Only surface water has been distributed in the Banepa Municipality area, Central Nepal by Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC) and is not sufficient as per the demand of public. A hydrogeological study was made to know the groundwater potential of the area. Banepa lies entirely in the Lesser Himalaya and constitutes consolidated phyllite and metasandstone basement rocks, and Quaternary sediment of gravel, sand and carbonaceous clay deposited in the valley. The thickness of sediment ranges from 20 to 40 m, of which gravel, sand and clay individually approach upto 20, 5 and 15 m, respectively. Transmissivity of the aquifer varies from 0.8 to 3.15 m 2 /day. Hydraulic conductivity varies from 0.022 to 0.14 m/day and specific capacity varies from 1.2 to 72 m 3 /day/m in the study area. The thickness of the aquifer is low and the hydraulic properties are also not favorable to extract sufficient quantity of groundwater in Banepa area. Therefore, an alternative source of water supply should be explored to fulfill present and future water demand. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v11i0.1540 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 31-40
{"title":"Groundwater condition of Banepa area, Central Nepal","authors":"S. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1540","url":null,"abstract":"Only surface water has been distributed in the Banepa Municipality area, Central Nepal by Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC) and is not sufficient as per the demand of public. A hydrogeological study was made to know the groundwater potential of the area. Banepa lies entirely in the Lesser Himalaya and constitutes consolidated phyllite and metasandstone basement rocks, and Quaternary sediment of gravel, sand and carbonaceous clay deposited in the valley. The thickness of sediment ranges from 20 to 40 m, of which gravel, sand and clay individually approach upto 20, 5 and 15 m, respectively. Transmissivity of the aquifer varies from 0.8 to 3.15 m 2 /day. Hydraulic conductivity varies from 0.022 to 0.14 m/day and specific capacity varies from 1.2 to 72 m 3 /day/m in the study area. The thickness of the aquifer is low and the hydraulic properties are also not favorable to extract sufficient quantity of groundwater in Banepa area. Therefore, an alternative source of water supply should be explored to fulfill present and future water demand. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v11i0.1540 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 31-40","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127555073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Mahesh Khola section, Central Nepal the augen gneisses are exposed within the rocks of the Kulikhani Formation of the Bhimphedi Group, Kathmandu Complex. Major and trace element were analysed in this study. The gneisses show peraluminous Stype nature with high mol. A/CNK ratios. Mantle normalised trace element patterns have similar character with the Early Paleozoic S-type granite of the Lachlan Fold Belt of Australia and the Paleozoic granites of the Tso-Morari Crystalline Complex, Lakadh, India. Hence most probably the protoliths of these gneisses are the porphyritic S-type granite that intruded in the rocks of the Bhimphedi Group during Caledonian Orogeny. However the granite is sheared, deformed and metamorphosed. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v11i0.1429 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 13-22
{"title":"Petrogenesis of the augen gneisses from Mahesh Khola section, Central Nepal","authors":"K. Regmi","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1429","url":null,"abstract":"In Mahesh Khola section, Central Nepal the augen gneisses are exposed within the rocks of the Kulikhani Formation of the Bhimphedi Group, Kathmandu Complex. Major and trace element were analysed in this study. The gneisses show peraluminous Stype nature with high mol. A/CNK ratios. Mantle normalised trace element patterns have similar character with the Early Paleozoic S-type granite of the Lachlan Fold Belt of Australia and the Paleozoic granites of the Tso-Morari Crystalline Complex, Lakadh, India. Hence most probably the protoliths of these gneisses are the porphyritic S-type granite that intruded in the rocks of the Bhimphedi Group during Caledonian Orogeny. However the granite is sheared, deformed and metamorphosed. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v11i0.1429 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 13-22","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116133418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many landslides and debris flows have occurred and destroyed the East-West Highway that extends along the valley slopes of the Siwalik Hills. Wedge slide, rock fall, slump, rock topple-rock slide, debris flow, slope failures and gully erosion were recorded in the Surai Khola area. The most of the slope movements distributed therein are active, reactivated and retrogressive. Differential weathering and gully erosion related to bedding planes of rocks are common phenomena, which contribute instability. The areas between Surai Naka and the Chor Khola suffer remarkable uplift, tilting and river incision, and thus indicate tectonically active zone. Tectonic activity, lithological assemblage, rock strength and weathering of the Siwalik Group have remarkable input on distribution, causes and activity of slope movements. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v11i0.1427 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 1-4
