Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry最新文献

Background: The frequency of adenotonsillar hypertrophy in mouth-breathing children when compared to the average found in the general population is considered to be higher. Mouth breathing is considered as one of the causative factors for tonsillitis in children. Through continuous irritation on tonsillar wall, tonsils swell up and inflammation develops.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate Streptococcus pyogenes count using colony-forming units (CFUs) and N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase side chain marker on ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) in mouth breathers and to establish its correlation with pharyngeal airway space pre- and post-oral screen appliance therapy.

Materials and methods: A total number of 24 (n) mouth breathers aged between 5 and 12 years were included in the study and given oral screen appliance therapy. The subjects were evaluated for the various parameters before the delivery of a habit-breaking appliance and then reevaluated for the same parameters (presence of S. pyogenes and its counts, size of tonsils, and pharyngeal airway space dimensions) after 6 months of appliance usage.

Results: A statistically significant difference was seen in levels of S. pyogenes using ELISA and CFUs. Furthermore, statistically significant difference was observed in Friedman tonsil scoring and pharyngeal airway space and pre- and post-oral screen appliance therapy.

Conclusion: Oral screen appliance therapy reduced the frequency of occurrence of tonsillitis in mouth breathers by decreasing the counts of S. pyogenes bacteria. Upper and lower pharyngeal airway space dimensions were increased after 6 months of appliance therapy in mouth breathers.

Background: The appropriate intervention of pain is based on its accurate evaluation, which is a challenge in the pediatric population as they often do not have the language development or cognitive sophistication to describe it correctly. Untreated pain has a negative impact on the psychosocial well-being of children.

Aim and objectives: The study aimed to evaluate and compare the reliability of different pain assessment scales, namely, the Wong Baker Facial Pain Rating scale (WBFPS), Modified Emoji Pain Scale (MEPS), and indigenously developed indigenously made GIF Pain Scale (SPGPS) in children undergoing dental treatment under local anesthesia (LA).

Materials and methods: The study included 152 children aged 4-6 years with a Frankl behavior rating of score 3 and 4 (positive and definitely positive) requiring dental treatment under LA. After local infiltration, each child with two independent observers was asked to record the response of the current pain on the WBFPS, MEPS, and SPGPS. The reliability of the pain scales was assessed on the basis of similar responses given by all three individuals.

Results: The Pearson correlation test was performed to determine the correlation among the scales. A very strong correlation was found between the WBFPS and SPGPS (r = 0.848), while a moderate correlation was found among the WBFPS and MEPS (r = 0.691). A strong correlation was found between the SPGPS and MEPS (r = 0.723).

Conclusion: The SPGPS proved to be a more reliable pain assessment tool compared to the WBFPS and MEPS in clinical pediatric dentistry.

Aims: Impact of primary molars is a significant problem for children with early caries, as they are the ones that predominate in the structure of damage to primary teeth. The goal of our study was to investigate the peculiarities of the primary molars occlusal surfaces with the study of their types and possibilities of caries occurrence in them.

Methods: To study the odontoglyphics of primary molars, a clinical preventive dental examination of 335 children of preschool institutions in the city of Poltava and Poltava region was conducted with the written consent of their parents. As a part of this examination, the occlusal surface of primary molars was studied according to the classic dental examination method with the examination card of each examined child being filled in. After a detailed study of odontoglyphic patterns of occlusal surfaces, photoprotocoling was carried out. A total of 2484 primary molars were examined: 622 maxillary first molars, 634 maxillary second molars, 608 mandibular first molars, and 620 mandibular second molars.

Results: We found that both maxillary and mandibular primary molars which have a complex relief of the occlusal surface are most often affected by caries.

Conclusions: The obtained data indicate that the primary molars of the upper and lower jaw, which have a complex pattern of the chewing surface, are most often affected. However, there is a need for preventive measures in children with such types of structure of the chewing surface.

Introduction: Genetic polymorphisms of genes regulating amelogenesis can alter susceptibility to Early Childhood Caries (ECC). This systematic review aims to analyze associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms of enamel formation genes and ECC.

Methods: Search was conducted across PUBMED, CINAHL, LILACS, SCOPUS, EMBASE, Web of Science, Genome-Wide Association Studies databases from January 2003 to September 2022. This was supplemented by hand search. Totally 7124 articles were identified and 21 articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria proceeded to data extraction. Quality assessment was done using the Q-Genie tool.

Results: Quantitative synthesis revealed that homozygous genotype AA of rs12640848 was significantly higher in children with ECC with an odds ratio of 2.36. Gene-based analysis revealed significant association between six variants of AMBN, four variants of KLK4, two variants of MMP20, and a single variant of each of MMP9 and MMP13 genes and ECC. The Bonferroni corrected-log10 P value of amelogenesis gene Cluster was 2.25 (0.05/88 = 5.6 × 10^-4). Search Tool for Retrieval of Interacting Genes and Proteins plot constructed to comprehend the protein-protein interaction revealed the presence of four functional clusters. Gene function prediction using Multiple Association Network Integration Algorithm revealed that physical interaction between these genes was 69.3%.

Conclusion: Polymorphisms of genes regulating amelogenesis can influence the susceptibility to ECC. AA genotype of rs12640848 may increase the susceptibility to ECC. Gene-based analysis revealed a significant association between multiple polymorphisms of genes regulating amelogenesis and ECC.

Context: Dental environment is one of the most anxiety-provoking stimuli for children, which makes patient management a constant challenge in both typically growing and intellectually disabled children. Distraction is a nonpharmacological technique to manage anxiety in children during dental treatment.

