Epidemics were a regular fact of life in Dublin during the second half of the nineteenth century. There were many infectious diseases to cope with as well as diseases of the respiratory and nervous systems. Death from such diseases was not an unusual occurrence, particularly among the poorer classes, but occasionally annual rates would surge to epidemic levels. Medical knowledge was undergoing a significant advance with an understanding of the role of bacteria displacing the centuries-old theory of miasma but it would be the following century before the role of viruses would be understood. It took some time for miasma to be entirely discounted with bacteria merely replacing the animal poisons previously believed to be the cause of illness. This was just as well as dealing with miasma involved an emphasis on public sanitation and hygiene: effective whether miasma, bacterium or virus. Dublin experienced a typhoid fever epidemic in 1891 and 1893 and the analysis undertaken at the time was unusual for its depth and the quality of geographical information provided. This paper examines that outbreak and explores the importance of geographical factors in explaining its distribution.
{"title":"Dealing with epidemics in late nineteenth century Dublin - A case study of typhoid fever","authors":"Joseph Brady, Peter Connell","doi":"10.55650/igj.2023.1489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55650/igj.2023.1489","url":null,"abstract":"Epidemics were a regular fact of life in Dublin during the second half of the nineteenth century. There were many infectious diseases to cope with as well as diseases of the respiratory and nervous systems. Death from such diseases was not an unusual occurrence, particularly among the poorer classes, but occasionally annual rates would surge to epidemic levels. Medical knowledge was undergoing a significant advance with an understanding of the role of bacteria displacing the centuries-old theory of miasma but it would be the following century before the role of viruses would be understood. It took some time for miasma to be entirely discounted with bacteria merely replacing the animal poisons previously believed to be the cause of illness. This was just as well as dealing with miasma involved an emphasis on public sanitation and hygiene: effective whether miasma, bacterium or virus. Dublin experienced a typhoid fever epidemic in 1891 and 1893 and the analysis undertaken at the time was unusual for its depth and the quality of geographical information provided. This paper examines that outbreak and explores the importance of geographical factors in explaining its distribution.","PeriodicalId":35618,"journal":{"name":"Irish Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138998810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Communication towards the public about the risk of natural hazards (NHs) is important to enable community resilience and encourage autonomy in handling NHs impacts. The need for communication becomes even more crucial as NHs become more prominent due to climate change. This also includes hurricanes. Due to warmer sea surface temperatures and decreased vertical wind shear, hurricanes can undergo extratropical transition and reach northern latitudes more easily. Thus, they pose a higher threat of making landfall in Europe, especially Ireland. On the 16th of October 2017, former Hurricane Ophelia made landfall on the south coast of Ireland and caused severe disruption. This study assesses the risk perception of the people in Co. Cork towards NHs, especially hurricanes, and their satisfaction with the risk communication during Ophelia by analysing the risk communication chain, content and media and obtaining improvement suggestions in communication. It could be shown that the people of Co. Cork are not overly concerned about being affected by NHs. Still, they are aware of the risks of hurricanes. Especially after being affected by Ophelia, hurricanes are perceived as being of higher risk in the future. Overall participants are satisfied with the communication about the threats and how to behave during Ophelia. Still, improvements were suggested by the public and by experts.
{"title":"Change of Risk Perception and Risk Communication in County Cork, Ireland after Former Hurricane Ophelia (2017)","authors":"Ines Koensgen, Kieran Hickey, Udo Nehren","doi":"10.55650/igj.2022.1477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55650/igj.2022.1477","url":null,"abstract":"Communication towards the public about the risk of natural hazards (NHs) is important to enable community resilience and encourage autonomy in handling NHs impacts. The need for communication becomes even more crucial as NHs become more prominent due to climate change. This also includes hurricanes. Due to warmer sea surface temperatures and decreased vertical wind shear, hurricanes can undergo extratropical transition and reach northern latitudes more easily. Thus, they pose a higher threat of making landfall in Europe, especially Ireland. On the 16th of October 2017, former Hurricane Ophelia made landfall on the south coast of Ireland and caused severe disruption. This study assesses the risk perception of the people in Co. Cork towards NHs, especially hurricanes, and their satisfaction with the risk communication during Ophelia by analysing the risk communication chain, content and media and obtaining improvement suggestions in communication. It could be shown that the people of Co. Cork are not overly concerned about being affected by NHs. Still, they are aware of the risks of hurricanes. Especially after being affected by Ophelia, hurricanes are perceived as being of higher risk in the future. Overall participants are satisfied with the communication about the threats and how to behave during Ophelia. Still, improvements were suggested by the public and by experts.","PeriodicalId":35618,"journal":{"name":"Irish Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While pawnbroking had a long history in Ireland it was not until the second decade of the nineteenth century that pawnshop numbers increased dramatically and the geography of pawnbroking shifted radically. This paper provides a detailed account of this changing geography. It outlines where the money that funded the expansion of pawnbroking originated. Unlike other businesses, pawnbrokers paid significant bonds to enter the trade and were legally required to provide three substantial independent sureties. To quickly recoup these initial costs and become profitable, pawnshops opened only in settlements where a significant demand for short-term credit existed. The ongoing decline of Ireland’s textile industries, the post-Napoleonic price collapses for agricultural commodities after 1815, the collapse of private banks in 1820 and a significant potato famine in the summer of 1822 combined as catalysts that caused a rapid expansion of pawnbroking between 1817 and 1824. As living standards deteriorated, pawnbrokers migrated into new settlements exploiting new poverties and the growing need for credit. This paper tracks the diffusion of pawnshops between 1787 and 1824 to provide new understandings of the geographies of deteriorating living standards, impoverishment and increased levels of economic precarity in the immediate post-Napoleonic period.