{"title":"Types and processes of slope movements along East-West Highway, Surai Khola area, Mid-Western Nepal Sub-Himalaya","authors":"N. Tamrakar, S. Yokota","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1427","url":null,"abstract":"Many landslides and debris flows have occurred and destroyed the East-West Highway that extends along the valley slopes of the Siwalik Hills. Wedge slide, rock fall, slump, rock topple-rock slide, debris flow, slope failures and gully erosion were recorded in the Surai Khola area. The most of the slope movements distributed therein are active, reactivated and retrogressive. Differential weathering and gully erosion related to bedding planes of rocks are common phenomena, which contribute instability. The areas between Surai Naka and the Chor Khola suffer remarkable uplift, tilting and river incision, and thus indicate tectonically active zone. Tectonic activity, lithological assemblage, rock strength and weathering of the Siwalik Group have remarkable input on distribution, causes and activity of slope movements. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v11i0.1427 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 1-4","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123538714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Significant increase in municipal solid waste in Nepal has led to build up of few landfill sites in urban areas. Among several problems existing in the landfill sites, groundwater and soil contamination are the major problems. The major causes of contamination are generation of leachate, improper design and selection of materials in the landfill sites. Therefore, understanding on physical and chemical behavior of the leachate with the fill material, and the landfill site design parameters is required to solve the problem. Three landfill sites (Gokarna, Sisdol and Pokhara) were studied as case studied to identify leakage problems in view of controlling leachate migration. Hydraulic conductivity, particle size distribution and shape of basement material were studied. Gokarna Landfill Site did not have proper clay lining or other technology that prevents groundwater contamination. The Sisdol and the Pokhara landfill sites were improved sites but were devoid of clay lining. To control leachate migration, proper basement and other design is required. The slope of the basement clay liner should be adjusted properly according to the hydraulic conductivity of the clay to prevent leachate movement downward. Similarly, selection of shape and size of drainage material is important for aeration, and to prevent from leachate clogging and puncturing the basal clay or geo-membrane. The case studies suggested need of some improvements for basal design of landfill sites for future. Besides the basement design, design of leachate suction well and vegetative technology for leachate treatment are necessary. A basement design is proposed that will be economic and suitable for developing countries. This paper discusses about some drawbacks in technical practices in some landfill sites in Nepal and suggests possible methods that can be applied in constructing landfill sites for reducing contamination. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v11i0.1542 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 51-60
{"title":"Possible methods of preventing groundwater contamination at landfill sites; case studies from Nepal","authors":"S. Panthee","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1542","url":null,"abstract":"Significant increase in municipal solid waste in Nepal has led to build up of few landfill sites in urban areas. Among several problems existing in the landfill sites, groundwater and soil contamination are the major problems. The major causes of contamination are generation of leachate, improper design and selection of materials in the landfill sites. Therefore, understanding on physical and chemical behavior of the leachate with the fill material, and the landfill site design parameters is required to solve the problem. Three landfill sites (Gokarna, Sisdol and Pokhara) were studied as case studied to identify leakage problems in view of controlling leachate migration. Hydraulic conductivity, particle size distribution and shape of basement material were studied. Gokarna Landfill Site did not have proper clay lining or other technology that prevents groundwater contamination. The Sisdol and the Pokhara landfill sites were improved sites but were devoid of clay lining. To control leachate migration, proper basement