Pub Date : 2024-04-11DOI: 10.6001/energetika.2023.69.1.4
R. Valančius, J. Černeckienė, A. Jurelionis, Lazaros Aresti, Nina Rman, Rao Martand Singh
The current energy security crisis is primarily a heating crisis. Space and water heating accounts for almost one-third of the EU’s final energy consumption, and unfortunately, around 62% of this demand is still met by fossil fuels. In this context, heat pumps, geothermal energy, and other renewable energy sources emerge as crucial technologies offering effective solutions to enhance energy efficiency and decrease dependence on fossil fuels as well as to achieve the EU energy and climate goals. This article focuses on the analysis of the potential and opportunities of using heat pumps and geothermal energy in conventional heating systems and district heating networks. This topic requires an in-depth analysis of the current state, challenges, benefits, and prospects of these technologies in the EU market. By examining the possibilities for wider adoption and discussing the associated factors, the article aims to provide valuable insights into and recommendations for the advancement of heat pumps and geothermal energy in the EU, along with the presentation of some case studies in this field.
{"title":"Analysis of the Wider Potential for Heat Pump and Geothermal Energy Integration in Traditional Systems and Grids","authors":"R. Valančius, J. Černeckienė, A. Jurelionis, Lazaros Aresti, Nina Rman, Rao Martand Singh","doi":"10.6001/energetika.2023.69.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6001/energetika.2023.69.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The current energy security crisis is primarily a heating crisis. Space and water heating accounts for almost one-third of the EU’s final energy consumption, and unfortunately, around 62% of this demand is still met by fossil fuels. In this context, heat pumps, geothermal energy, and other renewable energy sources emerge as crucial technologies offering effective solutions to enhance energy efficiency and decrease dependence on fossil fuels as well as to achieve the EU energy and climate goals. \u0000This article focuses on the analysis of the potential and opportunities of using heat pumps and geothermal energy in conventional heating systems and district heating networks. This topic requires an in-depth analysis of the current state, challenges, benefits, and prospects of these technologies in the EU market. By examining the possibilities for wider adoption and discussing the associated factors, the article aims to provide valuable insights into and recommendations for the advancement of heat pumps and geothermal energy in the EU, along with the presentation of some case studies in this field. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":35639,"journal":{"name":"Energetika","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140713432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-23DOI: 10.6001/energetika.2023.69.1.3
Aleksandr Shubenko, M. Babak, Aleksandr Senetskyi, Yana Forkun
The task of determining the efficiency of operation of an absorption heat pump (AHP) with steam heating (COP conversion factor = 1.71) integrated into the thermal circuit of a PT-60/70-130/13 steam turbine that releases production steam and hot water during the partial heat load period (spring and autumn; also referred to as the inteheating period) is being solved in this paper. Variants of operation of the PT-60/70-130/13 with an integrated AHP with a capacity of ~17.25 MW in the partial heat load period were studied when steam with parameters of 1.296 MPa, 280°C was realised in the production selection of the adjustable turbine at flow rates of 20, 30, and 50 t/h with a variable heat load on hot water supply, which was determined by the return network water consumption task 1000–1400 t/h, while the ‘useful’ electrical power of the power complex was provided at ~30 MW. At electricity prices of 0.13 USD/(kWh) and standard fuel of 309 USD/t for Ukraine, the simple payback period of 17.25 MW AHP as part of the PT-60/70-130/13 steam turbine for the partial heat load period at a production load of 20–50 t/h of steam at the consumption of return network water of heat supply 1000–1200 t/h can decrease to two years. At the same time, during the partial heat load period, which lasts ~4404 hours in Ukraine, up to ~1.2% of fuel, up to 44% of technical water for feeding the circulation cooling system, and 0.4% of softened water for feeding are saved. A tangible environmental effect is achieved due to the reduction of harmful emissions – actual heat and hazardous gases – to the atmosphere: CO2 by 1118.7 tons, NOx by 5.87 t, thus saving ~41,000 of technical water.
