HE TERM “SYNODALITY” has flourished under the papacy of Francis but has also become something of a “weasel word” in the sense that it means different things to different people. Just as weasels are good at using their slender elongated bodies to duck, weave, and slither under fences into chicken coops and other places where they are not wanted, the word “synodality” can change its theological shape depending upon the precise theological content given it by the person using it, and thereby justifying more than one form of ecclesial governance. As Angela Franks has suggested, synodality is a concept that needs a sound theology. Clearly there is an understanding of synodality that is consistent with centuries of ecclesial tradition. The word synod comes from the Greek σύνοδος, meaning “assembly” or “meeting,” and is analogous with the Latin word concilium, from which we get our English word “council.” Synods have occurred throughout Christian history, at least as far back as the second century. What is distinctive about the current enthusiasm for this term of ecclesial governance is its association with new criteria for choosing the delegates and the protocols for governing the discussions within synodal gatherings. Whereas in the past it has mostly been bishops who have been invited to participate in the discussions, synods in the pontificate of Francis have been characterized by the inclusion of large
{"title":"Between the Theory and the Praxis of the Synodal Process","authors":"T. Rowland","doi":"10.1353/tho.2023.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2023.0011","url":null,"abstract":"HE TERM “SYNODALITY” has flourished under the papacy of Francis but has also become something of a “weasel word” in the sense that it means different things to different people. Just as weasels are good at using their slender elongated bodies to duck, weave, and slither under fences into chicken coops and other places where they are not wanted, the word “synodality” can change its theological shape depending upon the precise theological content given it by the person using it, and thereby justifying more than one form of ecclesial governance. As Angela Franks has suggested, synodality is a concept that needs a sound theology. Clearly there is an understanding of synodality that is consistent with centuries of ecclesial tradition. The word synod comes from the Greek σύνοδος, meaning “assembly” or “meeting,” and is analogous with the Latin word concilium, from which we get our English word “council.” Synods have occurred throughout Christian history, at least as far back as the second century. What is distinctive about the current enthusiasm for this term of ecclesial governance is its association with new criteria for choosing the delegates and the protocols for governing the discussions within synodal gatherings. Whereas in the past it has mostly been bishops who have been invited to participate in the discussions, synods in the pontificate of Francis have been characterized by the inclusion of large","PeriodicalId":356918,"journal":{"name":"The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124310293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N THE YEARS before and after the Second Vatican Council, Yves Congar famously called for a renewed ecclesiology that integrated both Christological and pneumatological approaches to the Church. The French Dominican sought a synthetic vision in which the themes of the Church’s apostolicity and the hierarchical powers transmitted by Christ would be framed within a rich understanding of the Church as a communion of grace, in which the Church’s perennity would not exclude her historicity or the Spirit’s work today. One can approach the overall program of advancing synodality as a way better to accentuate the pneumatological element of ecclesial life. Congar’s vast corpus of ecclesiological writings remains a treasure for the Church today, partly because of his astounding grasp of the theological tradition, and partly because his systematics remained animated by the properly theological task of faith seeking understanding. In this way, from his early writings on the theology of the laity forward, Congar exemplified a way of thinking about synodality and its pneumatological potential: to draw widely from the Church’s long
{"title":"The sensus fidei and Synodality: Theological Epistemology and the munus propheticum","authors":"B. Blankenhorn","doi":"10.1353/tho.2023.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2023.0015","url":null,"abstract":"N THE YEARS before and after the Second Vatican Council, Yves Congar famously called for a renewed ecclesiology that integrated both Christological and pneumatological approaches to the Church. The French Dominican sought a synthetic vision in which the themes of the Church’s apostolicity and the hierarchical powers transmitted by Christ would be framed within a rich understanding of the Church as a communion of grace, in which the Church’s perennity would not exclude her historicity or the Spirit’s work today. One can approach the overall program of advancing synodality as a way better to accentuate the pneumatological element of ecclesial life. Congar’s vast corpus of ecclesiological writings remains a treasure for the Church today, partly because of his astounding grasp of the theological tradition, and partly because his systematics remained animated by the properly theological task of faith seeking understanding. In this way, from his early writings on the theology of the laity forward, Congar exemplified