Aim: This study compares the effect of audio and virtual reality (VR) distraction on the dental anxiety of healthy and mild intellectually disabled children.

Methods: Forty children aged 6-14 years were divided into two groups (Group I: children with mild intellectual disability and Group II: healthy children). Groups I and II were further subdivided into two subgroups of 10 children each, based on the distraction technique given to them during the first appointment. After 1 month, we carried out a cross-over of the subgroups. Anxiety levels were measured using physiological and observational parameters at three-time intervals.

Statistical analysis: Performed using paired t-test for the intergroup comparison and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test for the intra-group comparison.

Results: A decrease in the pulse rate, improvement in oxygen saturation levels, and lower Venham's anxiety rating scores were observed on introducing audio and VR distraction in all the subgroups. The inter-group comparison revealed that audio and VR were more effective in healthy children than children with mild intellectual disabilities.

Conclusions: Audio and VR distraction techniques can be employed successfully to reduce anxiety in children with mild intellectual disability and healthy children undergoing dental restorative treatment.

Introduction: One the most common chronic dental diseases affecting children is dental caries. Dentin caries is a condition in which caries has progressed to the dentin and caused a significant depth of lesion. Clinical studies have revealed that an increased caries risk is associated with a decreased alkali-producing capacity of the microbial populations colonizing the oral cavity of adults, which arginine somewhat compensates for.

Aims: To evaluate the remineralizing efficacy of fluoridated toothpaste, with fluoride-arginine containing toothpaste on demineralized dentin of primary teeth using quantitative light-induced fluorescence™.

Materials and methods: Forty-five primary molars were decoronated and sectioned to prepare dentin specimens and mounted in an acrylic block in a uniform manner using a customized acrylic jig. Samples were randomized into three groups, were subjected to demineralization to create artificial dentin caries lesion. Following this, all the 45 samples were subjected to multispecies bacterial pH cycling for 21 days. All the specimens were evaluated for postdemineralization, pH cycling day 7, 14, and 21 on QLF™.

Results: On day 21, maximum fluorescence gain was observed by the positive control group followed by the arginine and negative control group. The variation observed between positive control and arginine group was found to be statistically significant.

Conclusions: An in vitro development of artificial caries such as demineralized lesion on primary dentin sample using plaque biofilm was observed successfully under QLF after 72 h. Arginine in combination with fluoride showed almost similar remineralization of demineralized primary dentin compared to fluoride alone after 21 days of multispecies bacterial pH cycling.

Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), Saline, and Er, Cr:YSGG laser-assisted disinfection through microbiological analysis in root canal treatment of primary molars.

Materials and methods: Forty-five primary teeth were selected for this study as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria in the age group of 4-8 years and then randomly allocated to Three Groups A, B, and C. In Group A, during root canal treatment, irrigation was done using NaOCl, in Group B, laser-assisted disinfection was done using Er, Cr:YSGG laser, and in Group C, saline was used as an irrigating agent. This was followed by obtaining pre- and postirrigation samples from the canals for microbiological investigation in all the groups. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Science-21 (SPSS-21).

Results: NaOCl was more effective against aerobic bacteria while Er, Cr:YSGG laser was more effective against anaerobic bacteria when used for disinfection in root canal treatment. There was a significant difference among the three groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion: The study showed that NaOCl and Er, Cr:YSGG laser have antimicrobial effects when used for disinfection in root canal treatment of primary teeth. Moreover, the study also shows that Er, Cr:YSGG laser may be used as a valuable tool for laser-assisted disinfection in root canal treatment of primary teeth.

Introduction: The earliest sign of a new carious lesion is the appearance of chalky white spots on the surface of the tooth, indicating an area of demineralization of enamel. At this stage, the demineralization process can be reversed or arrested. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of white spot lesions (WSLs) among children up to 71 months in Gujarat state and to increase awareness among parents about its various preventive measures.

Materials and methods: Oral examination was done using the mouth mirror and tongue depressor. The prevalence of WSL was recorded using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System II coding and WSL index by Gorelick.

Results: The overall prevalence of WSL was 31.8% (n = 2025) in Gujarat state. The parents of the participating children explained the various preventive measures to prevent decay followed by diet counseling and toothbrushing techniques.

Conclusion: Knowledge of the actual prevalence of WSL will help in the implementation of appropriate and timely preventive measures required to decrease the incidence of early childhood caries in that region.

Background: A change in food preferences is difficult to bring about, thus there is a need of an innovative tool which would cater to the developing cognition of the child but at the same time be fun and engaging.

Aim: To assess and compare playing "My tooth the happiest" an educational game with standard dietary counseling in preschool children for preference for noncariogenic food items.

Settings and design: Randomized controlled trial.

Materials and methods: The parents of 51 children aged between 4 and 6 years, answered a preintervention questionnaire on the daily food preferences of their children and were scored as per the scale which depicted the frequency status of dietary preferences. In Group A, 25 children played the educational game "My tooth the Happiest" and Group B of 26 children were given verbal dietary counseling. A postintervention questionnaire was answered by the parents on the 8^th, 16^th, and 30^th days and were scored as per the scale.

Statistical analysis: The intergroup comparison of Group A and Group B was done by Mann-Whitney test and the intra-group analysis by Friedman's test.

Results: The inter-group analysis showed a highly significant (P < 0.01) result at the 8^th, 16^th, and 30^th day with lower mean scores in Group A than Group B. The intragroup analysis within both the groups showed a highly significant change (P < 0.01).

Conclusions: Playing an inexpensive, fun, educational game could be a "Game changer" for dietary counseling in pediatric dentistry for preschoolers.