{"title":"Energy saving during the partial heat load period by integrating a steam-heated absorption heat pump into the thermal scheme of a PT-60/70-130/13 steam turbine","authors":"Aleksandr Shubenko, M. Babak, Aleksandr Senetskyi, Yana Forkun","doi":"10.6001/energetika.2023.69.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6001/energetika.2023.69.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The task of determining the efficiency of operation of an absorption heat pump (AHP) with steam heating (COP conversion factor = 1.71) integrated into the thermal circuit of a PT-60/70-130/13 steam turbine that releases production steam and hot water during the partial heat load period (spring and autumn; also referred to as the inteheating period) is being solved in this paper. Variants of operation of the PT-60/70-130/13 with an integrated AHP with a capacity of ~17.25 MW in the partial heat load period were studied when steam with parameters of 1.296 MPa, 280°C was realised in the production selection of the adjustable turbine at flow rates of 20, 30, and 50 t/h with a variable heat load on hot water supply, which was determined by the return network water consumption task 1000–1400 t/h, while the ‘useful’ electrical power of the power complex was provided at ~30 MW. At electricity prices of 0.13 USD/(kWh) and standard fuel of 309 USD/t for Ukraine, the simple payback period of 17.25 MW AHP as part of the PT-60/70-130/13 steam turbine for the partial heat load period at a production load of 20–50 t/h of steam at the consumption of return network water of heat supply 1000–1200 t/h can decrease to two years. At the same time, during the partial heat load period, which lasts ~4404 hours in Ukraine, up to ~1.2% of fuel, up to 44% of technical water for feeding the circulation cooling system, and 0.4% of softened water for feeding are saved. A tangible environmental effect is achieved due to the reduction of harmful emissions – actual heat and hazardous gases – to the atmosphere: CO2 by 1118.7 tons, NOx by 5.87 t, thus saving ~41,000 of technical water. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":35639,"journal":{"name":"Energetika","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140436340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-04DOI: 10.6001/energetika.2023.69.1.2
V. Bobinaitė, I. Konstantinaviciute, Akvile Cibinskiene, Daiva Dumčiuvienė, Meda Andrijauskiene
The paper is aimed at analysing policies and energy consumption related trends motivating the development of the value chain for wind energy component (WEC) manufacturing in Lithuania. A comparative literature review and statistical data (2000–2022) analysis were employed for the purpose. The policy overview revealed that investment, climate and energy policy, and related measures establish the preconditions for the entry of manufacturing enterprises into the value chain for WEC as they are creating the demand for domestic and foreign WEC. The results of statistical data analysis showed that from 2009 through 2019, the annual rate of primary energy consumption (PEC) decreased by an average of 0.5% per year, and in 2020 as much as 8.5% due to the COVID-19 lockdown in the European Union (EU). Though the EU countries are still dominated by fossil fuels and related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are high (2.8 Gt in 2022), over the last decade, the use of renewable energy sources (RES) was growing rapidly, with a tenfold increase in solar energy and a threefold increase in wind energy consumption. As a clean energy technology, wind power plants (PPs) have the highest CO2 emission reduction potential per MW; also, wind energy is among the cheapest sources of electricity production. Since the EU is a worldwide leader in installations of wind energy capacity and technology deployment, it provides a solid basis for further development. Currently, most of the off-shore plants are operating in the North Sea, but with the new wind parks in the Baltic, Black and Mediterranean seas as well as in the Atlantic Ocean, wind energy could meet more than 80% of electricity demand in Europe. The implementation of wind energy projects requires development of WEC manufacturing activities in EU countries.