{"title":"Geographies of Pawnbroking in pre-Famine Ireland","authors":"Ray O'Connor","doi":"10.55650/igj.2022.1476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55650/igj.2022.1476","url":null,"abstract":"While pawnbroking had a long history in Ireland it was not until the second decade of the nineteenth century that pawnshop numbers increased dramatically and the geography of pawnbroking shifted radically. This paper provides a detailed account of this changing geography. It outlines where the money that funded the expansion of pawnbroking originated. Unlike other businesses, pawnbrokers paid significant bonds to enter the trade and were legally required to provide three substantial independent sureties. To quickly recoup these initial costs and become profitable, pawnshops opened only in settlements where a significant demand for short-term credit existed. The ongoing decline of Ireland’s textile industries, the post-Napoleonic price collapses for agricultural commodities after 1815, the collapse of private banks in 1820 and a significant potato famine in the summer of 1822 combined as catalysts that caused a rapid expansion of pawnbroking between 1817 and 1824. As living standards deteriorated, pawnbrokers migrated into new settlements exploiting new poverties and the growing need for credit. This paper tracks the diffusion of pawnshops between 1787 and 1824 to provide new understandings of the geographies of deteriorating living standards, impoverishment and increased levels of economic precarity in the immediate post-Napoleonic period.","PeriodicalId":35618,"journal":{"name":"Irish Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the spring of 1832, the great cholera pandemic finally reached Ireland. This was the most virulent pestilence to reach European shores since the Black Death. Cholera was to kill at least 30,000 in Britain, 100,000 in France and Hungary, and a similar number in Russia. Eclipsed by the tragedy of the Great Famine and now almost forgotten, the cholera’s final death toll in Ireland has been variously estimated to have been between 25,000 and 50,000 people. Primarily an urban disease, it struck hard, but also erratically, attacking some towns, while leaving others close by unaffected. The impact and legacy of the cholera on Irish towns and society remains under-studied, despite the significant amount of contemporary data available. In this article, daily and weekly numerical data collected during 1832 by the Central Board of Health and preserved in the National Archives, is analysed using a modern GIS system. For the first time, the details of the incidence of the epidemic in individual towns is mapped. By mapping this data and setting it within the context of the complex political and social events of the period, the significant impact which the disease had on the urban sphere in pre-famine Ireland is revealed.
{"title":"Mapping the Miasma; the geographies of a forgotten Irish epidemic","authors":"Fiona Gallagher","doi":"10.55650/igj.2023.1488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55650/igj.2023.1488","url":null,"abstract":"In the spring of 1832, the great cholera pandemic finally reached Ireland. This was the most virulent pestilence to reach European shores since the Black Death. Cholera was to kill at least 30,000 in Britain, 100,000 in France and Hungary, and a similar number in Russia. Eclipsed by the tragedy of the Great Famine and now almost forgotten, the cholera’s final death toll in Ireland has been variously estimated to have been between 25,000 and 50,000 people. Primarily an urban disease, it struck hard, but also erratically, attacking some towns, while leaving others close by unaffected. The impact and legacy of the cholera on Irish towns and society remains under-studied, despite the significant amount of contemporary data available. In this article, daily and weekly numerical data collected during 1832 by the Central Board of Health and preserved in the National Archives, is analysed using a modern GIS system. For the first time, the details of the incidence of the epidemic in individual towns is mapped. By mapping this data and setting it within the context of the complex political and social events of the period, the significant impact which the disease had on the urban sphere in pre-famine Ireland is revealed. ","PeriodicalId":35618,"journal":{"name":"Irish Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138996950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While a traditional practice, clothing repair has recently garnered more attention from geographers and social scientists examining potential pathways to increase sustainable consumption and contribute to a circular economy. Clothing repair is fundamentally about extending the active life of garments and is a key phase of a closed-loop system effectively reducing the need for virgin resources thus avoiding clothing obsolescence or disposal as waste. Repair as a societal phenomenon in Ireland is an under-researched topic, this paper aims to explore the potential of an experiencecentred perspective to advance understandings of current attitudes to and practices of clothing repair.This research study employs innovative wardrobe studies and practice theoretical approaches to provide a snapshot of lived intergenerational practices of everyday clothing wear, care, and repair in Ireland. The findings reported in this paper relatespecifically to clothing repair and arise from empirical in-depth interviews which took place in participants’ own homes and in, or in close proximity to, their wardrobes. The paper highlights the complex multidimensional impact that attachment, memories,and materiality play in user decisions to repair, or not to repair, a garment, and associated decisions related to clothing discard. The paper unpacks intergenerational competencies and confidences in undertaking everyday clothing repair, user-repaircultures, and sewing skills. The discussion concludes with a critical consideration of findings in the context of wider debates surrounding sustainable clothing consumption and the circular economy.