a way of thinking about synodality and its pneumatological potential: to draw widely from the Church’s long","PeriodicalId":356918,"journal":{"name":"The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127384206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HE INTERNATIONAL Theological Commission’s 2018 document, “Synodality in the Life and Mission of the Church,” posits a bond between synodality and the Second Vatican Council: “The fruits of the renewal promised by Vatican II in its promotion of ecclesial communion, episcopal collegiality, and thinking and acting ‘synodally’ have been rich and precious. There is, however, still a long way to go in the direction mapped out by the Council.” The ongoing worldwide synodal process, officially convoked by Pope Francis in October 2021 and culminating in two sessions at the Vatican to be held in October 2023 and 2024, has likewise repeatedly affirmed that link: a synodal Church shaped by the council, and a council whose ecclesiological vision is coming to fruition in an increasingly synodal Church. The pope himself has drawn attention to the conciliar roots of the synodal “journey,” referring frequently, for instance, to Lumen Gentium’s teaching that “the entire body of the faithful, anointed as they are by the Holy One, cannot err in matters of belief. They manifest this special property by means of the whole peoples’ supernatural discernment in matters of faith when ‘from the Bishops down to the
国际神学委员会(INTERNATIONAL Theological Commission) 2018年的文件《教会生活和使命中的主教会议》(Synodality in the Life and Mission of Church)，提出了主教会议与梵蒂冈第二届大公会议之间的联系:“梵蒂冈第二届大公会议在促进教会共融、主教团合作以及‘主教会议’思维和行动方面所承诺的更新成果丰富而宝贵。然而，在安理会制定的方向上还有很长的路要走。”由教宗方济各于2021年10月正式召集，并于2023年10月和2024年10月在梵蒂冈举行的两次会议上，正在进行的全球主教会议进程也同样反复肯定了这种联系:一个由理事会塑造的主教会议教会，一个理事会的教会愿景正在一个日益主教会议的教会中取得成果。教宗本人也提请人们注意这次会议“旅程”的大公会议根源，例如，他经常提到《真神之光》(Lumen Gentium)的教导，即“全体信徒，既然受了圣主的膏抹，就不会在信仰问题上犯错”。他们通过全体人民在信仰问题上的超自然洞察力来显示这种特殊的属性，从主教到主教
{"title":"Synodality and the Second Vatican Council","authors":"Christopher Ruddy","doi":"10.1353/tho.2023.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2023.0010","url":null,"abstract":"HE INTERNATIONAL Theological Commission’s 2018 document, “Synodality in the Life and Mission of the Church,” posits a bond between synodality and the Second Vatican Council: “The fruits of the renewal promised by Vatican II in its promotion of ecclesial communion, episcopal collegiality, and thinking and acting ‘synodally’ have been rich and precious. There is, however, still a long way to go in the direction mapped out by the Council.” The ongoing worldwide synodal process, officially convoked by Pope Francis in October 2021 and culminating in two sessions at the Vatican to be held in October 2023 and 2024, has likewise repeatedly affirmed that link: a synodal Church shaped by the council, and a council whose ecclesiological vision is coming to fruition in an increasingly synodal Church. The pope himself has drawn attention to the conciliar roots of the synodal “journey,” referring frequently, for instance, to Lumen Gentium’s teaching that “the entire body of the faithful, anointed as they are by the Holy One, cannot err in matters of belief. They manifest this special property by means of the whole peoples’ supernatural discernment in matters of faith when ‘from the Bishops down to the","PeriodicalId":356918,"journal":{"name":"The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132735221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Pneumatology of the Synodal Church","authors":"Peter J. Casarella","doi":"10.1353/tho.2023.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2023.0013","url":null,"abstract":";","PeriodicalId":356918,"journal":{"name":"The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121406545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chapter 8 places Aquinas’s vision of happiness in relation to Albert and Bonaventure. Here, the intellectual tensions between Aquinas and his teacher quickly come to the fore. It is hard to do justice to such a broad and controversial topic in one chapter, especially in a comparison of three major thinkers, but the author provides a stimulating survey of the key issues in play and a solid overview of Aquinas’s stance on beatitude. Overall, Van Nieuwenhove renders medievalists and scholars of Aquinas an invaluable service in several ways. First, he judiciously selects the kinds of texts in Aquinas that we need to bring into an analysis of his theology of contemplation. Second, he sets out the kind of questions that we need to pose of these texts as we work toward a panoramic vision of Aquinas’s thought on contemplation. Third, he makes a strong argument for the presence of a particular kind of simple intuition in Aquinas (even if one might dispute some of the details in his description thereof). Fourth, he helpfully avoids speculative forays into theories of metaconceptual contemplation in an effort to explain Aquinas’s notion of the contemplative summit in this life (unlike readers such as Jacques Maritain). That is, the author’s arguments on behalf of intuitive knowledge in Aquinas remain cautious and close to the primary text. Fifth, the work is remarkably accessible, given the many technical nuances involved with many of the subthemes, not to mention the breadth of topics treated. For these and many other reasons, Van Nieuwenhove’s monograph should restart and move forward important debates among philosophers, dogmaticians, moralists, historians, and scholars of spirituality on medieval and Thomistic theories of contemplation.