{"title":"Policies and energy consumption-driven trends facilitating development of the value chain for wind energy component manufacturing in Lithuania","authors":"V. Bobinaitė, I. Konstantinaviciute, Akvile Cibinskiene, Daiva Dumčiuvienė, Meda Andrijauskiene","doi":"10.6001/energetika.2023.69.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6001/energetika.2023.69.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The paper is aimed at analysing policies and energy consumption related trends motivating the development of the value chain for wind energy component (WEC) manufacturing in Lithuania. A comparative literature review and statistical data (2000–2022) analysis were employed for the purpose. The policy overview revealed that investment, climate and energy policy, and related measures establish the preconditions for the entry of manufacturing enterprises into the value chain for WEC as they are creating the demand for domestic and foreign WEC. The results of statistical data analysis showed that from 2009 through 2019, the annual rate of primary energy consumption (PEC) decreased by an average of 0.5% per year, and in 2020 as much as 8.5% due to the COVID-19 lockdown in the European Union (EU). Though the EU countries are still dominated by fossil fuels and related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are high (2.8 Gt in 2022), over the last decade, the use of renewable energy sources (RES) was growing rapidly, with a tenfold increase in solar energy and a threefold increase in wind energy consumption. As a clean energy technology, wind power plants (PPs) have the highest CO2 emission reduction potential per MW; also, wind energy is among the cheapest sources of electricity production. Since the EU is a worldwide leader in installations of wind energy capacity and technology deployment, it provides a solid basis for further development. Currently, most of the off-shore plants are operating in the North Sea, but with the new wind parks in the Baltic, Black and Mediterranean seas as well as in the Atlantic Ocean, wind energy could meet more than 80% of electricity demand in Europe. The implementation of wind energy projects requires development of WEC manufacturing activities in EU countries. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":35639,"journal":{"name":"Energetika","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139385348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.6001/energetika.2023.69.1.1
Narimene Debili, Abdeslam Haouam, Rachid Chenni
Irrigation is the most important step in agriculture. In order to obtain a good agricultural crop, water must be used wisely and appropriately without waste. This article presents an automatic solar irrigation system developed and designed by the authors. The system consists of two parts: a photovoltaic water pumping system and a unit of control based on programmable logic controller. The programmable logic controller (PLC) uses two sensors: one is placed in the field to measure the moisture in the soil, while the second is used to control the amount of water in the storage unit. The photovoltaic pumping system was designed to be able to irrigate one-hectare area of henna Lawsonia inermis L. with daily water need of 33 m3/day and total dynamic head (TDH) of 14 m. The region opted for this study and analysis is 34°41.1’ N latitudes and 6°29.6’ E longitudes in Zribet el Oued-biskra, Algeria.
灌溉是农业中最重要的一步。为了获得好的农作物，必须明智而适当地使用水而不浪费。本文介绍了作者自行开发设计的太阳能自动灌溉系统。该系统由光伏水泵系统和基于可编程控制器的控制单元两部分组成。可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)使用两个传感器:一个放置在现场测量土壤中的水分，而第二个用于控制存储单元中的水量。光伏抽水系统的设计是能够灌溉一公顷的指甲花(henna Lawsonia inermis L.)，日需水量为33立方米/天，总动态水头(TDH)为14米。本研究和分析选择的区域是阿尔及利亚Zribet el Oued-biskra的北纬34°41.1 '和东经6°29.6 '。
{"title":"Design and optimization of automatic solar irrigation-based PLC","authors":"Narimene Debili, Abdeslam Haouam, Rachid Chenni","doi":"10.6001/energetika.2023.69.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6001/energetika.2023.69.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Irrigation is the most important step in agriculture. In order to obtain a good agricultural crop, water must be used wisely and appropriately without waste. This article presents an automatic solar irrigation system developed and designed by the authors. The system consists of two parts: a photovoltaic water pumping system and a unit of control based on programmable logic controller. The programmable logic controller (PLC) uses two sensors: one is placed in the field to measure the moisture in the soil, while the second is used to control the amount of water in the storage unit. The photovoltaic pumping system was designed to be able to irrigate one-hectare area of henna Lawsonia inermis L. with daily water need of 33 m3/day and total dynamic head (TDH) of 14 m. The region opted for this study and analysis is 34°41.1’ N latitudes and 6°29.6’ E longitudes in Zribet el Oued-biskra, Algeria. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":35639,"journal":{"name":"Energetika","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138623474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-26DOI: 10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4858
A. Pažėraitė, Dainius Brandišauskas
Many countries in the world pay special attention to the development of energy from renewable energy sources. However, the efforts made are still insufficient to ensure the desired pace of development. Moreover, independence from fossil fuels is more important than ever in the context of the war in Ukraine. Solar-photovoltaic energy production solutions are particularly attractive for achieving the desired scale of development due to their relatively simple deployment. However, to involve a larger number of prosumers – individuals and communities, it is necessary to further reduce the barriers to such an activity. Although researchers pay considerable attention to the development of energy from renewable energy sources, the topic of solar energy is not so well explored. In addition, it is noted that research on barriers that prevent development should be linked to the situation in a particular country. Therefore, the goal of the research presented in this work is to assess the importance of solar-photovoltaic energy development barriers specific to Lithuania. The literature review was carried out to consider specific barriers to solar energy development and to analyse barriers typical for the development of other sorts of renewable energy. This review allowed us to distinguish barriers relevant to more rapid solar-photovoltaic energy development in Lithuania, dividing them into five groups: (1) economic and financial, (2) policy and regulation, (3) institutional and administrative, (4) information, awareness, and social, and (5) technological barriers. An assessment of the barriers was based on the expert interview method. The individual evaluations of barriers and their rating determined their importance toward more rapid solar-photovoltaic power development in Lithuania. The results obtained during the research made it possible to single out the following main barriers specific to Lithuania: grid capacity and integration into electricity distribution grids; spatial planning and/or zoning rules; permitting, licensing, and approval procedures; changing and/or unclear policies; grid usage fees and their regulation; low electricity price and/or cost of other sources of electricity. In addition, insights into to the ways of their neutralisation or at least reduction were provided pointing out that it should be considered at both the state and municipal levels.