{"title":"Sew what for sustainability? Exploring intergenerational attitudes and practices to clothing repair in Ireland.","authors":"Helen Maguire, Frances Fahy","doi":"10.55650/igj.v55i1.1469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55650/igj.v55i1.1469","url":null,"abstract":"While a traditional practice, clothing repair has recently garnered more attention from geographers and social scientists examining potential pathways to increase sustainable consumption and contribute to a circular economy. Clothing repair is fundamentally about extending the active life of garments and is a key phase of a closed-loop system effectively reducing the need for virgin resources thus avoiding clothing obsolescence or disposal as waste. Repair as a societal phenomenon in Ireland is an under-researched topic, this paper aims to explore the potential of an experiencecentred perspective to advance understandings of current attitudes to and practices of clothing repair.This research study employs innovative wardrobe studies and practice theoretical approaches to provide a snapshot of lived intergenerational practices of everyday clothing wear, care, and repair in Ireland. The findings reported in this paper relatespecifically to clothing repair and arise from empirical in-depth interviews which took place in participants’ own homes and in, or in close proximity to, their wardrobes. The paper highlights the complex multidimensional impact that attachment, memories,and materiality play in user decisions to repair, or not to repair, a garment, and associated decisions related to clothing discard. The paper unpacks intergenerational competencies and confidences in undertaking everyday clothing repair, user-repaircultures, and sewing skills. The discussion concludes with a critical consideration of findings in the context of wider debates surrounding sustainable clothing consumption and the circular economy.","PeriodicalId":35618,"journal":{"name":"Irish Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135187910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Coastal Atlas of Ireland edited by Robert Devoy, Val Cummins, Barry Brunt, Darius Bartlett, and Sarah Kandrot, Cork University Press, 2021, 912 pp., £59.00 (hbk), ISBN 978-1-7820-5451-1.
《爱尔兰海岸地图集》由罗伯特·德沃伊、瓦尔·康明斯、巴里·布朗特、达利斯·巴特利特和莎拉·坎德洛特编辑，科克大学出版社，2021年，912页，59.00英镑(hbk)， ISBN 978-1-7820-5451-1。
{"title":"Review: The Coastal Atlas of Ireland","authors":"Iris Möller","doi":"10.55650/igj.v55i1.1472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55650/igj.v55i1.1472","url":null,"abstract":"The Coastal Atlas of Ireland edited by Robert Devoy, Val Cummins, Barry Brunt, Darius Bartlett, and Sarah Kandrot, Cork University Press, 2021, 912 pp., £59.00 (hbk), ISBN 978-1-7820-5451-1.","PeriodicalId":35618,"journal":{"name":"Irish Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135187908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Methodologies that capture the ways in which individuals and communities value places are becoming increasingly attractive to policymakers and authors highlight the need for additional tools and archival material concerning how people engage withlandscapes on an everyday basis. This paper addresses that need and argues that oral history and personal memory can be used as effective tools for geographical mapping and analysis, both physical and virtual. Religion involves the collective identity ofa people and has strong affinities with the traditions and knowledge handed down from generation to generation. Such traditions and knowledge are often handed down orally and offer potential for geographical enquiry. Oral history can provide uniqueinsights into the history of place, often providing narratives about the recollection of self, relationships with others and place, insights rarely provided in such depth by other methods. Place memory has become an important theme in recent geographicalresearch and landscape can be mapped through memories and stories to create a virtual cartography of place. Using a case study approach in Lackagh, County Galway, the authors use an innovative assemblage of methods to produce one of the most thoroughsyntheses of information available in respect to the location, history and heritage of Mass paths in Ireland at a parish level.