and other design is required. The slope of the basement clay liner should be adjusted properly according to the hydraulic conductivity of the clay to prevent leachate movement downward. Similarly, selection of shape and size of drainage material is important for aeration, and to prevent from leachate clogging and puncturing the basal clay or geo-membrane. The case studies suggested need of some improvements for basal design of landfill sites for future. Besides the basement design, design of leachate suction well and vegetative technology for leachate treatment are necessary. A basement design is proposed that will be economic and suitable for developing countries. This paper discusses about some drawbacks in technical practices in some landfill sites in Nepal and suggests possible methods that can be applied in constructing landfill sites for reducing contamination. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v11i0.1542 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 51-60","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123082782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Rapti River in the Central Nepal drains fold-thrust belts of the Lesser and the Sub-Himalayas as demarcated by four major thrusts, and is located in humid sub-tropical climatic zone. Within the Sub-Himalaya (Siwalik Group), a wide Dun Valley gives way the long low-gradient Rapti River in the northeast region, therefore, forming a characteristic piggy-back basin within the foldthrust belts. Sands from the Rapti River were obtained and analysed to characterise composition and texture, to verify its provenance, and to compare with modern and ancient sands/sandstones from different basins having similar tectonic setting. The Rapti River sand is quarto-lithic in composition. It plots on recycled orogeny provenance field in the QFL and QmFLt triangle diagrams showing no major difference in provenance with other sands/ sandstones from different climates. However, the Rapti River sand is remarkably poorer in feldspar but richer in lithic fragments and quartz compared to the other sands/sandstones .
{"title":"Petrology of Rapti River sand, Hetauda-Chitwan Dun Basin, Central Nepal; an example of recycled provenance","authors":"N. Tamrakar, S. Maharjan, M. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1539","url":null,"abstract":"The Rapti River in the Central Nepal drains fold-thrust belts of the Lesser and the Sub-Himalayas as demarcated by four major thrusts, and is located in humid sub-tropical climatic zone. Within the Sub-Himalaya (Siwalik Group), a wide Dun Valley gives way the long low-gradient Rapti River in the northeast region, therefore, forming a characteristic piggy-back basin within the foldthrust belts. Sands from the Rapti River were obtained and analysed to characterise composition and texture, to verify its provenance, and to compare with modern and ancient sands/sandstones from different basins having similar tectonic setting. The Rapti River sand is quarto-lithic in composition. It plots on recycled orogeny provenance field in the QFL and QmFLt triangle diagrams showing no major difference in provenance with other sands/ sandstones from different climates. However, the Rapti River sand is remarkably poorer in feldspar but richer in lithic fragments and quartz compared to the other sands/sandstones .","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129285371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water is a basic need of lives. Like other aggressively growing town of developing Asian countries, Patan in Lalitpur district of Nepal is also facing water scarcity problem. Since so many people of Patan depend upon groundwater, extraction rate of groundwater in this area is perhaps higher compared to recharge and hence, water table is declining. Urbanization is focused in the central part of Patan on the gravel deposit (Chapagaon Formation) which is the main recharge zone of groundwater, therefore recharge of groundwater could not take place naturally. Encroachment of ponds which were helping to groundwater recharge is also a reason for declining the water table. This study deals with infiltration rates recorded from six different localities of Patan using a single ring percolimeter. The results show that the infiltration rates are higher (10.5 x 10 -5 m/s) at core areas of Patan (Guita aquifer, Khwayebahi aquifer and Emu Dva aquifer) compared to the peripheral areas (1.5 x 10 -5 m/s) such as Naricha and Nayekyo aquifers. The infiltration rate increases remarkably during dry winter and pre-monsoon periods at the core area of Patan. Infiltration rate decreases during summer and early winter periods. The infiltration rates correlate well with subsurface lithology, i.e., the rates are higher at gravel and lower at clayey sediment (Kalimati Clay). The Patan area is underlain by gravel and sand of the Chapagaon Formation which inturn is underlain by thick clay of the Kalimati Formation. The zone above the clay is the shallow aquifer zone and the zone below the clays is the deep aquifer zone. There are 39 ponds and more than 218 shallow dug wells which may be utilised for recharging shallow aquifers through rainwaters. Most of the ponds and shallow dug wells which lie on the Chapagaon Formation are suitable for recharge purpose due to good infiltration rate in the formation. Historical stone spouts can also be utilized as a recharge medium. Adequate rainfall, good infiltration rate, and distribution of many recharge media allow aquifer recharge in Patan through rainwater. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v11i0.1541 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 41-50