{"title":"Assessment of the barriers towards more rapid development of solar power: the case of Lithuania","authors":"A. Pažėraitė, Dainius Brandišauskas","doi":"10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4858","url":null,"abstract":"Many countries in the world pay special attention to the development of energy from renewable energy sources. However, the efforts made are still insufficient to ensure the desired pace of development. Moreover, independence from fossil fuels is more important than ever in the context of the war in Ukraine. Solar-photovoltaic energy production solutions are particularly attractive for achieving the desired scale of development due to their relatively simple deployment. However, to involve a larger number of prosumers – individuals and communities, it is necessary to further reduce the barriers to such an activity. Although researchers pay considerable attention to the development of energy from renewable energy sources, the topic of solar energy is not so well explored. In addition, it is noted that research on barriers that prevent development should be linked to the situation in a particular country. Therefore, the goal of the research presented in this work is to assess the importance of solar-photovoltaic energy development barriers specific to Lithuania. The literature review was carried out to consider specific barriers to solar energy development and to analyse barriers typical for the development of other sorts of renewable energy. This review allowed us to distinguish barriers relevant to more rapid solar-photovoltaic energy development in Lithuania, dividing them into five groups: (1) economic and financial, (2) policy and regulation, (3) institutional and administrative, (4) information, awareness, and social, and (5) technological barriers. An assessment of the barriers was based on the expert interview method. The individual evaluations of barriers and their rating determined their importance toward more rapid solar-photovoltaic power development in Lithuania. The results obtained during the research made it possible to single out the following main barriers specific to Lithuania: grid capacity and integration into electricity distribution grids; spatial planning and/or zoning rules; permitting, licensing, and approval procedures; changing and/or unclear policies; grid usage fees and their regulation; low electricity price and/or cost of other sources of electricity. In addition, insights into to the ways of their neutralisation or at least reduction were provided pointing out that it should be considered at both the state and municipal levels.","PeriodicalId":35639,"journal":{"name":"Energetika","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47945838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-26DOI: 10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4857
Renad Wael Albadaineh
In Jordan, the residential sector is responsible for 43% of all power use and 21% of total energy usage. The use of energy for space heating and cooling accounts for more than 60% of residential energy use. The computer-generated residence, a typical one-storey Jordanian home with a functional floor area of 186 m2, is located in Amman and was modelled to be more energy efficient by incorporating renovating techniques to lower heating and cooling demand, attain marginal energy demand, and produce a high-quality indoor living environment. To get at the idea of passive design houses as appropriately depicted in this paper, various passive design tactics and methodologies were employed. Using DesignBuilder simulation software, Revit modelling software, solar energy analysis software, and assessment of the total energy consumption before and after the deployment of passive design approaches, the effects of each retrofit method were evaluated. The results of this study show that the yearly energy savings for heating is about 78%, and the indoor air quality and temperature of the residence can be significantly enhanced compared to its original situation. The total employed energy in the virtual building was scaled down from 56.57 kWh/m2 to 15.25 kWh/m2 each year.
