体验领导角色,增加了专门的员工和财政资源。随着这些额外的资源和更多的知识在行业内的收集和共享,人们可能会期望取得更快的进展。在最近的一次会议上,我听到了许多关于“以人为中心的体验”和“以病人为中心的体验”的说法。在接下来的几天里,我认真地考虑了这句话。使用这个短语是有意义的,因为这种语言要求我们从我们所服务的人身上去掉病人的标签。这种转变提醒我们,我们是在与另一个人互动,而不仅仅是在管理病人或病情。只把个体当作病人来看待,会使我们无法越过疾病、状况、治疗或服务,而进入支持整个人类的空间。改善患者体验是在接受标准化和数据分析之间的微妙平衡,同时保持对每个接受护理或服务的人的个性的高度关注。在这种程度上,关于患者体验的知识体系正在不可估量地增长。以下作者提供的信息,以进一步了解患者的经验,鼓励未来的研究,并促进对话的挑战,以满足患者和家庭的需求,同时也支持那些提供护理。…
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引用次数: 0
ICU Nurses’ Perceptions and Practice of Spiritual Care at the End of Life: Implications for Policy Change ICU护士临终精神护理的认知和实践:对政策变化的影响
Q3 Nursing Pub Date : 2016-01-28 DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.VOL21NO01PPT05
N. Abu-El-Noor
Nurses strive to provide holistic care, including spiritual care, for all patients. However, in busy critical care environments, nurses often feel driven to focus on patients’ physical care, possibly at the expense of emotional and spiritual care. This study examined how Palestinian nurses working in intensive care units (ICUs) understand spirituality and the provision of spiritual care at the end of life. In this article, the author presents background studies, encouraging an increased emphasis on spiritual care, and describes the qualitative method used to study 13 ICU Gaza Strip nurses’ understanding of spiritual care. Findings identified the following themes: meaning of spirituality and spiritual care; identifying spiritual needs; and taking actions to meet spiritual needs. The author discusses the difficulty nurses had in differentiating spiritual and religious needs, notes the study limitations, and concludes by recommending increased emphasis on the provision of spiritual care for all patients.
护士努力为所有病人提供全面的护理,包括精神护理。然而,在繁忙的重症护理环境中,护士经常感到被迫专注于患者的身体护理,可能以牺牲情感和精神护理为代价。这项研究调查了在重症监护病房(icu)工作的巴勒斯坦护士如何理解灵性和在生命结束时提供精神护理。在这篇文章中,作者介绍了背景研究,鼓励对精神护理的重视,并描述了定性方法用于研究13 ICU加沙地带护士对精神护理的理解。调查结果确定了以下主题:灵性的意义和精神关怀;确定精神需求;采取行动满足精神需求。作者讨论了护士在区分精神和宗教需求方面的困难,注意到研究的局限性,并建议增加对所有患者提供精神护理的重视。
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引用次数: 20
Growing Nurse Leaders: Their Perspectives on Nursing Leadership and Today’s Practice Environment 成长中的护士领袖:他们对护理领导和当今实践环境的看法
Q3 Nursing Pub Date : 2016-01-14 DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.VOL21NO01PPT04
S. Dyess, R. Sherman, Beth A. Pratt, L. Chiang-Hanisko
With the growing complexity of healthcare practice environments and pending nurse leader retirements, the development of future nurse leaders is increasingly important. This article reports on focus group research conducted with Generation Y nurses prior to their initiating coursework in a Master’s Degree program designed to support development of future nurse leaders. Forty-four emerging nurse leaders across three program cohorts participated in this qualitative study conducted to capture perspectives about nursing leaders and leadership. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze and code the data into categories. We discuss the three major categories identified, including: idealistic expectations of leaders, leading in a challenging practice environment, and cautious but optimistic outlook about their own leadership and future, and study limitations. The conclusion offers implications for future nurse leader development. The findings provide important insight into the viewpoints of nurses today about leaders and leadership.
随着医疗保健实践环境的日益复杂和即将退休的护士领导,未来护士领导的发展越来越重要。这篇文章报道了在Y一代护士开始硕士学位课程之前进行的焦点小组研究,该课程旨在支持未来护士领导者的发展。来自三个项目队列的44位新晋护士领导参与了这项定性研究,旨在捕捉有关护理领导和领导力的观点。采用常规的内容分析方法对数据进行分析和分类。我们讨论了确定的三个主要类别,包括:领导者的理想主义期望,在具有挑战性的实践环境中领导,对自己的领导和未来的谨慎但乐观的展望,以及研究的局限性。本研究结论对未来护士长的发展具有指导意义。这些发现为了解当今护士对领导者和领导力的看法提供了重要的见解。
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引用次数: 71
期刊
Online Journal of Issues in Nursing
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