{"title":"Salvation through Temptation: Maximus the Confessor and Thomas Aquinas on Christ’s Victory over the Devil by Benjamin E. Heidgerken (review)","authors":"Andrew J. Summerson","doi":"10.1353/tho.2023.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2023.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 8 places Aquinas’s vision of happiness in relation to Albert and Bonaventure. Here, the intellectual tensions between Aquinas and his teacher quickly come to the fore. It is hard to do justice to such a broad and controversial topic in one chapter, especially in a comparison of three major thinkers, but the author provides a stimulating survey of the key issues in play and a solid overview of Aquinas’s stance on beatitude. Overall, Van Nieuwenhove renders medievalists and scholars of Aquinas an invaluable service in several ways. First, he judiciously selects the kinds of texts in Aquinas that we need to bring into an analysis of his theology of contemplation. Second, he sets out the kind of questions that we need to pose of these texts as we work toward a panoramic vision of Aquinas’s thought on contemplation. Third, he makes a strong argument for the presence of a particular kind of simple intuition in Aquinas (even if one might dispute some of the details in his description thereof). Fourth, he helpfully avoids speculative forays into theories of metaconceptual contemplation in an effort to explain Aquinas’s notion of the contemplative summit in this life (unlike readers such as Jacques Maritain). That is, the author’s arguments on behalf of intuitive knowledge in Aquinas remain cautious and close to the primary text. Fifth, the work is remarkably accessible, given the many technical nuances involved with many of the subthemes, not to mention the breadth of topics treated. For these and many other reasons, Van Nieuwenhove’s monograph should restart and move forward important debates among philosophers, dogmaticians, moralists, historians, and scholars of spirituality on medieval and Thomistic theories of contemplation.","PeriodicalId":356918,"journal":{"name":"The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116336433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CONDENSED OUTLINE of Thomas Aquinas’s explanation of how we attain intellectual knowledge might be expressed as follows: the activity of the agent intellect, using the phantasm as its instrument, produces impressed intelligible species in the possible intellect, which in turn forms its own concepts, or expressed intelligible species, through which it knows the natures of things, in a universal manner. Much study would be required before one could even begin to unpack the carefully thought-out details that have been worked out in the above description, but in what follows, I wish to begin by first taking for granted the whole Thomistic epistemological doctrine thus outlined. Given this explanation, the problem that I here propose to solve is how it is possible to provide human beings with a knowledge of the essences of material substances. For if it is
{"title":"Thomas Aquinas on Knowing the Essences of Material Substances","authors":"Benjamin M. Block","doi":"10.1353/tho.2023.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2023.0002","url":null,"abstract":"CONDENSED OUTLINE of Thomas Aquinas’s explanation of how we attain intellectual knowledge might be expressed as follows: the activity of the agent intellect, using the phantasm as its instrument, produces impressed intelligible species in the possible intellect, which in turn forms its own concepts, or expressed intelligible species, through which it knows the natures of things, in a universal manner. Much study would be required before one could even begin to unpack the carefully thought-out details that have been worked out in the above description, but in what follows, I wish to begin by first taking for granted the whole Thomistic epistemological doctrine thus outlined. Given this explanation, the problem that I here propose to solve is how it is possible to provide human beings with a knowledge of the essences of material substances. For if it is","PeriodicalId":356918,"journal":{"name":"The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128851787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thomas Aquinas and Contemplation by Rik van Nieuwenhove","authors":"B. Blankenhorn","doi":"10.1353/tho.2023.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2023.0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":356918,"journal":{"name":"The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126652702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N 1953, POPE PIUS XII addressed a gathering of Italian jurists in Rome, observing that “most modern theories of penal law explain punishment and justify it in the last resort as a protective measure.” This deterrent function, along with attempts to reform, he said, fail adequately to explain punishment, the ultimate purpose of which “must be sought on a higher plane,” namely, the restoration of that order which has been upset in the commission of a crime. Only “this more profound understanding of punishment” can get us “to the heart of the matter,” to the sacredness of the law itself, “so that whoever breaks it is punishable and will be punished.” Pius XII was responding to a type of humanist thinking about punishment in vogue in the first half of the twentieth century. Philosopher Michael Davis notes that in the 1960s,
1953年，教皇庇护十二世(POPE PIUS XII)在罗马的一次意大利法学家聚会上发表讲话，指出“大多数现代刑法理论解释惩罚，并将其作为最后的保护措施加以合理化。”他说，这种威慑功能，以及改革的尝试，无法充分解释惩罚，惩罚的最终目的“必须在更高的层面上寻求”，即恢复因犯罪而被扰乱的秩序。只有"对惩罚更深刻的理解"才能让我们"触及问题的核心"触及法律本身的神圣性，"这样，无论谁违反了法律，都将受到惩罚"庇护十二世是对20世纪上半叶流行的一种人道主义惩罚思想的回应。哲学家迈克尔·戴维斯指出，在20世纪60年代，