{"title":"Energy-passive residential building design in Amman, Jordan","authors":"Renad Wael Albadaineh","doi":"10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4857","url":null,"abstract":"In Jordan, the residential sector is responsible for 43% of all power use and 21% of total energy usage. The use of energy for space heating and cooling accounts for more than 60% of residential energy use. The computer-generated residence, a typical one-storey Jordanian home with a functional floor area of 186 m2, is located in Amman and was modelled to be more energy efficient by incorporating renovating techniques to lower heating and cooling demand, attain marginal energy demand, and produce a high-quality indoor living environment. To get at the idea of passive design houses as appropriately depicted in this paper, various passive design tactics and methodologies were employed. Using DesignBuilder simulation software, Revit modelling software, solar energy analysis software, and assessment of the total energy consumption before and after the deployment of passive design approaches, the effects of each retrofit method were evaluated. The results of this study show that the yearly energy savings for heating is about 78%, and the indoor air quality and temperature of the residence can be significantly enhanced compared to its original situation. The total employed energy in the virtual building was scaled down from 56.57 kWh/m2 to 15.25 kWh/m2 each year.","PeriodicalId":35639,"journal":{"name":"Energetika","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48148470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-26DOI: 10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4859
Abdulvahap Çakmak
Emissions control in internal combustion engines is the big challenge faced by engine manufacturers. Modern internal combustion engines exploit various systems to reduce exhaust emissions. However, the existing emission control systems will fall short of meeting stringent future emission regulations. This study attempts to reduce the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel blends by utilising ethyl acetate as a renewable oxygenated fuel additive. In this context, initially, ethyl acetate is mixed with biodiesel-diesel blends by 5% and 10% volume to obtain test fuels. Then, their fuel properties are measured by applying test methods proposed in the standards. Subsequently, engine experiments are conducted on a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine operated on distinct test conditions. The findings indicate that the inclusion of ethyl acetate in the diesel-biodiesel blends improves the fuel quality and markedly decreases emissions. A substantial reduction is achieved in NOX, soot, and CO emissions up to 50%, 70%, and 71%, respectively, with a slight increase in fuel consumption in the case of adding ethyl acetate. More importantly, the addition of ethyl acetate enhances the NOX-smoke trade-off and NOX-BSFC trade-off characteristic of a diesel engine without loss of thermal efficiency. From this research, it can be inferred that ethyl acetate can potentially reduce exhaust emissions of the existing diesel engines fuelled with diesel-biodiesel blends.
{"title":"Improvement of exhaust emissions in a diesel engine with the addition of an oxygenated additive to diesel-biodiesel blends","authors":"Abdulvahap Çakmak","doi":"10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4859","url":null,"abstract":"Emissions control in internal combustion engines is the big challenge faced by engine manufacturers. Modern internal combustion engines exploit various systems to reduce exhaust emissions. However, the existing emission control systems will fall short of meeting stringent future emission regulations. This study attempts to reduce the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel blends by utilising ethyl acetate as a renewable oxygenated fuel additive. In this context, initially, ethyl acetate is mixed with biodiesel-diesel blends by 5% and 10% volume to obtain test fuels. Then, their fuel properties are measured by applying test methods proposed in the standards. Subsequently, engine experiments are conducted on a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine operated on distinct test conditions. The findings indicate that the inclusion of ethyl acetate in the diesel-biodiesel blends improves the fuel quality and markedly decreases emissions. A substantial reduction is achieved in NOX, soot, and CO emissions up to 50%, 70%, and 71%, respectively, with a slight increase in fuel consumption in the case of adding ethyl acetate. More importantly, the addition of ethyl acetate enhances the NOX-smoke trade-off and NOX-BSFC trade-off characteristic of a diesel engine without loss of thermal efficiency. From this research, it can be inferred that ethyl acetate can potentially reduce exhaust emissions of the existing diesel engines fuelled with diesel-biodiesel blends.","PeriodicalId":35639,"journal":{"name":"Energetika","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44250216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-26DOI: 10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4855
Carlos Rey-Mahía, Felipe P. Álvarez-Rabana, Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda
Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) have positioned themselves as one of the most widely applied Green Infrastructure (GI) techniques for sustainable stormwater management. In recent decades, new lines of research have emerged leading to the geothermal use of SuDS. The aim is to optimise available space in cities and minimise dependence on non-renewable energy sources. Previous research has focused on determining the feasibility of combining the two technologies, both in laboratory and field studies. Other aspects such as the influence of the surface geothermal system on the quality of the water present in the SuDS were also studied. This previous research has focused mainly on permeable pavements, positioning them as one of the SuDS techniques of reference in this line of research. This article attempts to give continuity to what has been established by other authors. It studies in depth the thermal properties of a complete section of permeable pavement under different hydraulic operating conditions. To this end, a complete section of a permeable pavement has been simulated in the laboratory using Hot-Box tests as set out in different international standards. With these tests, the values of thermal transmittance and equivalent thermal conductivity were determined. The aim of this research is to establish a test procedure for the thermal properties of permeable floorings, based on standardised equipment. The aim is to better understand the heat transfer procedures inside SuDS. In this way, it will be possible to optimise the design of these in combination with surface geothermal elements.