{"title":"Feasibility of recharging aquifer through rainwater in Patan, Central Nepal","authors":"Hiterndra Raj Joshi, S. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1541","url":null,"abstract":"Water is a basic need of lives. Like other aggressively growing town of developing Asian countries, Patan in Lalitpur district of Nepal is also facing water scarcity problem. Since so many people of Patan depend upon groundwater, extraction rate of groundwater in this area is perhaps higher compared to recharge and hence, water table is declining. Urbanization is focused in the central part of Patan on the gravel deposit (Chapagaon Formation) which is the main recharge zone of groundwater, therefore recharge of groundwater could not take place naturally. Encroachment of ponds which were helping to groundwater recharge is also a reason for declining the water table. This study deals with infiltration rates recorded from six different localities of Patan using a single ring percolimeter. The results show that the infiltration rates are higher (10.5 x 10 -5 m/s) at core areas of Patan (Guita aquifer, Khwayebahi aquifer and Emu Dva aquifer) compared to the peripheral areas (1.5 x 10 -5 m/s) such as Naricha and Nayekyo aquifers. The infiltration rate increases remarkably during dry winter and pre-monsoon periods at the core area of Patan. Infiltration rate decreases during summer and early winter periods. The infiltration rates correlate well with subsurface lithology, i.e., the rates are higher at gravel and lower at clayey sediment (Kalimati Clay). The Patan area is underlain by gravel and sand of the Chapagaon Formation which inturn is underlain by thick clay of the Kalimati Formation. The zone above the clay is the shallow aquifer zone and the zone below the clays is the deep aquifer zone. There are 39 ponds and more than 218 shallow dug wells which may be utilised for recharging shallow aquifers through rainwaters. Most of the ponds and shallow dug wells which lie on the Chapagaon Formation are suitable for recharge purpose due to good infiltration rate in the formation. Historical stone spouts can also be utilized as a recharge medium. Adequate rainfall, good infiltration rate, and distribution of many recharge media allow aquifer recharge in Patan through rainwater. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v11i0.1541 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 41-50","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117134558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quatenary fluvio-lacustrine basin-fill sediments in the southern part of the Kathmandu Basin was studied in order to clearify the stratigraphy and reconstruct the sedimentary environment during the initial stage of the Paleo-Kathmandu Lake. Six stratigraphic units; Tarebhir, Lukundol, Itaiti, Kalimati, Sunakothi Formations and Terrace gravel deposits, have been described based on field observation of lithology and sediment distribution. The Tarebhir Formation is the basal unit which is overlained by alluvial fan of the Itaiti Formation in the southern part and by the marginal lacustrine deposit of the Lukundol Formation towards the northern part. Further 3 km toward the north from the basin margin at Jorkhu the the Lukundol Formation is overlain by the open lacustrine facies of the Kalimati Formation. At the same locality the latter is overlain by fluvio-lacustrine facies of the Sunakothi Formation. Moreover, the Terrace gravel deposits erosionally cover the Sunakothi Formation. The Kalimati Formation thickens northward, while the Sunakothi Formation thickens between the central and southern part of the basin. The study shows that the Sunakothi Formation is of fluvio-lacustrine (fluvial, deltaic and shallow lacustrine) origin and extends continuously from the southern margin (~1400m amsl) to the central part (~1300m amsl) of the basin. It also indicates that sediments of this formation were deposited at the time of lake level rise and fall. Thick gravel sequence in the southern margin represents the alluvial fan before the origin (before 1 Ma) of the Paleo-Kathmandu Lake, while thick gravel sequence situated above the Sunakothi Formation is the Terrace gravel deposits of the late Pleistocene age (14C method), deposited during and after the shrinkage of the Paleo-Kathmandu Lake from south to north. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v11i0.1544 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 61-70