{"title":"Punishment as Medicine in the Thought of St. Thomas Aquinas","authors":"Sr. Elinor Gardner","doi":"10.1353/tho.2023.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2023.0000","url":null,"abstract":"N 1953, POPE PIUS XII addressed a gathering of Italian jurists in Rome, observing that “most modern theories of penal law explain punishment and justify it in the last resort as a protective measure.” This deterrent function, along with attempts to reform, he said, fail adequately to explain punishment, the ultimate purpose of which “must be sought on a higher plane,” namely, the restoration of that order which has been upset in the commission of a crime. Only “this more profound understanding of punishment” can get us “to the heart of the matter,” to the sacredness of the law itself, “so that whoever breaks it is punishable and will be punished.” Pius XII was responding to a type of humanist thinking about punishment in vogue in the first half of the twentieth century. Philosopher Michael Davis notes that in the 1960s,","PeriodicalId":356918,"journal":{"name":"The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128603414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HEN I MOVED INTO St. Mary’s Priory in New Haven in the fall of 1974 to begin graduate studies in the department of religious studies at Yale University, about ten years had passed since the conclusion of the Second Vatican Council. George Lindbeck—the man with whom I was to work on the theology of religions and interreligious dialogue—had been among the delegated observers at the council (1962-64), representing the World Lutheran Federation. He had already written a book about his experience and the implications of the council for the future of Catholic theology. He was fascinated by the fact that my time of formation in the Dominican Order had coincided with the years of the council and its somewhat tumultuous immediate aftermath. It was not until years later that I would become more reflective about the impact of the council on the formation communities of the Province of St. Joseph. At the time of my conversations with Lindbeck, I recalled my formation years as largely peaceful ones. Considering my experience in the light of the fragmentation that he had seen elsewhere in the postconciliar Church, Lindbeck marveled at the comparative
{"title":"Remembering George Lindbeck at the Centenary of his Birth","authors":"J. Di Noia","doi":"10.1353/tho.2023.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2023.0003","url":null,"abstract":"HEN I MOVED INTO St. Mary’s Priory in New Haven in the fall of 1974 to begin graduate studies in the department of religious studies at Yale University, about ten years had passed since the conclusion of the Second Vatican Council. George Lindbeck—the man with whom I was to work on the theology of religions and interreligious dialogue—had been among the delegated observers at the council (1962-64), representing the World Lutheran Federation. He had already written a book about his experience and the implications of the council for the future of Catholic theology. He was fascinated by the fact that my time of formation in the Dominican Order had coincided with the years of the council and its somewhat tumultuous immediate aftermath. It was not until years later that I would become more reflective about the impact of the council on the formation communities of the Province of St. Joseph. At the time of my conversations with Lindbeck, I recalled my formation years as largely peaceful ones. Considering my experience in the light of the fragmentation that he had seen elsewhere in the postconciliar Church, Lindbeck marveled at the comparative","PeriodicalId":356918,"journal":{"name":"The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116400101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
nature of Christ is an esse secundarium (168, 211), but the human nature has no esse secundarium (216, 278). Vidu initiates an important discussion and lays out an extensive defense of the hard inseparability of the divine persons in their actions ad extra. He elucidates the key principles by gathering and analyzing a rich dossier of biblical texts, patristic sources, Thomistic doctrine, and contemporary authors. This work would especially benefit professors and more advanced students in theology, who would be more prepared for the depth of the discussion and more ready to bring their own critique to Vidu’s interpretations.
{"title":"From the Alien to the Alone: A Study of Soul in Plotinus by Gary Gurtler, S.J (review)","authors":"L. Gerson","doi":"10.1353/tho.2023.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.2023.0007","url":null,"abstract":"nature of Christ is an esse secundarium (168, 211), but the human nature has no esse secundarium (216, 278). Vidu initiates an important discussion and lays out an extensive defense of the hard inseparability of the divine persons in their actions ad extra. He elucidates the key principles by gathering and analyzing a rich dossier of biblical texts, patristic sources, Thomistic doctrine, and contemporary authors. This work would especially benefit professors and more advanced students in theology, who would be more prepared for the depth of the discussion and more ready to bring their own critique to Vidu’s interpretations.","PeriodicalId":356918,"journal":{"name":"The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115116584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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