{"title":"Assessment of the thermal properties for the geothermal use of a permeable pavement structure for pedestrian and cycle paths","authors":"Carlos Rey-Mahía, Felipe P. Álvarez-Rabana, Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda","doi":"10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4855","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) have positioned themselves as one of the most widely applied Green Infrastructure (GI) techniques for sustainable stormwater management. In recent decades, new lines of research have emerged leading to the geothermal use of SuDS. The aim is to optimise available space in cities and minimise dependence on non-renewable energy sources. Previous research has focused on determining the feasibility of combining the two technologies, both in laboratory and field studies. Other aspects such as the influence of the surface geothermal system on the quality of the water present in the SuDS were also studied. This previous research has focused mainly on permeable pavements, positioning them as one of the SuDS techniques of reference in this line of research. This article attempts to give continuity to what has been established by other authors. It studies in depth the thermal properties of a complete section of permeable pavement under different hydraulic operating conditions. To this end, a complete section of a permeable pavement has been simulated in the laboratory using Hot-Box tests as set out in different international standards. With these tests, the values of thermal transmittance and equivalent thermal conductivity were determined. The aim of this research is to establish a test procedure for the thermal properties of permeable floorings, based on standardised equipment. The aim is to better understand the heat transfer procedures inside SuDS. In this way, it will be possible to optimise the design of these in combination with surface geothermal elements.","PeriodicalId":35639,"journal":{"name":"Energetika","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46279770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-26DOI: 10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4854
Laura Laurynaitytė, A. Pažėraitė
Climate change is seen as a matter of urgently needed decisions and broad public involvement. A climate- neutral society is what the European Union and other developed countries are striving for. At first glance, most members of societies in these countries support or tend to support the idea of climate neutrality. The latter idea can be reached by proper sorting of waste, its further use thus meeting the principles of circular economy, conversion of waste that cannot be re-used into energy, energy saving, responsible and sufficient consumption, and similar actions. However, the trend when members of society are reluctant to engage, proactively and to a large extent, in the pursuit of a climate-neutral idea is common to many countries. Research shows that quite often proactive involvement is hampered by a lack of understanding of this idea and a lack of conscious acceptance. Modern marketing supports storytelling. Therefore, it is a way to educate, provide knowledge, understanding, acceptance, and share the same idea of being climate-neutral with other members of society. This could increase the acceptability of the idea and facilitate its dissemination at a later time. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence to state this as there is not much research in this area, especially in the field of energy. Therefore, the aim of the study is to determine the important issues in increasing the acceptability of a climate-neutral society through storytelling. The approach of qualitative research was chosen to achieve the aim. This was due to the desire to display, in various ways, the phenomenon as such, the potential links between the phenomenon and other variables studied, and to formulate insights and further research directions. An analysis of the results of the study suggests that storytelling could be effective in increasing the acceptability of climate neutrality in society. With the help of storytelling, the acceptance of ideas of climate neutrality can be effectively raised by employing positive emotions, empathy, and certain determined values. Storytelling is a way to establish long-term positive attitudes toward the ideas of a climate-neutral society, as it is much easier to overcome mistrust, provide knowledge and convey a key message. Research has also shown that the use of storytelling can be a more effective tool than conventional informational or action-promoting advertising. This leads to the assumption that it is reasonable to expect that storytelling can both increase the acceptability of a climate-neutral society and ensure that this effect will be long-lasting.