{"title":"Stratigraphy and depositional environments of basin-fill sediments in southern Kathmandu Valley, Central Nepal","authors":"M. Paudel, H. Sakai","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1544","url":null,"abstract":"Quatenary fluvio-lacustrine basin-fill sediments in the southern part of the Kathmandu Basin was studied in order to clearify the stratigraphy and reconstruct the sedimentary environment during the initial stage of the Paleo-Kathmandu Lake. Six stratigraphic units; Tarebhir, Lukundol, Itaiti, Kalimati, Sunakothi Formations and Terrace gravel deposits, have been described based on field observation of lithology and sediment distribution. The Tarebhir Formation is the basal unit which is overlained by alluvial fan of the Itaiti Formation in the southern part and by the marginal lacustrine deposit of the Lukundol Formation towards the northern part. Further 3 km toward the north from the basin margin at Jorkhu the the Lukundol Formation is overlain by the open lacustrine facies of the Kalimati Formation. At the same locality the latter is overlain by fluvio-lacustrine facies of the Sunakothi Formation. Moreover, the Terrace gravel deposits erosionally cover the Sunakothi Formation. The Kalimati Formation thickens northward, while the Sunakothi Formation thickens between the central and southern part of the basin. The study shows that the Sunakothi Formation is of fluvio-lacustrine (fluvial, deltaic and shallow lacustrine) origin and extends continuously from the southern margin (~1400m amsl) to the central part (~1300m amsl) of the basin. It also indicates that sediments of this formation were deposited at the time of lake level rise and fall. Thick gravel sequence in the southern margin represents the alluvial fan before the origin (before 1 Ma) of the Paleo-Kathmandu Lake, while thick gravel sequence situated above the Sunakothi Formation is the Terrace gravel deposits of the late Pleistocene age (14C method), deposited during and after the shrinkage of the Paleo-Kathmandu Lake from south to north. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v11i0.1544 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 11, 2008, pp. 61-70","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114787386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes general process of cement production from exploration of limestone deposit to production of clinker and finally cement. Exploration of limestone comprises area selection, target definition, reserve calculation, resource evaluation and reserve definition. After exploration, mining is taken up. Quarried limestone is stockpiled and then is blended with other raw material like clay/shale, silica, iron ore in required proportion. The blended material is then heated at high temperature upto 1400–1450 oC in a kiln to produce clinker. The clinker is grinned along with 3–5% gypsum to produce cement.
{"title":"Process of cement production in Nepal","authors":"P. R. Pandey, N. Banskota","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V11I0.1545","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes general process of cement production from exploration of limestone deposit to production of clinker and finally cement. Exploration of limestone comprises area selection, target definition, reserve calculation, resource evaluation and reserve definition. After exploration, mining is taken up. Quarried limestone is stockpiled and then is blended with other raw material like clay/shale, silica, iron ore in required proportion. The blended material is then heated at high temperature upto 1400–1450 oC in a kiln to produce clinker. The clinker is grinned along with 3–5% gypsum to produce cement.","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127796452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Slope stability analyses were carried out for slopes around the horticultural farm at Daman, Central Mahabharat Region of Nepal. Daman lies in the Mahabharat zone with intruded granite as the basement rock. These granites are highly to completely weathered and decomposed to few metres depth from the exposed surfaces. The horticultural farm is situated over these decomposed rocks with some colluvium along the hill slopes. The rainstorm of 19-21 July 1993 devasted the horticultural farm with numerous landslides and gully erosions. Based on the limit equilibrium analysis theory and computed index as well as strength properties of the soil, analyses of three of the failed slopes were carried out. The analyses revealed that slides were unstable only during fully saturated conditions. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v10i0.1422 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 10, 2007, pp. 71-78