{"title":"Mapping Through Memory: The location and nature of Mass paths in Ireland.","authors":"Hilary Bishop, Michael Hurley","doi":"10.55650/igj.v55i1.1470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55650/igj.v55i1.1470","url":null,"abstract":"Methodologies that capture the ways in which individuals and communities value places are becoming increasingly attractive to policymakers and authors highlight the need for additional tools and archival material concerning how people engage withlandscapes on an everyday basis. This paper addresses that need and argues that oral history and personal memory can be used as effective tools for geographical mapping and analysis, both physical and virtual. Religion involves the collective identity ofa people and has strong affinities with the traditions and knowledge handed down from generation to generation. Such traditions and knowledge are often handed down orally and offer potential for geographical enquiry. Oral history can provide uniqueinsights into the history of place, often providing narratives about the recollection of self, relationships with others and place, insights rarely provided in such depth by other methods. Place memory has become an important theme in recent geographicalresearch and landscape can be mapped through memories and stories to create a virtual cartography of place. Using a case study approach in Lackagh, County Galway, the authors use an innovative assemblage of methods to produce one of the most thoroughsyntheses of information available in respect to the location, history and heritage of Mass paths in Ireland at a parish level.","PeriodicalId":35618,"journal":{"name":"Irish Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135187689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay traces the connections between the Land Art practice of Timothy Drever in London from the 1960s and his deep mapping practice as Tim Robinson from the 1980s. By connecting these practices this essay posits that his deep mapping practice is an emergence from the Land Art movement which was a popular art movement in both the US and Britain in the 1960s and 1970s. Making this connection is important as it goes further than dissecting Tim Robinson’s use of space as a medium throughout his work as an artist and a cartographer. It shows that his preoccupations with space originated in a specific art world zeitgeist. Not only are his use of the maps and writings of the maps therefore a logical conclusion and evolution away from the questions posed by Land Art movements, but his work can also be used as a way to problematise and question the presumptions made by an art world which fetishized the use of rurality without a genuine connection with it. His early use of deep mapping can therefore trace its lineage to Land Art but was able to evolve past this empty appropriation of rural aesthetics.
{"title":"A Line Made by Walking – Tim Robinson’s cartographic practice as an emergence from Land Art","authors":"Emma McKeagney","doi":"10.55650/igj.v55i1.1471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55650/igj.v55i1.1471","url":null,"abstract":"This essay traces the connections between the Land Art practice of Timothy Drever in London from the 1960s and his deep mapping practice as Tim Robinson from the 1980s. By connecting these practices this essay posits that his deep mapping practice is an emergence from the Land Art movement which was a popular art movement in both the US and Britain in the 1960s and 1970s. Making this connection is important as it goes further than dissecting Tim Robinson’s use of space as a medium throughout his work as an artist and a cartographer. It shows that his preoccupations with space originated in a specific art world zeitgeist. Not only are his use of the maps and writings of the maps therefore a logical conclusion and evolution away from the questions posed by Land Art movements, but his work can also be used as a way to problematise and question the presumptions made by an art world which fetishized the use of rurality without a genuine connection with it. His early use of deep mapping can therefore trace its lineage to Land Art but was able to evolve past this empty appropriation of rural aesthetics.","PeriodicalId":35618,"journal":{"name":"Irish Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135187909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1943.","authors":"None JAK Graham","doi":"10.55650/igj.1944.1467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55650/igj.1944.1467","url":null,"abstract":"Annual GSI report","PeriodicalId":35618,"journal":{"name":"Irish Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136257976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Belturbet has since the twelfth century been the location of some form of settlement, due to its location as a fording point on the River Erne. But it was not until the early seventeenth century, when, under the aegis of the Ulster Plantation, Stephen Butler, an English undertaker, settled and developed the town as we know it today. This essay investigates the origins of the town but also how it developed along the classic Ulster Plantation lines, and continue to grow until the disasters of the 1640s. The article describes the building work which took place in the town during the period under examination and how the corporation and the townspeople contributed to this.
{"title":"The origins and development of an Ulster Plantation town: Belturbet, County Cavan, 1610–1714","authors":"Brendan Scott","doi":"10.2014/IGJ.V54I1.1454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2014/IGJ.V54I1.1454","url":null,"abstract":"Belturbet has since the twelfth century been the location of some form of settlement, due to its location as a fording point on the River Erne. But it was not until the early seventeenth century, when, under the aegis of the Ulster Plantation, Stephen Butler, an English undertaker, settled and developed the town as we know it today. This essay investigates the origins of the town but also how it developed along the classic Ulster Plantation lines, and continue to grow until the disasters of the 1640s. The article describes the building work which took place in the town during the period under examination and how the corporation and the townspeople contributed to this.","PeriodicalId":35618,"journal":{"name":"Irish Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45753839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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