{"title":"Increasing the acceptability of climate neutrality in society","authors":"Laura Laurynaitytė, A. Pažėraitė","doi":"10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4854","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is seen as a matter of urgently needed decisions and broad public involvement. A climate- neutral society is what the European Union and other developed countries are striving for. At first glance, most members of societies in these countries support or tend to support the idea of climate neutrality. The latter idea can be reached by proper sorting of waste, its further use thus meeting the principles of circular economy, conversion of waste that cannot be re-used into energy, energy saving, responsible and sufficient consumption, and similar actions. However, the trend when members of society are reluctant to engage, proactively and to a large extent, in the pursuit of a climate-neutral idea is common to many countries. Research shows that quite often proactive involvement is hampered by a lack of understanding of this idea and a lack of conscious acceptance. Modern marketing supports storytelling. Therefore, it is a way to educate, provide knowledge, understanding, acceptance, and share the same idea of being climate-neutral with other members of society. This could increase the acceptability of the idea and facilitate its dissemination at a later time. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence to state this as there is not much research in this area, especially in the field of energy. Therefore, the aim of the study is to determine the important issues in increasing the acceptability of a climate-neutral society through storytelling. The approach of qualitative research was chosen to achieve the aim. This was due to the desire to display, in various ways, the phenomenon as such, the potential links between the phenomenon and other variables studied, and to formulate insights and further research directions. An analysis of the results of the study suggests that storytelling could be effective in increasing the acceptability of climate neutrality in society. With the help of storytelling, the acceptance of ideas of climate neutrality can be effectively raised by employing positive emotions, empathy, and certain determined values. Storytelling is a way to establish long-term positive attitudes toward the ideas of a climate-neutral society, as it is much easier to overcome mistrust, provide knowledge and convey a key message. Research has also shown that the use of storytelling can be a more effective tool than conventional informational or action-promoting advertising. This leads to the assumption that it is reasonable to expect that storytelling can both increase the acceptability of a climate-neutral society and ensure that this effect will be long-lasting.","PeriodicalId":35639,"journal":{"name":"Energetika","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45188562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-26DOI: 10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4862
V. Ninyovskij, A. Murmantsev, A. Veklich, Vyacheslav Boretskij
This work is devoted to optical emission spectroscopy of plasma of underwater electric discharge, which is used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The main aim of this work is to investigate the possibility and validity of using plasma optical emission spectroscopy to determine its main physical characteristics, such as excitation temperature, electron density, the degree of ionization, etc. The specially developed pulse power source was used to initiate a discharge between silver granules immersed into the deionized water. Typical values of voltage vary from 40 to 200 V, the current is up to 150 A, and pulse frequency is in the range of 0.2–2 kHz. Applied to electrodes, the voltage caused a current flow along the chain of closely arranged granules in the stochastic switching mode. Special attention is paid to methods of spectrum treatment of underwater discharge plasma between silver granules. The method of Boltzmann plots and the method of relative intensities on the basis of both atomic and ionic silver spectral lines are used in order to determine the excitation temperature. The spectral lines, which were investigated and treated in detail, were used. Exposed to the Stark mechanism of spectral line broadening, the spectral profile of Hα spectral line is used to determine the electron density. The degree of ionization of the studied plasma was calculated using the obtained values of the electron density and temperature.
{"title":"Plasma spectroscopy of electric spark discharge between silver granules immersed in water","authors":"V. Ninyovskij, A. Murmantsev, A. Veklich, Vyacheslav Boretskij","doi":"10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6001/energetika.v68i1.4862","url":null,"abstract":"This work is devoted to optical emission spectroscopy of plasma of underwater electric discharge, which is used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The main aim of this work is to investigate the possibility and validity of using plasma optical emission spectroscopy to determine its main physical characteristics, such as excitation temperature, electron density, the degree of ionization, etc. The specially developed pulse power source was used to initiate a discharge between silver granules immersed into the deionized water. Typical values of voltage vary from 40 to 200 V, the current is up to 150 A, and pulse frequency is in the range of 0.2–2 kHz. Applied to electrodes, the voltage caused a current flow along the chain of closely arranged granules in the stochastic switching mode. Special attention is paid to methods of spectrum treatment of underwater discharge plasma between silver granules. The method of Boltzmann plots and the method of relative intensities on the basis of both atomic and ionic silver spectral lines are used in order to determine the excitation temperature. The spectral lines, which were investigated and treated in detail, were used. Exposed to the Stark mechanism of spectral line broadening, the spectral profile of Hα spectral line is used to determine the electron density. The degree of ionization of the studied plasma was calculated using the obtained values of the electron density and temperature.","PeriodicalId":35639,"journal":{"name":"Energetika","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48011736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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