{"title":"Shallow soil slope instability analysis at horticultural farm, Daman, Central Nepal","authors":"S. Manandhar","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V10I0.1422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V10I0.1422","url":null,"abstract":"Slope stability analyses were carried out for slopes around the horticultural farm at Daman, Central Mahabharat Region of Nepal. Daman lies in the Mahabharat zone with intruded granite as the basement rock. These granites are highly to completely weathered and decomposed to few metres depth from the exposed surfaces. The horticultural farm is situated over these decomposed rocks with some colluvium along the hill slopes. The rainstorm of 19-21 July 1993 devasted the horticultural farm with numerous landslides and gully erosions. Based on the limit equilibrium analysis theory and computed index as well as strength properties of the soil, analyses of three of the failed slopes were carried out. The analyses revealed that slides were unstable only during fully saturated conditions. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v10i0.1422 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 10, 2007, pp. 71-78","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116577177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Growing trend of urbanization in Kathmandu has increased the demands of sand for building materials of concrete. Demand of sand has been fulfilled from terrace and riverbed mining in northern region of Kathmandu and by importing from west of Kathmandu. Riverbed excavation and some quarries in terrace deposits are illegally operated. Although riverbed excavation is prohibited, majority of the sand comes from such mining. Questionnaire analysis, analysis of secondary data and sand samples were carried out in laboratory to obtain (a) the existing status of sand mining and (b) the quality of sand supplied to the market. About 60% demand of sands have been fulfilled through riverbeds while 40% have been fulfilled through terrace deposits. The Sanla and the Manahara Rivers have been the most efficiently excavated rivers. About 1865 m3 sands from river and 1238 m3 from terraces have been excavated per day. Future demand of sand may increase considering 60% increase of household in the valley. Out of total excavation sites in the valley, 40% illegal sites are located in rivers and 5% in terrace deposits. Mining policy and laws are weak to control illegal mining and to bring miners and dwellers into the framework of taxation. The river or terrace sands do not differ much in major constituents, but the former sands are more matured. Both sands are hazardous in terms of mica content that approaches 10 to 32% lying beyond the acceptable limit of 8%. Other deleterious materials are quite low in percentage and do not exceed 3%. If processing can be applied to reduce mica content at a commercial-scale, the sands in the Kathmandu Valley will be probably of good quality. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v10i0.1424 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 10, 2007, pp.89-98
{"title":"Status of sand mining and quality in northern Kathmandu, Central Nepal","authors":"Mamata Sayami, N. Tamrakar","doi":"10.3126/BDG.V10I0.1424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/BDG.V10I0.1424","url":null,"abstract":"Growing trend of urbanization in Kathmandu has increased the demands of sand for building materials of concrete. Demand of sand has been fulfilled from terrace and riverbed mining in northern region of Kathmandu and by importing from west of Kathmandu. Riverbed excavation and some quarries in terrace deposits are illegally operated. Although riverbed excavation is prohibited, majority of the sand comes from such mining. Questionnaire analysis, analysis of secondary data and sand samples were carried out in laboratory to obtain (a) the existing status of sand mining and (b) the quality of sand supplied to the market. About 60% demand of sands have been fulfilled through riverbeds while 40% have been fulfilled through terrace deposits. The Sanla and the Manahara Rivers have been the most efficiently excavated rivers. About 1865 m3 sands from river and 1238 m3 from terraces have been excavated per day. Future demand of sand may increase considering 60% increase of household in the valley. Out of total excavation sites in the valley, 40% illegal sites are located in rivers and 5% in terrace deposits. Mining policy and laws are weak to control illegal mining and to bring miners and dwellers into the framework of taxation. The river or terrace sands do not differ much in major constituents, but the former sands are more matured. Both sands are hazardous in terms of mica content that approaches 10 to 32% lying beyond the acceptable limit of 8%. Other deleterious materials are quite low in percentage and do not exceed 3%. If processing can be applied to reduce mica content at a commercial-scale, the sands in the Kathmandu Valley will be probably of good quality. doi: 10.3126/bdg.v10i0.1424 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Vol. 10, 2007, pp.89-98","PeriodicalId":356325,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of The Department of Geology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115222046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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